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SMAGE  EVALUATION 
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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WIST  MAIN  STRHT 

WfBSTER.N.Y.  MS80 

(716)  873-4S03 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notos/Notaa  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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D 


D 


□ 


D 

n 


D 


0 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagie 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculAe 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


I      I    Coloured  maps/ 


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Bound  with  other  material/ 
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L'Institut  a  microfilm*  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
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D 
D 
D 
D 
D 
D 

n 

D 
D 
D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires: 


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Coloured  pages/ 
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[101  xxiv,  9-16,  [161]-384, 17-138. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 


T» 
to 


Tl 

P< 
o1 

fil 


O 
bi 
th 
si 
ol 
fil 
si 

Ol 


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Tl 
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di 
ei 
bi 

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m 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

aox 

^ 

12X                             16X                             20X 

24X                            28X                            32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

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University  of  Wntern  Ontario 


L'exemplaire  fiim6  fut  reproduit  grflce  A  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

D.  B.  Weldon  Library 
University  of  Western  Ontario 


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conformity  avec  ies  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
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dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
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empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —*>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaitra  sitr  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  -^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  ie 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
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method: 


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fiim^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  d:ff6rents. 
Lorsque  ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film^  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
iilustrent  ia  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

The  Harnessing  of 
Niagara 


THH   CASSIHR   MAC.AZINH   CO. 
New  York  anij  London 


Copyrighted,  1S95, 

BV 
THK  CASSIKR   MAGAZINH  CO. 

All  Rights  Reserved. 


i 


I 


V     ,i 


0 


i 


PREFACE. 

RECOGNIZING  llic  great  interest  wliicli  tlie  world  is  showing  in  the 
work  at  Niagara  Kails,  hj'  whieh  it  is  proposed  eventually  to  obtain 
the  enormous  quantity  of  45(j,oo()  horse-pcnver,  to  be  distributed  elee- 
trically  hundreds  of  miles  away,  the  publishers  of  Ca.ssikr's  Maoazixic 
arranged  with  the  eminent  engineers  and  electricians  in  charge  of  the 
work,  to  supply  them  with  the  first  complete  and  authentic  account  of  this, 
the  greatest  engineering  feat  of  the  century,  from  its  inception  to  the 
application  of  the  current  for  commercial  purposes.  The  result  was  a 
magazine  of  unusr-il  size  and  without  doubt  the  most  important  engineer- 
ing pii!>lication  ever  issued,  clearly  destined  to  be  an  enduring  work  of 
reference  on  the  subject.  A  more  substantial  binding  than  the  conventional 
paper  cover  therefore  suggested  itself  for  the  number,  for  library  use,  and 
led  to  the  issuing  of  the  magazine  in  the  present  shape,  in  which  it  will 
connneud  itself,  even  more  than  before,  to  every  one  interested  in  the 
reniarkable  enterprise  at  Niagara  Falls. 

TiiK  Cassii'R  Maca/.ink  Co. 
Ni;w  York  and  London. 


/ 


CONTENTS, 


Portraits  of  Officers  and  Directors  of  the  Cataract  Construction  Co    .  .  .  162-172 

The  Use  of  the  Xiaj^ara  Water  Power.     Francis  Lynde  Stetson 173 

Mechanical    Ivnergy    anci    Industrial    Progress.      Prof.    W.    Cawthorne 

Unwin,  P.  R.  vS '95 

Some  Details  of  the  Niagara  Tunuei.      Albert  H.  Porter 203 

The  Construction  of  the  Niagara  Tunnel,  Wheel-Pit  and  Canal,     (ieorge 

P.  Burbank 213 

Niagara  Mill  .Sites.  Water  Connections  and  Turbines.     Clemens  Herschel.  2.-;7 

Electric  Power  Generation  at  Niagara.     Lewis  Puckley  Stillwell 253 

The  Industrial  Village  of  iCchota  at  Niagara.     John  Bogart 3"7 

Notable  European  Water  Power  Installations.     Col.  Th.  Turrettini 322 

Distribution  of  the  IClectric  ICnergy  from  Niagara  Falls.     S.  Dana  Greene.  333 

The  Niagara  Region  in  History.     Peter  A.  Porter 3^5 


INDEX  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


PORTHAIIS-  PAOR 

Hilwiiril  l>.  Adiiiiis i6a 

Cliiis.  I'   Clark ,(i, 

Jolm  Jiic()l>  Astiir ,f,. 

CicorKC  S.  Iliiwiloin ij, 

Clinii.  I.aiiier I^A 

("S.  I.nrocqiic l6y 

I>.<>    Mills ,fg 

Will    M.  Kniikine ,gq 

K   W    Wliilri<lKe ,70 

Kilw.  A.  Wicki'» 

I'".  I,    Stetson 

The  Iiitertiiitioiial  NlnKurii  I'lills  CoiiiniiBsioii 184 

\V   C,  finviii       

Albtrt  H.  IMrttr 

C.c'o.  II.  Iliirbaiik   

Clciticiis  Hirsclifl jjg 

I,,  n.  StilUvell 

Dr.  C'i>leiiiaii  Sellers 

I)f  Couicy  May 

Jolm  IloKnrt ^„g 

Thco.  Turnttiiii 

S.  Dana  (irecne 

IVter  A.  I'orfcr 


"71 
17a 


«>4 
til 


30' 


lat 
.Via 
3^4 


I"atlier  Hciiiiepiii g_ 


Rene  Robert  Cavelier  Sieiir  De  I,n  Snile 

Tlie  Horseshoe  Falls 

The  Falls  from  rrospcct  I'oiiit 

A  View  of  the  Old  Milling  District 

From  Coat  Island,  I.ookiiiK  Towards  I  nna  Island 

Peter  I';iiislie's  Map,  Showing  the  Karly  Canal  and  Reservoir  Proposed  in  1S46. 

The  Ninxara  I-"alls  Railway  Snspension  llriil^e 

Depths  and  Levels  of  the  f.ieat  Lakes 


. <68 

'73 

>74 

'75 

"76 

'77 

irs 

'79 

Near  Prospect  Point  at  Night   ,^, 

The  Whirlpool  Rapids  llelow  the  Falls 

Map  of  Niagara  Falls  and  Vicinity,  Showing  the  location  of  the  Oreat  Tnnnel 

Huiraloand  the  Territory  Which  P.iys  Iler  Trilaite 

Niagara  Falls  in  Winter.. 

Ice  Uridgc  under  the  Falls 

The  Horseshoe  Falls  from  Coat  Island 

Another  View  Near  Prospect  Point 

The  Horseshoe  I"alls  at  Niagara 

The  Falls  Near  Prospect  Point 

neginning  the  Power  Canal  at  Niagara 

Ill  the  Niagara  Wheel-Pit  During  Construction 


1S2 
i8i 
186 
187 
184 
Iqo 
igl 

197 
n)8 
'99 


' 


/A'/)/-:.\'  or  ILI.rSTRATlOXS. 


opciiiiiK  CiTcniotili-M  :it  the  Ik'KiiiniiiK  i>f  the  I'lrst  Sliiin  for  tlie  NliiKiirn  'riiiinrl 

l.iiwiTiiiK  n  (•inter  into  tlic  Wlit-el-l'it 

CriHH  Scctiiiti  of  Tiiiiiit'l,  Slii>»iii){  I'osilioii  (if  Drill  Holts 

CrosH  Stctioii  of  TiiniR-l,  Showing  MttlnHt  of  I.iiiiiiK 

Map  ami  I'rofilc,  SluiwiiiK  Method  of  ■{'itiililishiiiK  Centre  I.iiie  ntiil  Orndc  of  Tiiiiiiel 

I.oiiKitiKliiiiil  Set'tiiiii  ShowiiiK  MetluKl   ICiiiployeil  hi  SiiikiiiK  Shaft,  and  TimherliiK.  Ilrick-MiiiiiK,  niid 

Driving  the  Main  Tunnel 

HvcKoii  of  I'ower  Hoiihc,  Wheel-Pit  niid  Tunnel,  HhowlnK  "ne  of  the  Tnrljitiis  and  (lenerntors  in  I'lacr  . 

Plan  Showing  ArniiiKeinint  ofTronKh  nnil  Canvni 

Plan  Ailopteil  for  llandlint;  WaUr  at  Shaft  No   » .   

The  Niagara  I'alls  Power  Company 'H  Station      

The  Tunnel  DnrhiK  C(nistruction 

One  of  the  Canal  InlelH  at  an  luirly  Statte 

Lowering  a  I'enstock  into  flu-  Wheel-Pit 

The  Mouth  of  the  Tunnel  DnriUK  Construction 

A  PrognsH  View  of  I  lie  Canal 

Another  luirly  View  of  Tunnel's  Month 

A  View  of  the  Wheel-Pit  DnriiiK  Construction 

A  TiMinel  View  Showing  the  MethiKl  of  Lining  With  Brick 

CettinK  Kiady  for  the  Turliiiies 

A  I.ateril  Tunnel  Junction 

A  nird's-Sye  View  and  Secliou  of  the  Niagara  Installation 

Section  KU-vation  of  the   Power  Mouse  and  Wheel-Pit  of  the  Niagara  ImiIIs  Power  Company,  to  Contain 

Ten  s'loo  Horse-Power  Ulectric  <'.enerators,  and  Ten  ,si««i  Horse-Power  Turliines . 

In  the  Main  Tunnel . . 

The  fieneral  Power  Plan , 

■|"lie  Main  Power  Station  and  the  Transformer  House,  with  Connecting  llrldgc ..     ..      .       ..     . 

Section  of  Wheel  and  (lovernor  Designed  by  Hscher,  Wyss  .V  Co 

Section  and  Plan  of  Kscher,  Wyss  St  Co, 's  Wheel   

Section  of  C.overniir  Designt.l  liy  Hscher,  Wyss  ,V  Co 

Another  I'hin  of  Wheel  ilesigneit  liy  ICschcr,  Wyss  A'  Co 

Half  Sectional  Plan  of  Wheel  Designed  by  I'aescli  Jt   Piccard 

('•eneral  Ivlevation  of  Haesch  >S:  Piccard  Design 

Riveting  up  the  Peustoek  of  the  Niagara  Palls  Paper  Coni])any's  Plant 

A  View  of  the  Wheel- Pit  Dnriin  an  Karly  Stage  of  Conslrnctiou 

The  Moutli  of  the  Tunnel 

One  of  the  Niagara  Power  Company's  sooo  Horse-Power  Turbines  Designed  by  l''aesch  &  Piccard,  Geneva, 

Swit/erland.     Iluilt  by  the  1.  P.  Morris  Co.,  Philadelphia,  I 'a 

Section  of  the  Turbine 

Vertical  Section  Through  I.ower  Wheel   

One  of  the  Sliafl  Hearings 

One  of  the  Turbine  Castings 

C.eueral  Ulevation.     Paescli  A-  Piccard   Design     .. 

Section  of  Governour.      Haesch  >Si  Piccard  Design 

Sectional  View  .  I  Governour.     I''aesch 

Penstock  Coiiiiection  with  Turbine 

The  I'ae-sch  Sc  Piccard  Governour  in  Place 

The  Interior  of  the  Power-House,  Showing  One  Generator  Completed 

Diagram  ofa  Multi-Phase  System  of  Klectrical  Transmission  and  Distribution 

One  of  the  5000  Horse- Power  Armatures 

A  Kield  Ring  Ready  to  be  Lowered  on  a  Generator  Shafl , 

The  Hirst  Generator  in  Pcsition  in  the  Power  House  at  Niagara 

Side  Ulevation  of  One  of  the  Generators 

A  Top  View 

Hrout  Elevation  and  Section  Through  Pouudation 


AliK 

•'•1 
304 
205 

tat 

an; 

3119 
aoq 

»'3 
314 
JI5 
al< 

»i7 

fiS 
910 

»o 

931 
tit 
»J1 


•'.^" 
•i.T 

tn 

»35 
»)6 

».!7 

a.,S 

»3<) 
1411 

241 

24- 
24  < 
244 
214 

24.'; 

..46 

247 

248 
249 

250 

254 
256 

257 

2.Sc) 

260 
260 

261 


/.\7U:\   ( )/••  //.  /.  /  'S  IK  A  Ik  )\S 


■  i'M 
ao4 

.    905 

.      9ofi 

a<i7 
.     «oH 

.  aog 
»«3 
•  JM 
-  2'5 
.    al6 

■  a"7 

»is 

3I() 
320 
?3I 

a>a 

■  aai 
.  aaH 
I 

^;,o 
f1> 
23J 

2.13 

»14 

a35 
a/, 

a.t7 

2,8 

»)*< 

aji) 
a^ii 
241 

24' 

241 
244 

214 

24s 
.•46 

247 

24S 
249 

2,SO 

254 

258 

260 

260 

.     261 


VM>V. 
.      Jl  J 


r.irliiil  l.oiiKillKliliHl  Siiiioii  ol  llip  I'liwcrlli'iisc  iiinl  Wlu'd  I'll 

Crii-.s  Sirliiiii  111  I'ipwcr  lloii-tr  mill  Wlirpt  I'll     jfi, 

Vi  riiiiil  Sicliuii  cil  One  ul  tlif  S"'"  IIdisi   rciwiT  C.eilcrntorH j<:\ 

lliiri/oiiliit  Scctiiin Ids 

Till- Ariniiliirt- of  the  Arrond  ('•iMicrator  ill  rliu'v il<(i 

Tlie  Ariimliirf  Siippml  .iiiil  Ciirr .  a' 7 

Siili-  View  111  iHsliiiK  CiiiiyiiiK  Spiili-i  fur  Hi  iiiiiii,"< t<'7 

IvikI  View  (it  llii' CiiKlinj{-i 267 

Dcliiilx  or  Ariunliiri' llciirjiiKH  .   .. .  21.8 

One  ol  llif  SluTls  Miikiiij.  up  till'  \riiiiiltiir  I'oir i'^l 

liiiii'ti'iii  III  Aiiiniliiir  lliirH  iitiil  t  (iiiiivcli>r-<  llcrntc  SiiMcriiiR  11  ml  liiHiiliitliiK ....  at  s 

Isliitrii'.illy  Suldi  linn  llif  Cmiiu  ciii)ii>  <>r;iii  Al  liliiliiK'  WiinliiiK       jfy 

riit.-1'.iiuralor  Sliafl 270 

'rill.'  Idivci  fill  tlif  I'iiM  kiiin ..  .  271  ■ 

'rtst  I'ieits  Iroiii  III!' r.iiii  i;ii.ii  Slialt a7l 

Nii'ki-I  SIrfl  I'iflil  Kiiif;,  Iniiyfcl  Wiliicmi  a  Wild  liv  llir  lldlili  liriii  Iniil  (.'utilpiniy.  dl»liu-tft  11  fl.  ->/,  111  .^72 
Siilid  liiKut  iill'liiid  Ciiiiipri'ssrd  ^l(;t'l.       I'sed  fiii  MiikiiiK  tliv  Imm^iiI  I'it'ld   Kiii^.     I.i'IIkHi.  I'(7  i»  i    I'iu- 

liU'tiT.  54  in.;  WeiH'il.  I/".""' I'i'iiiidH 274 

Ciimprcssi'd  Steel  IiikoI  with  Hole  TliriiiiKli  Centre,  I'repnnitory  to  FiirRiinj 275 

A  l''iild  I'ole  with  Wiiidiiiu  ill  I'lace.     Weiglit,  jl.oo  roiiuilH 271. 

A  I'i'ld  Pole                     27(1 

l''ielil  Kiiii;  with  I'oles  and  lloliliiiis  in  I'liice 377 

Metlio<l  orilnlatieiiiK  tile  Driver  and  I'icld  Rinn    37S 

TiiniiiiK  tile  h'ield  KiiiK  ill  llie  WistiiiKlioliHe  Slinps 27v 

one  ol  the  ('■enerator  iMiiiiidalions , 2R11 

■riu- Switcliboanl  Striuliire 28I 

Diatjrain  Showing  tile  Coiiiiiilldiisortlie  f.ener.ilor"*  Willi  I.oeiil  and  l.oiiK  UiHtance  l'eeder» .'Kj 

I'laii  of  Power  and  Traiisforiner  lloii-.es 2H.t 

One  Knd  of  tile  Power  llonne 285 

The  oiKiiiii/.alion  of  the  Switchboard  Apparatus aS'^ 

Some  Details  of  the  Swilclilionrd aSS 

An  AlternnliiiK  Current  Ainnieter,  Niagara  Type  78') 

A  Section  of  the  Ilaliirshaw  Cable    ai^i 

One  ol  the  .Main  Switilies J.ya 

A  jc)0  Kilowatt  notary  ■riaiisloniicr  IT.sed  as  an  llxciter 2qi 

A  100  Kilowatt 'rranslonner  294 

Details  of  the  ion  Kilowatt  Step  Down  Transrornier ?i)5 

The  Ainerican  Isills  at  Niajjara agii 

Chart  Showing  the  Magnetic  (jnalitics  of  the  I'ield  KiiiK 21/7 

The  Main  Street 3"7 

Lands  of  the  Niagara  Power  and  Development  Companies  .  308 

Another  Street  View  ill  Kchota  ^og 

The  Sewage  Disposal  Works lio 

Section  and  Klevation  of  llie  Sewage  Disposal  IlnildinK jm 

Plan  of  Station  for  Wells  and  Piiiiips,  Sewane  Disposal  and  Klectric  MRlitinK  311 

Cross  Section  of  Scwasie  SettliiiK  Tanks 311 

The  Interior  of  the  Sewage  Disposal  Works  31a 

Plan  of  Iinprovciiieiit  of  Lands  of  the  NManata  Development  Company  at  Kchota 31  j 

Cross  Section  of  an  Hcliota  Street  with  Telford-Macadam  Pavement 314 

Cross  Section  of  the  Ilonlevaid  at  Ivchota il4 

One  of  the  Catch  Hasins  for  the  Drainane  System 31 S 

The  School  at  Echota 316 

■elevations  and  Plans  of  One  of  the  Small  Houses  at  Kchota 317 

Klevalions  and  Plans  of  One  of  the  Larger  Houses  at  Kchota 318 

Assembly  Room,  Store  and  Houses  at  Kchota 3ig 


INDEX  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


1 1 


I'AUK 

f.ookiii^C  Down  f)iie  oflliL'  Streets  nt  Hcliota j-jo 

The  I.OOO  Horse- I'owtr  Station  at  C.eneva,  Switzerland,  Cumpletetl  in  1886  .)l6 

Tlie  New  Power  House  Near  Geneva,  Containing  fifteen  Turbines  of  iai«)  llorae- Power  Uacli 337 

The  Stouey  Dam  r.oar  Cleneva,  Built  in  iSqu 3^8 

The  Interior  of  t lie  6<ii)ii  Horse-Power  Station  at  C.eneva 329 

Winter  at  the  Halls 313 

The  Klectrie  Plant  of  the  I'i.tsliurRh  Kednction  Company  at  Niagara 334 

Direct  Current  Side  of  the  Rotary  Converters  and  the  I,ow  Tension  Switchboards  335 

Two  of  the  Kot.iry  Converters  and  also  Two  of  the  Static  Translorniers  in  the  Pittshurfth  Reduction 

Company's  Plant 336 

The  Alternating;  Current  Side  of  the  Rotary  Converters,  the  Alternating  Current  Switchboards  and  Static 

Transformers 337 

One  Thousand  Horse- Power  Static  Transformer  at  the  Works  of  the  Carborundum  Company,  Huilt  liy 

the  C.cneral  Electric  Company,  New  York 33S 

Another  View  of  the  Static  Transformer 339 

The  Internal  Make-up  of  the  I'arborundnm  Company's  Large  Static  Transformer.    This  Transloriner 

Reduces  the  Pressure  of  the  Two  Phase  AlternatiiiK  Current  Krom  2^00  to  21x1  Volts 34') 

The  Carborundum  Company's  One  Tlnnsand  Horse-Power  Current  Regulator 341 

Map  of  the  I'nited  States,  Showing  the  Commercial  Possibilities  of  Niagara  Power 342 

Putting  Down  Cable  Conduits  at  Niagara .   343 

An  Electric  Hoisting  Plant  at  Boleo,  Mexico 344 

Cross  Section  of  a  Cable  "Conduit .    345 

An  Alternating  Current  Induction  Motor  Geared  to  a  Hoist 34f- 

An  Electric  niamonii  Drill  for  Prospecting  Work  347 

Frame  of  the  Large  Regulator  of  the  Carborundum  Company 34S 

An  Electrically  Driven  lUoiver 349 

A  250  Horse-Power  Three-Phase  Alternating  Current  Motor 350 

Centrifugal  Pump  with  Direct  Connected  Motor 351 

Special  Porcelain  "  Double-Petticoated  "  Insulator  for  High  Tension  Transmission  Lines 353 

A  Direct  Current  Electric  Motor  Geared  to  a  Pump  354 

An  Electric  Rotary  t'oal  Drill 355 

A  Modern  Direct  Current,  Slow  Speed  Electric  Motor 356 

A  Typical  Electric  Street  Car  Motor,  Twenty- Five  Horse- Power    357 

Diagram  Showing  an  Example  of  Long- Distance  Electric  Power  Transmission  and  Distribution 358 

A  Typical  Alternating  Current  Induction  Motor  o(  125  Horse-Power 359 

Ninety-Five  Ton  Electric  Locomotive  Huilt  for  the  Hallimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  at  Baltimore,  Md.,  by  the 

General  Electric  Company  of  New  York 360 

An  Electric  Mine  I,ocomotive 361 

The  First  Known  Picture  of  Niagara  I'alls 366 

The  Cataract  of  Niagara  with  the  Country  Adjacent 369 

The  White  Man's  Fancy 372 

The  Red  Man's  Fact 373 

The  Building  of  the  Griffon,  1679 374 

The  Captiire  of  Fort  George,  1S13 375 

The  S^teamer  Caroline  Burnt  and  Forced  Over  the  Falls  on  December  29,  1837 381 

A  Recent  View  of  Niagara  Falls _ 382 


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OXIC  of  tlic  strikin}4  k'atiircs  of  the  ixniaikahlt.'  industrial  (It'vilopnicnt 
resultiiiL;  iVoni  tlit-  t^xtt-iuktl  aiui  intL'lIi.ni'Ul  use  of  steam,  wliieli  lias  done 
>o  uiucii  to  make  the  ri'coril  of  the  nineteeiuh  century  mem  )ral)le.  is  the 
evolution  of  yreat  industrial  establishments  eni])luyin,i;  thousands  of  hands,  and 
comhininy  the  laixir  and  skill  of  the  employees  with  the  best  machinery  known 
to  the  mechanic  arts.  Of  such  establishments  one  which  is,  perliaps,  amuni;  the 
lar.i^est,  one  that  is  certainly  amonjj;-  the  newest,  and  one  which  is  ot  esi)ecial 
interest  to  all  who  inteliij^entlv  observe  the  tendencies  of  industrial  evolution  in 
America,  is  that  recentlv  completed  bv  the  We,  :''ii;h(nise  Klectric  ami  Manu- 
ficturuii;  Companv  at  ICast  I'ittsbiM-iih,  a  new  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  twelve  miles  east  of  the  L'nion  Station  at  l'ittsbur_i;h.  Many 
features  are  perhaps  no  less  interotiu):;  to  the  student  of  social  economy  than  are 
others  to  the  i)ractical  manuficturer,  while  all  who  are  interested  in  recent  pro- 
j^ress  in  the  tlevelo|)ment  of  the  applic.itions  of  electricity  to  the  li_t;htinn-  ot  our 
cities,  the  propulsion  oi'  our  street  cars,  and  especially  to  the  operation  ol 
machinery  in  mills  ami  fictories,  can  luTe  t'md  much  to  study  with  interest  and 
profit.  Hut  to  the  m.muf.icturer  anil  enu;ineer  the  feature  whicli  is  most  strikini^ 
and  of  special  inten-st  is  the  use  of  electricity  to  drive  all  shaftini^  and  machine 
tools,  iind  to  perform  other  work  necessary  'n  large  manufacturing;  establishments. 
This  is  here  accom|)lished  upon  a  scale  not  previously  attempted.  A  power  plant 
centrally  located  with  reference  to  the  various  shojjs,  and  e(iui])ped  with  boilers, 
engines  and  electric  generators  aggregating  2500  h.  j).  is  used  to  supply  current 
to  a  l.u'ge  mnnber  of  motors  throughout  the  shops,  conveniently  located  with 
reference  to  the  machinery  which  they  are  employed  totlrive.  It  is  believed  that 
the  eflicieiicy,  tlexibility  anil  economy  attained  are  superit)r  to  anything  previously 
re.ilised  in  distributing  power  in  large  mills  and  factories.  The  motors  employed 
for  the  purpose  are  of  the  latest  pattern  of  what  is  be\'ond  ([uestion  the  most 
intJresting  and  v.dualile  t\pe  of  electric  motor  known, — the  celebraicd  Tt'sla 
alternating  current  motor,  invented  by  Xikola  Tesla,  and  developed  by  the  able 
t'.'chnical  statf  of  the  Westinghouse  Klectric  and  Mfg.  Company. 

It  is  the  i-s|)ecial  object  of  this  article  to  call  the  attention  of  those  interested 
in  the  jjrogress  of  the  mechanic  arts,  and  especially  of  those  who  may  have  occa- 
sion to  investigate  the  problem  of  the  distribution  of  power  from  central  stations, 
to  the  method  and  apparatus  here  used,  in  the  belief  that  it  is  an  ol)iect  lesson  not 
only  of  scientific  interest  but  of  great  jjractical  value.  A  year  ago  the  Westing- 
house  Electric  and  Mfg.  Compan\'  (at  that  time  employing  about  thri'e  thousand 
hands)  was  operating  three  tactories,  located  resi)ectively  in  Pittsburgh,  P.i., 
.Vllegheny,  P.i. .  .uid  Newark,  X  J.  The  business  of  the  companv  had  outgrown 
the  capacity  ol  the  old  shops,  which  w  re,  nioreover,  somewhat  scattered  and 
inconvenient  for  the  most  economical  manuf.icture  of  electrical  ai)paratus.  Rea- 
lising the  advantages  of  concentration,  anil  desiring  to  carry  out  certain  improve- 
ments in  methoils  of  manutacture,  and  esi)ecially  in  shop  facilities,  the  company 
purchased  ;i  tract  of  land  located,  as  has  been  said,  about  tweke  miles  from  the 
centre  of  Pittsburgh,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Pennsylvania  R.  R.,  with  the  inten- 
tion of  there  erecting  new  shops,  with  especial  reference  to  economy  in  manu- 
facturing. It  was  determined  that  no  expense  should  be  spared  in  making  these 
shops  a  model  of  the  best  jiractice  of  the  day.  The  tract  of  land  purchased 
embraces  forty  acres,  and  is  in  the  form  of  a  rectangular  block,  having  a  frontage 
of  2300  ft.  along  the  line  of  the  Pennsylvania,  with  ani|>le  railroad  facilities  to  and 


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H'csliHi^/iOKSc  l-.h-clric  ami  Miinii/iuiKiiiii;    Couipa 


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hshi   Motors  ill  a   (,ri(it  Mtvinj\uti(riii^  Establisluih  i;l . 


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7',s/ti   Motors  in  <i   (iiral  A/in//(/'ti(//i>/)t::    /^staNis/iiii,  ill. 

<Mi  the  .ui-uiiiul.  I'.iK*--  V  shows  a  iiiai)  ol' tlic  propiTty.  and  I'nmi  it  can  Ik;  sini  the 
relative  location  and  size  of  the  cij,dit  buikiin,ij;s  that  are  m.w  erected,  which  in  the 
orderollheirnia-nitude  are  the  Machine  Shop,  the  Warehouse,  the  Pattern  .Shop, 
the  ISl.icksinilh  .Siiop,  the  i'ower  House,  the  Dryin.y:  and  l)ipl)in-  Shop,  and  the 
lirass  l-'ounihv.  The  Main  Foundry,  which  as  yet  has  not  lieen  erected,  and  is  not 
shown  in  the  plan,  will  be  iso-ft.  widJand  750-ft.  Iou.l;.  The  .M.ichine  Shop  is  754-rt. 
lonu  l)y  23 1  It.  wide,  the  i^round  lloor  coverinij  four  acres,  while  the  ijallcries  are 
al)o"iit  three  acres  in  extent.  The  i)hotoi;-rai'h  on  pat^e  iv  is  a  j;ener.d  vicu-  of  tlie 
shops  taken  from  a  hill  south  of  the  I'ennsylv.mia  R.  R.  tracks.  In  the  lore-round 
the  line  of  the  railroad  and  the  station  and  covered  way,— erected  tor  the  con- 
venience of  the  eniplovees, — .ire  seen.  The  l)uil(lin,iL(  nearest  the  point  ot  view  is 
the  WarelKJUse  754  ft.  in  length  ami  about  7611.  wide.  The  western  end  of  the 
second  lloor  of  this  buildinJ,^— that  is,  the  end  nearest  the  point  from  which  the 
l.hotoL;ra|)h  was  taken,  contains  the  offices  of  the  adniinistr.uion,  en,i;ineerini,r  and 
dniftiii-   dei>artnients  of  the  conijiany,  while   the  eastern   half  is  devoted   to   the 


A    Ti;Sl..\    MMIilK    l)KI\l\i.    MACMIM.UV    IN     1111     \\  1  ;S  1  1  Nc,  IlcirSi;    Sllnl'S. 

manufacture  ot  meters,  arc  lamps,  switchboards  and  similar  ai^par.itus.  Beyond 
the  Warehouse,  and  parallel  to  it,  is  the  Machine  .Sho|),  the  western  end  of  which 
is  shown  in  the  ])hotoiujraph.  This  building;  is  divitletl  by  the  roof  lines  and  the 
columns  supporting  them  into  three  aisles  of  ecjual  width.  Railway  tracks  in  each 
aisle  extend  entirely  through  the  buildiniL;,  antl  are  connected  l)y  switches  outsitle. 
The  main  aisle  is  open  from  the  ground  to  the  root",  and  two  3(j-ton  travelling 
cranes  traverse  the  aisle  from  end  to  end.  The  side  aisles  coiUain  a  second  story, 
anil  each  is  further  divided  by  a  row  of  columns  supporting  the  second  floor. 
These  columns  also  serve  to  carry  the  runways  tor  two  lo-ton  travelling  cranes,  a 
pair  ol"  cranes  in  each  runway  traversing  the  side  aisles  from  end  to  end.  There 
is  a  gallery  bridge  at  each  end  of  the  Machine  .Shop  connecting  the  side  aisles. 
For  communication  between  the  floors  there  are  ten  .stairways  and  ten  elevators, 
each  of  the  latter  being  driven  by  belt  from  a  lo  h.  p  motor.  The  side  wails  of 
the  Machine  Shop,  as  well  as  those  of  the  Warehouse,  Power  House,  Blacksmith 
Shop  and  Punch  Shop  are  constructed  of  brick,  the  brickwork  enclosing  the  steel 
columns  which  support  the  floors  and  roof.      The  girders  ami  roof  of  the  building 


Vll 


]Vcsliin;/ioi<s,    lilidyi,    and  MniiK/tidunin;    ('o/i//>(ii/\ 


VII 1 


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'/'t</ti   Moloi  <   ill  If    a  I  Kit  Maiiiil'iutKriiii:    /■shih/i^/iin,  nI. 


IW stiiii^/ionsi    Jiltdrit    mid  Maini/tulKiiin^    C'^iiipiiiiy. 

iirc  of  stc'd,  wood  Ixini;  used  only  in  the  floors  and  window  saslics.  Ample 
window  and  skyli.i;lit  arta  is  provided,  and  the  shops  are  in  all  parts  remaikalily 
well  li]i;hted.  There  are  twelve  toilet  rooms  in  the  Machine  Shop,  six  to  each 
floor,  and  in  every  w.iy  the  comfort,  cleanliness  and  health  of  the  employees  ha\e 
been  considereil. 

The  photograph  on  paije  ii  shows  a  general  view  of  the  central  hall  of  the 
Machine  Shop. 

The  heating  system  is  designed  to  warm  the  shops  to  about  60  degrees 
during  the  coldest  we.ither,  and  tlu'  fan  system  of  hot  air  heating  is  employed. 
The  Machine  .Shoj)  ccjntains  9,171,000  cubic  feet  of  air,  and  the  heating  system 
is  designed  to  change  and  rewarm  this  amount  in  twenty  minutes.  The  amount 
of  heating  surface  in  the  six  heaters  used  in  the  Machine  .Shop  is  about  20.000 
si|uare  feel.  I\ach  (jf  tiie  six  fms  is  driven  l)y  a  30  h.  p.  motor,  and  the  heated 
air  is  distributeil  throughout  the  shop  by  blast  pipes,  which  are  carrietl  overhead. 

The  other  buildings  are  heateil  in  a  similar  manner. 

The  fu'e  pmleclion  system  of  the  various  shops  consists  of  a  complete  ecpiip- 
nnnt  of  water  mains  supplied  from  a  reservoir.  These  mains  connect  to  the 
various  staiul-pipes  and  hydnuUs  throughout  the  grounds.  The  em])loyecs  are 
well  drilled  and  sujjplied  with  a  full  eciuipment  of  apjjaratus  for  extinguishing 
fires. 

The  photographs  on  pages  vi  and  \iii  are  \iews  of  the  shops  taken  from 
the  side  oi)posite  the  Pennsylvania  tracks.  In  taking  the  former  the  camera  was 
])ointed  south  .southeast,  and  in  taking  the  l.itter  east  soiuheast.  In  the  former  the 
Tower  House  with  its  tall  stack  is  consi)icuous,  anil  beyond  it  is  the  Punch  Shop, 
where  the  steel  plates  used  in  constructing  transformers  and  the  armatures  ot 
generators  and  motors  are  i)unchcd  out  of  large  pieces  of  sheet  steel  by  ])ower- 
ful  presses,  tiie  recpiired  lorms  being  obtainetl  by  the  use  of  steel  dies. 

The  building  in  the  foreground  is  the  Pattern  Sho]),  and  the  building  beyond 
it  and  to  the  left  near  the  Punch  Shop  is  the  Brass  Foundry.  In  the  photograph 
on  page  vi  the  Machine  Shop  and  Warehouse  ;\re  seen  from  a  direction  almost 
opposite  that  in  which  the  ])hotograph  on  ])age  viii  was  taken. 

Nearly  all  the  machinery  used  in  these  great  shops,  comprising  u])wards  01 
1250  machine  tools,  is  o])erated  by  Te.sla  jiolyphase  motors,  supi)lied  with 
two-phase  alternating  current  at  a  freipiency  of  25  cycles  ])er  second.  This  is  the 
identical  system  worked  out  Ijy  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and  Mfg.  Company, 
for  the  use  of  the  Cataract  Construction  Company,  in  their  great  work  at  Niagara 
Falls.  The  alternating  current  generators  are  located  in  the  Power  House,  from 
which  current  is  conveyeil  by  insulated  conductors  to  motors  conveniently  placed 
throughout  the  various  .shops.  The  potential  used  is  200-volts,  and  this  is  suji- 
])lied  directly  to  the  motors  without  the  interposition  of  transformers.  The  line 
shafting  tlin  ui|hout  the  buildings  is  dividecl  into  comparatively  short  sections, 
and  motors  ranging  from  10  to  50  h.  \).  are  employed  to  drive  the  sections  ;  in 
certain  cases  large  tools  will  be  sepanitely  driven  by  independent  motors. 

In  the  Power  House  three  500  h.  p.  two-])hase  generators,  direct  driven  by 
Westinghouse  compound  engines,  are  installed.  Two  of  these  are  shown  in  the 
l)hotogra])h  on  page  ix.  They  are  driven  at  a  s]ieed  of  250  r.  p.  m.,  and 
deliver  current  to  two  sejxirate  circuits,  these  currents  diflering  in  their  time  rela- 
tion or  phase  by  90  degrees.  They  are  separately  excited,  current  for  this 
])urpose  being  derived  from  a  small  direct  current  machine. 

The  photogra])h  on  page  \ii  shows  a  section  of  the  machinery  in  one  ot  the 
side  aisles  of  the  Machine  Shop  operated  bv  a  50  h.  p.  Tesla  motor.  The  ]iho- 
tograph  on  page  xi  shows  a  similar  motor  driving  some  of  the  larger  tools  in 
the  ^Iachine  .Shop. 

The  improvement  resulting  from  the  sub-division  of  the  line  shafts  and  the 
introduction  of  motors  to  drive  a  huge  number  of  short  sections  of  line  shafting 


1 


Tishi   Motors  ill  (I    (iiiti/  MiviiihK  till  ill '^    l'.<tiil>lislnihi!t. 


A    51)    II.  1'.    TI.SI.A    MdTdR    1>K1\1N(,    111;  AW    MAClllNi:RY    IN    llli:    \V  I.S  Tl  M  i  111  MSi;    S'lol'S. 


Nl 


\Vistim;honsf  lilnttii  tuiU  MtiiiHjaiiniing   lo»//>(n/r, 

is  rt'in.iik.iMc,  a\u\  dcsi'ivt's  \fiy  careful  cniisidcr.itioii  on  the  part  iil'.ill  int(ri>t<(! 
ill  inamiraitiirinj;  I'hlaMi.slimciits  wlicri'a  coiisiili  raiili'.imoimt  ol  |i(t\V(  r  is  i(.'(|uir((l. 
Witlj  sliops  as  larjji-  as  tliesL-  the  oKI  iiiliIukI  orsupplyinjf  power  to  the  tools  Wy 
a  system  of  line  slialtinjj  ami  ix'Ils  drivi'ii  by  tiij^iiu's  located  at  a  j^iveii  jioint 
would  i)e  scarcely  practicable.  It  the  length,  size  atul  cost  ol  the  line  shalts  weie 
not  prohibitive  the  losses  involved  would  certainly  reduce  the  etticiency  of  tlu' 
system  to  a  very  low  ])oint.  An  alternative  method  somelinus  adopted  is  to  use 
a  niMni)er  ol  en^ini'S  locati'd  at  dilterent  points,  and  supplieil  with  steam  Irom  a 
boiler  plant  central  with  reference  to  these  points.  This  also  means  jxior  economy 
and  involves  niany  objectionable  features.      As   compared  with  the  central  power 


i! 


M 


A    .M()I>1;K.N   COMMT  lATOK   lOR    AN   ORDINARY    KI.IXTKH;    MornU. 


f  I 


1 

1 

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plant  usinji-  line  shaftinj^  and  belts  a  very  material  gain  is  effected  by  the  reduction 
of  the  amount  of  shaftintj,  but  to  offset  this  the  losses  due  to  ratliation  from  the 
steam  pipint?  must  be  taken  into  account,  and  it  must  also  he  remembered  that 
the  smaller  enjjiiies  are  less  economical  than  the  larger  ones,  which  may  lie  used 
untler  the  plan  first  described.  More  than  this,  in  its  relation  to  economy  the 
jL,freater  amount  of  fuel  required  to  develop  a  j^iven  amount  of  power  is  not  usually 
the  largest  factor  ;  every  engine  must  be  looked  after,  and  the  cost  of  attendance 
where  engines  are  located  at  a  number  of  difterent  |)()ints  are  used  is  greatly 
increased. 

It   is  difficult  to  obtain  accurate  data  in  regard  to  the  actual   cost  of  power 
distributed   throughout  manufacturing  establishments  by  these  several  plans,  but 


XU 


'I't.shi  Motors  ill  <i   dim/  J/iiiiit/iii//in'ui;   /islod/isfimtiit. 


* 

I 


liNI:    (II'   TIM.    riOSI.A    MilliiKS. 


it  is  bclii'vt'd  that,  as  compared  with  eithiT  ol  the  two  altLTiiative  incthods  hitherto 
used,  the  plan  adopted  in  tlie  Westinj^lioiise  shops  rediiees  the  amount  of  power 
recpiired  at  tlie  Ijoilers  l)y  a  larije  pereentaye. 

But  tiiis  is  not  the  most  important  advantaj^e  realised;  as  eompared  with  the 
ph\n  of  usiny-  se|)arate  enirines  the  avoidance  of  the  heat  from  steam  pii)es,  tenihuj^j 
to  make  the  tem|)eraturt'  of  shops  unl)earal)le  in  hot  weatiier,  the  savinij  of  s])are, 
and  the  decreased  cost  and  trouble  of  maintenance,  are  still  srreater  j^ains  ;  and  as 
comi)arc.(l  with  the  distribution  of  ])owcr  by  line  shaftinj^  from  a  central  power 
house  the  elimination  of  the  heaviest,  the  most  expensive  and  the  most  trouble- 
some part  of  the  shafting;  are  advantages  of  ;.!;reat  practical  \alue. 

As  we  have  said,  the  type  of  motor  employed, — the  Tesla  polyphase  type, — 
is  one  of  peculiar  interest  and  value.  The  object  which  Nikola  Tesla  soujjht  to 
attain  when  he  beqan  the  work  which  led  u|)  to  the  invention  of  these  motors, 
which  are  now  so  celebrated,  was  the  elimination  of  the  commutator, — the  weak 
point,  and  the  most  troublesome  element  in  all  direct  current  motors,  which  at  the 
time  Tesla  bejj^an  his  work  were  the  only  motors  available  for  i)ractical  purposes. 
.Since  that  time  much  has  been  done  to  im])rovethe  construction  of  commutators, 
but  they  still  remain  the  weakest  clement  in  direct  current  machinery,  and  when 
well  made  are  very  expensive.      They  are  neces.sarily  built  up  of  a  large   number 


1; 


i 

I       i 


H  ' 


I' 


! 


Westing /lOKSi   Jilciiric  and  MannfaclHri)!}:;   Company. 

of  segments  of  copper,  and  each  segment  must  be  insulated  from  adjacent 
segments  by  insulation  of  ample  strength  for  the  potentials  employed,  and 
without  the   slightest  crack  or  pinhole.     Any   failure  to   realise  these  conditions 

will  cause  a  breakdown  and  interruption  of 
service.  Moreover,  the  constant  ruljbing  of 
the  brushes  against  the  commutator,  which 
is  Iniilt  up  of  seguK'nts  of  copper  separated 
from  each  other  by  thin  layers  of  insulating 
material,  wears  away  both   brush  ami   coni- 


^ 


: r-^-^j-^-V 


3 


mutator,  and  this  wearing  away  is,  in  spite  ol 
the  best  construction,  inevitably  more  rapiil 
than  in  the  case  of  the  alternating  current 
motor,  where  the  brushes  bear  against  the 
^•~-^~~Z'S^^^  rings   of  a    collector.       The  photograj)h    on 

1  III.  I.  P^gt?    -^i'    shows    an     extremely    well    matle 

modern    commutator,   and    the    photograjih 

on  page  xvi  illustrates  a   collector.     The  latter  consists  essentially  of  rings  of 

metal,  usually  copper  or  brass,  centred  on  the  same  shaft,  and  separated  from 

each  other  by  heavy   rings  of  insulating  material.     The   parts,  as  compared  with 

the  commutator,  are  rela- 
tively few,  and  the  insulation 

can  be  as  heavy   as    desired. 

In  the  larger   Tesla    motors 

collectors  are  used,  but  in  the 

smaller  ones   even  these  are 

discarded.    The  photograjihs 

on    pages    vii    and    xi    ilhis- 

trate   respectively    a  3  h.    p. 

three  phase  Tesla  motor  and 

a  50  h.   p.   two-phase   Tesla 

motor,    as    manufactured  by 

the     Westinghouse     Klectric 

and  Manufacturing  Company, 

which  Company   is  the   sole 

owner   of  the  United   States 

patents     issued     to     Nikola 

Tesla.   In  the  50  h.  p.  motor, 

as  will  be  seen,  the  ring  col- 
lector is  used  ;  in  the  3  h.  p. 

motor    no     commutator    or 

collector  is  employed.      It  is 

possible  to  build  large  motors 

without    the    collectors,   but 

this  is  done   at  a  sacrifice   ot  efficiency,  which   in  some  cases  is   very  material. 

The  collectors  run  without  attention  for  almost  indefinite  periods,  and  are  prac- 
tically not  objectionable. 

xiv 


ft' 


1 


Tt's/a  Motors  in  a   Great  Maiuifacturing  Establisliutoit. 


While  the  most  m;irkecl  advantage  of  the  i)()lyphase  motor,   as  compared 
with   tile  ordi.iary  types  of  direct  current   motor,  is   in  its  mechanical  construc- 

ti(in  and  low  cost  of  main- 
tenance, the  etticicncy  of 
those  manufactured  by  the 
\Vestint;house  Comiiany  is 
very  high,  and  as  compared 
with  direct  current  motors 
is  especially  high  at  partial 
loans.  Every  motor  turnetl 
out  of  the  shop  is  testetl  by 
a  Prony  Brake  and  its  ler- 
formancf;  at  various  loads 
carefully  determined,  the  re- 
sults of  the  efficiency  tests 
being  plotted  gra])hicallv. 

The  writer  has  before 
him  a  number  of  these 
graphic  diagrams,  showing- 
performance  of  motors  of 
various  sizes,  and  from  these 
the  following  tigures  are 
taken : 

The  efficiencv  of  a  lo 
h.  \).  motor,  delivering  half 
load  (5  h.  p.)  is  79  per 
uul  under  an  overload  of  50 


IS 


'5  per  cent.  A  20  h.  p. 


cent.  ;  under  full  load  (10  h.  p.).  it  is  84  per  cent 

per  cent.  (/.  c.  when  delivering  15  h.  p.),  its  ef[icienc_\ 

motor    delivering    5    h.     p. 

works  at  an  efticiency  of  7S 

per  cent. ;  delivering  10  h.  p. 

its  efficiency  is  84  per  cent.  ; 

and  at    full   load  (20  h.    p.), 

its  etiiciency  is  82   per  cent. 

A  50  h.  p.  motor  delivers  5 

h.  p.    at   an    efficiencv  of  72 

per  cent.  ;   10  h.  p.  at  81  per 

cent.  ;    20  h.    j).    at   89    per 

cent.  ;   30   h.    ]).    at   91    per 

cent. ;  40  h.  p.  at  91  jiercent.  ; 

50  h.  p.  at  89  per  cent.  ;  and 

60  h.  p.  at  88  per  cent.  A  r 

h.  \).  motor  delivers  '4.'  h.  p. 

at  6r   per  cent.  ;   '..  h.  p.  at 

72  per  cent  ;   -'4  h.   p   at  75 

per  cent.  ;   r   h.  p.  at  73  per 

cent,  and  j  '4  h.  [).  at  6y  per 

cent. 

These  motors  are  inten- 
tionally so  designed  that 
their  ma.ximum  efficiency  oc- 
curs at  a  load  somewhat  less 
than  their  rated  output.   This 

is  thought  desirable  for  the  reason  that  motors  in  shop  work  are  apt  to  run  at  some- 
what less  than  their  rated  outputs,  and  the  net  efficiency  of  the  plant  is  therefore 

XV 


■  i 


Wi'stinghousc  Elciiric  and  Maiiit fuclitriiii;-   Company. 

im])rovecl'  l)y  so  constructint;'  the  motors  that  they  work  at  their  best  cfticicncy 
at  from  lo  per  eent.  to  25  [ler  cent,  less  than  the  full  loatls  which  they  are  capable 
of  carrying);. 

In  usintj  the  polyi)hase  system  it  should  be  noted  that  if  the  frequency 
selected  be  suitable,  the  shops  can  be  lighted  from  the  same  circuits  that  are  used 
to  supply  motors.  Tiie  frecpiency  a(lopted  in  tlie  Westint;h()use  shops  is  25 
cycles  per  secoiitl,  or  3000  alternations  per  minute.  This  permits  incandescent 
lighting;  that  is  entirely  satisfactory  lor  shop  work,  but  it  is  too  low  for  arc  lij^ht- 
iiijtj.  A  similar  system  of  motors  manufictured  l)y  the  Westinj^house  Electric  and 
Manufacturing'  C'ompany  is  desig-ned  for  a  frccpuncy  of  60  cycles  per  second,  or 
7200  alternations  per  minute,  and  this  is  ada])ted  to  both  incandescent  and  arc 
lightintr.  The  lower  frequency  ])ossesses  an  advantage  in  reducing  the  s])ccd  ot 
the  motors. 

The  question  is  often  asked  what  is  meant  l)y  a  rotar\'  field  induction  motor, 
and  the  following  simple  exposition  of  the  i)rinciples  upon  which  these  motors  are 
based  will  be  of  interest. 

The  theoretical  principle  upon  which  theTesla,  or  rotarv  field,  motor  is  based 


i 


\-    I 


I.  i      " 


I DLM'TOK    Ol'   A    I.AKC.K   Tl;SI.A    .MCITOK. 


is  as  sim|)le  and  elegant  as  the  ])ractical  apparatus  in  which  it  is  utilized.  The 
rotary  magnetic  Held,  which  is  the  underlying  princi|)le  of  the  motor,  may  be 
illustrated  bv  a  common  horseshoe  magnet  and  an  ordinary  com|)ass  needle.  If 
the  poles  of  such  a  magnet  be  placed  directly  over  a  comixiss,  the  needle  will 
assume  a  position  in  the  direction  of  the  lines  of  force  between  the  poles  of  the 
magnet.  This  is  shown  in  Figures  i  and  2,  the  latter  being;  a  section  across  the 
end  of  the  magnets.  If  the  magnet  be  revolved,  the  direction  of  the  lines  of 
force  revolves  and  the  needle  will  follow  this  direction  and  will  turn  at  the  same 
rate  that  the  magnet  revolves.  If  current  be  passed  through  a  coil  around  an 
iron  core  a  magnet  is  produced,  somewhat  similar,  but  usually  much  stronger  than 
a  permanent  magnet.  An  iron  ring  with  four  inwardly  projecting  poles  may  have 
windings  placed  on  the  several  poles.  If  a  current  be  sent  through  the  coils  on 
the  upper  and  lower  poles,  a  vertical  magnetic  field  will  be  produced,  and  a 
magnetic  needle  pivoted  at  the  centre  of  the  ring  will  take  a  vertical  position  in 
the  direction  of  the  lines  of  force  as  in  I'ig.  3.     If  on  the  other  I  hand  a  current 


XVI 


1 


Tcsla  Motors  in  a   Great  Manufacturing  Establishment. 


i 


The 

may  he 

le.      If 

le  \\\\\ 

(if  the 

OSS  the 

ines   of 

e  same 

iind  ail 

er  than 

ly  have 

oils  on 

,  and  a 

ition  in 

current 


l)e  sent  tlirontjh  cr  lis  which  are  upon  the  other  set  of  poles,  a  horizontal  tield  will 
be  formed  anil  th .'  needle  will  take  the  position  indicated  in  V\\^.  4.  The  direc- 
tion of  the  needle  depentis  upon  the  direction  in  which  tlu'  currtMit  is  passed 
around  the  coils.  In  the  latter  case  the  needk- n>ay  point  either  to  the  rii^ht  or  to 
the  left,  depeiidini,'  upon  the  direction  of  tlu'  current.  If  a  currt-nt  were  passed 
throujrh  both  .sets  of  coils  at  the  same  time,  the  needle  would  a.ssume  a  midway 
or  45  dejrree  position  between  the  poles  I-'ii;.  5.  We  may  suj)posc  that  current 
is  pas.sed  throUL^h  tiie  vertical  coils  in  such  a  direction  that  the  needle  |)oints 
upward  and  that  this  current  decrtases  in  stren_i;th,  while  another  current  through 
the  horizontal  coils  t,MMdually  increases  its  .strenj^th.  The  needle  will  be  drawn 
from  the  vertical  ])osition,  I'i^'.  3,  throui^h  the  midway  position,  I'"it;.  5,  to  tin- 
horizontal  position,  Fiy.  4,  when  the  first  current  lias  ceased  to  tlow.  If  now  the 
current  in  the  first  coils  be  ])assed  in  the  reversed  direction,  the  needle  will  be 
pulled  below  the  horizontal,  assuming  a  inreater  and  greater  detlection  until  it 
points  downward,  when  the  current  in  the  horizontal  coils  has  ceased  to  tlow.  A 
continuation  of  this  action  will  evidently  cause  the  needle  to  revolve  in  obedience 
to  the  revolvint^  resultant  of  the  two  magnetic  fiekls.  The  currents  which  have 
been  assumed  to  tlow  vary  in  intensity,  increasing  to  a  maximum  and  then 
decreasing,  reversin,t(  in  directicju  and  aj^ain  reaching-  a  maximum,  and  then 
decreasinjT  to  zero,  and  are  alternatinij  currents.  Moreover  the  two  currents  have 
their  maximum  values  at  different  times,  /.  c,  they  differ  in  phase,  so  that  the 
maximum  of  one  ciu'rent  occurs  at  the  .same  time  that  the  other  current  is  pass'utj 
throuj^h  zero.  Tlie  resultant  action  of  alternating  currents  differini;  in  phase  is 
the  production  of  a  maj;netic  tield  which  is  constantly  shifting  its  direction, 
similar  to  the  shifting  caused  by  the  rotation  of  a  permanent  magnet.  .Such  a 
.shifting  magnetic  field  may  cause  the  rotation  of  a  compa.ss  needle  as  illustrated 
above,  or  it  may  be  made  to  act  upon  an  ek'Ctro-magnet,  which  will  in  general 
produce  a  much  stronger  action  than  can  be  secured  by  action  upon  a  permanent 
magnet.  If  an  iron  core  with  copjjcr  windings  be  placetl  in  the  rotating  magnetic 
field,  currents  will  be  set  up  in  the  coils  and  these  currents  will  produce  magnetic 
poles  in  the  core.  These  poles  will  be  drawn  by  the  revolving  magnetic  field, 
producing  rotation  very  similar  to  that  produced  in  the  compass  needle. 

A  mechanical  analogy  of  the  rotary  field  motor  is  found  in  the  cranks  of  an 
ordinary  engine.  If  a  shaft  have  a  single  crank  the  tonpie  is  not  uniform  and 
there  are  dead  points.  If,  however,  a  second  crank  is  placed  at  right  angles  to 
the  first,  this  crank  will  have  its  maximum  effort  at  the  time  when  the  first  crank  is 
on  its  dead  point,  and  the  resultant  action  of  the  two  cranks  is  to  give  a  uniform 
torcjue. 

All  of  the  various  polyphase  systems — the  2phase,  the  3-phase,  the  so-called 
monocyclic,  etc. — depend  upon  this  beautifiil  i)rinci|)le.  In  all  of  them  we  have 
a  magnetic  field  which  is  the  rt'sultant  of  two  or  more  alternating  currents  differ- 
ing in  phase,  and  which  therefore  revolves  at  a  speed  depending  upon  the 
frequency,  as  it  were  dragging  the  armature  around  with  it. 

VViiSTiNGHousK  Elixtkic  anmj  Ml  (;.  Co. 


xvu 


1  I 


■ 


I  > 


Leading  Real  Estate  Firms  of  Buffalo 
Niagara  Falls  and  Tonawanda. 


BUFFALO. 

ALBERT  L.  WILLIAMS. 

W.   H.  JOHNSON, 

Owner  and  dealer  in  Niagara  Falls  and  Niojf- 
ani   I'rontier  Realty,  solicits  corresi)on<lence 
with  investors  or  manufacturers.     MajjS  and 
an  illustrated  treati.se  on  "Niagara  Falls  Power 
as  a  Cilv  Builder"  sent  free  on  application. 

122  Pkari,  St.,  Bui'i'Ai.o,  N.  Y. 

Depew  Real   I'.slate  a  specialty.      1  lie 
niainifacttiring      snbnrb     of     HtilTalo. 
Manufacturing     sites     on      favorable 
terms.     I'our  trunk  lines. 
19  Chapin  Block, 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

NIAGARA   FALLS. 

Buffalo  and  Niagara  Falls  Real  Estate 
on  sale  by 

KINGSLEY, 

RUFFAI<0,  N.  Y. 

Correspondence  invited. 

CarIvE— KiNC,si<KY,  Buffalo. 

Gico.  I).  Hki.iik.n.                      Artihr  N.  Am. in. 

BELDEN   &    ALLEN, 

Cor.  Falls  and  First  Sts. 
Niagara  Falls. 
The  Cream  of  Niagara  Falls  City  and 
Suburban     I<ots     near     Power     Co.'s 
Lands. 

J.\s.  11.  Staki-ori),  I'rcs,         K.  H.  SiAi-i-URn,  Treas. 

SECURITY  INVESTriENT  CO. 

OF  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 
"Acre  Property  a  Specialty." 
Correspondence  Solicited. 
Stafford  Bldg.,  156  and  158  1'eari,  St., 
Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

BELDEN  &  KING, 

Dealers  in 
Niagara  Falls  Real  Estate. 

Established  1.S76. 
31  AND  33  Falls  Street, 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 

TONAWANDA. 

ANSLEY  D.  WHITE, 

Real  Estate. 

Tonawanda  Acreage  a  specialty. 

Room  i,  Masonic  Temple, 
43  Niagara  St., 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A. 

A.  J.  HATHAWAY, 

Sells  Niagara  Frontier  Real   Estate,   Lowest 
Prices,  Any  Quantity,  liest  (Juality. 

Real  E.state  Exchange  Building, 
North  Tonawanda,  N.  Y. 

Intivknationai,  Tru.st  Co.  Build'g, 
45  Milk  Street,  Bo.ston,  Ma.ss. 

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Greenfield,  W.  G.  &  G 70 

GrilTin^   Iron  Co 100 

Han  is.  Win.  A.,  Steam  Kinjine  Co.. VU 

li.inishuri;   Foundry  and  Machine  Woiks 73 

ll.iiiishurg  Pipe  Bending  Co 88 

H.utford  Steam  Boiler  Insp.  and  Ins.  Co back  cover 

Heine  Safety  Boiler  Co 04 

Hill- A;  Koberison  elo i;« 

Hoppes  .Manufacturing  Co 07 

rlooven,  Owens  &  Kenlschler  Co (17 

Ide,  A.  I..  Jt  Son fj 

Inierior  Conduit  and  Insulation  Company 138 

Jenkins  Bros Joa 

lenney  Electric  Co 34 

Jones  i  Lanison  Machine  Co U'8 

Jessup's  Sleel 131 

Jessop,  Win.  &  Sons,  Ltd 131 

Keasby,  Robert  A 05 

Keasby  &  Maltison  Co inside  back  cover 

l.aidlaw-Diinn-GordonCo 38 

l.ane  &  Bodley  Co (17 

l.-^irmouth.  Robert 07 

I.etlcl,  James,  iS  Co '.'....'....'.  45 


r.vr.R 

I.ehigh   Valley  R.  K 110 

Leslie  A:  Iriiikle 3li 

Locke  RegulatorCo 100 

Lombard  Water  Wiieel  Governor  Co.. Oli 

London,  Chatham  &  Dover  R.  R 117 

Long  &  Allstatter  Co 18(1 

Lunkenhciiner  Co llW 

Manning,  Maxwell  &  Moore VM 

McGowan,  J.  H.  Co W'. 

Mcintosh,  Seymour  &  Co 74 

McN.aull.  W.  D.  &Co 05 

Mianiis  Elect  lie  Co 137 

Michigan  Lubricator  Co KX! 

Michigan  Central  R.  R Hn 

Morse  Twist  Drill  and  Machine  Co VH^ 

Mundy,  J.  S 183 

National  Tube  Works HXI 

New  Kra  lion  Works,  The 113 

New  Process  Twist  Drill  Co 128 

New  York  Air  Brake  Co 84 

New  York  Central  R.  R IV'l 

New  York  and  Ohio  Co xxiv 

Nicholson  File  Co 184 

Niles  Tool  Works VS) 

North  American  Metaline  Co I(f8 

Northern  Steamship  Co front  cover 

Norwalk  IronWorksCo 83 

Norton  Emery  Wheel  Co 131 

Olin  Gas  F.ng'       Co 28 

Payne,  B.  W.  &  Sons 68 

Penberthy  liijeclor  Co 113 

Phosphor  Bion/e  Smelting  Co KW 

PhiKnix  Iron  Works  Co 74,03 

Pittsburg  Crushed    Sleel  Co back  cover 

Pond  Machine  Tool  Co  120 

Pulsometer  Steam  Pump  Co 87 

Packard  Elec.  Co xxiv 

Q.&C.  Company 120 

Racine  Manufacturing  Co 70 

R.and  Drill  Co 32 

Reliance  tiauge  Co 42 

Reliance  Gauge  Co 100 

Remington  Arms  Co back  cover 

Rider  Engine  Co 77 

Rochester  Machine  Tools  Works 78 

Rodgers,J.  C xx 

Roots  Co..  P.  H.  &  F.  M 82 

Schaffer*  Budenherg 108 

Scbiffler  Bridge  Co 22 

Seibert  Cylinder  Oil  Cup  Co Ul5 

Sharon  Boiler  Works. 05 

Sherwood  Manufacturing  Company 101 

Shultz  Belling  Co back  cover 

Skinner  Chuck  Co 11(3 

.Solar  Carbon  Co xxii 

Southwark  I'oundry and  Machine  Company 7t> 

Springheld   Mfg.    Co 12(1 

Standard    Tool  Co 128 

Stanley  Electric  Co xxi 

Stearns  Mfg.  Co 7(i 

Stewart   Heater  Co 08-00 

Sliilwell-Bierce  &  Smith- Vaile  Co 87 

Stillwell-Bierce&Smith-Vaile  Co 01 

Sturtevant,  B.  F.,Co 80-81 

Syracuse  I'wist  Drill  Co 128 

Taunton  Locomotive  Mfg.  Co 07 

The  Electric  Storage  Battery  Co I(i 

Thompson  &  Bushnell  Co 107 

Tonkin  Boiler  and  Kngine  Works  Co 08 

Vacuum  iVil  Co 1114 

V.i.r.  \Vie,  Irvin 87 

Walker  Mfg.  Co xxii 

Warren  Chemical  and  Mfg.  Co back  cover 

Warren  Webster  A:  to 1.37 

Watson  &  Stillman 1,30 

West  Shi  le  R.  R 118 

Weston   FIcclncal  Inst.  Co xxiii 

Weston  Engine  Co |;i"i 

Wesiinghouse  Electric  and  .Manufacturing  Co..  i  to  xvii 

Westinghouse  Machine  Co 72 

Wetherill,  Robert  &  Co fill 

Wheeler  Coiuienser  Co 102 

Wilkin-.,n,  Wm.  H 108 

Wood  A:  Co.,  R.  D 30 

Worcester  Polytechnic  Institute 133 

World  Specially  Co 113 

Wrought  Iron  Bridge  Co,   114 


■1 


\- 


i  > 


Contractor.^  ^^I^^^^a^in^ 


J.  c.   i«)i)('.i;us. 


J.  C.  RODQERS, 

CONTRACTOR. 


MR.  ROnCP^RS  is  the  senior  iiiemher  of  llie  firin  wlio  built  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Tunnel  for  the  Cataract  Construction  Company. 
At  present  he  is  engaj^ed  in   building  the  Public  Driveway  between   Higii  Bridge 
and    Dyl(man   Street,   in  tlie  12th   Ward   of  the   City  of    New  Yorl<,   better  Icnown 
as  "The  Speedway."  

OTHER   IMPORTANT  WORKS  FOR  WKlCH   MR.   RODQERS  HAS  BEEN 

THE  CONTRACTOR: 

A  part  of  the  New  Yorl<  and  Canada  R  R.  for  the  Delaware  and  Hudson 
Canal   Co. 

Sections  9  and  10  of  the  Lachine  Canal  for  the  Dominion  of  Canada. 

The  Sideling  Hill  Tunnel  on  the  South  Penn.  R.R.,  6,900  feet  long. 

New  Croton  Aqueduct,  about  five  miles  of  the  thirty  miles  built,  having  received  the 
first  final  estimate  for  Section  13,  one  of  the  last  sections  let  and  first  completed. 


OFFICE: 

2512    Amsterdam    Avenue,    Cor.    iSsth   street, 
New  York  City. 


XX 


hGAZINE? 


Ills  Power 

gh  Bridge 
:er   known 


BEEN 
i    Hudson 

jceived  the 


1 


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-4 


|g^  ^  Electrical  Apparatus   ^g 


The  Highest  Grade 


of 


Electrical 
Apparatus 


for 


Long:  Distance  Transmission 

and 

Central  Station  Distribution. 

CORRESPONDENCE  SOLICITED. 

Stanley  Electric  Mfg.  Co, 

PITTSFIELD,  MASS. 

WESTERN  OFFICE: 
307  DEARBORN  ST.,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


XXI 


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K^^ 


fck^if^  Electrical  Apparatus. 


The  Walker  Manufacturing  Co. 


GENERAL  OFFICE  AND  WORKS  : 


Cleveland,  O. 


BRANCH  OFFICES  : 

iii,t9i.)  I'ostal  Telfuraph 
lliiililiiig,  Ni:\v    York. 

uj=.  Crocker  IliiililiiiK. 

San  Francisco. 
31  York  Street, ToKDNTo. 
i64.s-i'^'l'^  Moiiiuiiioc 

IliiildiiiK.  CiiiCAC.ii. 
510  Security  lluiUluifr, 

St.  I.oris. 
Hrie  Canal  DIock 

HiiilcliiiK,  llii'FAi.ii. 
30.!  CiOUld  Iliiilclitif;, 

Atlanta.  Ca. 
1 1 20  Iletz  HuildiiiK. 

PlIII.ADKI.rlllA. 

416  'I'nist  liiiildiiig 

Dallas,  Tkxas. 

Mamifacturtr.s  of 

Incandescent 

Arc  Lighting 

Apparatus. 

Large  Generators  and  Street 
Railway  Motors. 

IIHAVY  IvLKCKIC.VL 
MACIIINERYA  SPKCIALTY 


Insulated    Wires    and    Cables 

For  Aerial,  Submarine  and  Underground   Use. 
Transmission  of  Power,  Wiring  Buildings. 

Telegrapli  and  Telephone  Wires  a  Specialty.  Ask  for  Samples.  Send  for  Catalogue 

W.  R.  BRIXEY,  Manufacturer,  203  Broadway,  New  York  City. 

J.    E.     HAM,    General    Agent. 


SOLAR  CARBONS  MANUFACTURING  GO. 

,v\v.(i|||),  ».,^  tWiANUFACTURERS    OF 

Carbon  Brashes,  Battery  Carbons. 


SOLID    ELECTRIC   LIGHT  CARBONS, 

For  any  System,  of  any  decree  of  liardness 

SOFT  CORED  CARBONS  (NOT  HOLLOW), 

For  Arc  I,aini)s  ou  Incandescent  and  Railway  Circuits. 

SOLAR    CARBON    AND   MANUFACTURING  CO., 
95    FIFTH    AVENUE,    PITTSBURG,    PA. 


■i 


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Circuits. 


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f^pij)     Electrical  Apparatus    i^i^^M^^ 


THe  WeslOD  Eleclfical  iDSlrupl  Go. 

make  a  specialty  of  niamifactnriiiji;  electrical  ineasurinjj:  instruinents  for  use 
ill  Central  Stations,  Isolated  Plants,  Laboratories  and  for  the  use  of  electrical 
en<;ineers.  The  Weston  Ammeters  ami  Volt-meters  are  known  and  used  as 
standards  throughout  the  civilized  world. 

The  Ammeters  are  made  in  a  number  of  different  .styles  and  various 
rani^es  to  niea.sure  from   i    200,000  of  an  ampere  to   100,000  amperes. 

The  Volt  meters  are  also  made  in  many  different  .styles,  and  embrace 
instruments  adapted  to  measure  from   1/100,000  of  a  volt  to  10,000  volts. 

We  also  make  a  large  variety  of  direct  reading  watt-meters  for  meas- 
uring the  energy  in  electrical  circuits  and  determining  the  efficiency  of 
generators,  motors,  incandescent  lamps  and  other  electrical  apparatus. 


THE    WESTON    GROUND    DETECTOR  for  use  on 

direct  current  circuits  will  be  found  to  be  an  invalualjle  aid  in  discov- 
ering defects  in  electric  light  and  power  circuits,  hy  its  u.se,  the  condition 
of  the  insulation  of  electrical  circuits  can  be  instantly  determined  from 
time  to  time  during  the  da}',  and  any  deterioration  at  once  detected.  By 
its  use  fires  from  defective  insulation  are  rendered   almost  impossible. 

If  you  need  instruments  of    any    kind    for  electrical   measurement,   we 
shall  be  pleased  to  serve  you. 

Nos.    114-120   WILLIAM   STREET, 

NEWARK,    NEW  JERSEY,  U.  S.  A. 

xxiii 


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THE 


THE 

ELET- 

<}^' WARREN     OHIO     '''<^. 
TRANSFORMER 

PATENTED 

MAR  20  94 
OCT   9    94 
PATAPPLDFOR     ■■ 


Packard  Electric  Co, 

WARREN,  OHIO, 

Manufaotureia  of  the 


^^PACKARD 
TRANSFORMER. 


NEW  YORK  &  OHIO  CO. 


Warren,  Ohio. 


PACKARD  STANDARD  AND  MOGUL  [RMPS 


5  to  500    Candle  Power 


The  Packard  Electric  Co.,  Ltd 

ST.  CATHARINES,  ONTARIO 

(II  Miles  from  Niagara  Falls), 
MAKERS  OF 

PACKARD  LAMPS  AND  TRANSFORMERS, 

DEALERS  IN  Electrical  Supplies. 

WATER    OR    ELECTRIC    POWDER   TO   RENT. 

GOOD    OPPORTUNITY    FOR    PARTY   WISHING   TO    START    CANADIAN 

FACTORY. 

xxiv 


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SO. 


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THE  CELEBRATED 


"Wood"  Arc  Light  Dynamos 


^^^NuHr'^i' 

—  *  — 

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PB[^g»i 

■S^^^^l 

are  automatic  in  regulation  under  any  and  all  conditions,  perfect  in 
ventilation,  and  the  design  embodies  features  which  give  it  the  highest 
attainable  efficiency. 

"WOOD"  ARC  LAMPS 

are  made  for  all  currents,   simple  in  construction,   easily  adjusted,   and 
are  renowned  for  their  freedom  from  complicated  mechanism. 


JADIAN 


FORT  WAYNE  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION, 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 


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FOR 


Long  Distance  Transmission  of  Light  and  Power. 


THIS    APPARATUS    IS    PARTlCUliARliY    NOTED 

FOR   ITS   EXCEbLEjSlT   MECHANlCAb  CONSTRUCTION. 

RElilABILilTY    AND    EFFICIENCY. 


Fort  W^ayne  Electric  Corporation, 


BRANCH  OFFICES 


New  Yokk  City— I  is  Broadway. 
Chicago— 1S5  Dearborn  Street. 
Phil.\I)Ki,phia— 907  Filbert  Street. 
Bo.sTON— 17  Federal  Street. 
RociiKSTKK,  N.  Y.-  Powers  Duilding. 
Coi.uMuiT.s,  OHIO— 57  East  State  Street. 
San  Francisco  -35  New  Montgomery  Street. 
I'lTTSHUKCn,  Pa.— 405  Times  Building. 


New  OrlivA.ns,  La.  -Southern   Elec.   Mfg.   and 

Supply  Co. 
O.maha,  Nkii.  — 104  Bee  Building. 
Minnf.ai'oi.is,  Min.n.— New  York  Life  Building. 
Ci.N'Ci.NNATi,  Ohio-  402  Neave  Building. 
Richmond,  Va.— Chamber  of  Commerce. 
St.  Louis,  Mo.— 60  Turner  Building. 
Atlanta,  Ga. 


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Wood"  Transformers 


ARE    BUILT    IN    CAPACITIES    RANGING    FROM 

6    TO    750    LIGHTS. 


N. 


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fg.   mill 


lildiiig. 


q^HE   "WOOD"  TRANSFORMER  is  compactly  built, 
occupying  less   space   than   any   other   transformer,  is 
thoroughly    insulated,   and    possesses    the    closest    regulation 
and  highest  percentage  of  efficiency. 


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Fort  Wayne  Electric  Corporation, 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 

»^  BRANCH     OFFICES     IN     ALL     PRINCIPAL     CITIES.  %i8 


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WOOD"  Multipolar  Generator 


-AND 


Beauliiul  iq  Desigi  OQexGelled  in  EifiEieqcji  ami  Woikiqaqsliip. 


We  wish  to  attract  your  special  attention  to  our 


iNi^w  irvip=>i=?CD\/ 


Alternating  Current  Synchronous  Motor 


-HOR 


SINGLE    PHASE    CIRCUITS. 


i     It  is  self-starting  under  load,  self-exciting,  and  requires  no 
^  starting  rheostat. 


HIQH  AND  LOW  SPEED  MOTORS  FURNISHED  AS  DESIRED. 


• 


Fort  Wayne  Electric  Corporation,  : 

FORT  WAYNE,   INDIANA. 


Bar  See  list  of  Branch  Offices  on  former  page.  °^a 


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THE  CELEBRATED 


"Wood"  Arc  Light  Dynamos 


are  automatic  in  regulation  under  any  and  all  conditions,  perfect  in 
ventilation,  and  the  design  embodies  features  which  give  it  the  highest 
attainable  efficiency. 

"WOOD"  ARC  LAMPS 

are  made  for  all  currents,  simple  in  construction,  easily  adjusted,   and 
are  renowned  for  their  freedom  from  complicated  mechanism. 


FORT  WAYNE  ELECTRIC  CORPORATION, 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 


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Long  Distance  Transmission  of  Light  and  Power. 


THIS    APPAf^ATUS    IS    PARTlCUbARbY    NOTED 

FOR   ITS   EXCEDliEfJT   MECHANlCAli  CONSTRUCTION, 

RELilABlblTY    AND    EFFICIENCY. 


Fort  Wayne  Electric  Corporation, 


BRANCH   OFFICES 


New  York  City— i  15  Broadway. 
Chicago— 1S5  Dearborn  Street. 
Philadei-phia— 907  I'ilbert  Street. 
Boston— 17  Kederal  Street. 
RociiKSTKK,  N.  Y.-  rowers  Building. 
Cdi.umiu's,  01110—57  Ka.st  State  Street. 
San  Fkancisi;()"35  New  Montgomerj'  Street. 
l'iTTSBUR<;ii,  Pa.— 405  Times  Building. 


New  Ori.f..\ns,  I.,a.— Southern   Elec.   Mfg. 

Supply  Co. 
Omaii.\,  Ni:i>.  — 104  Bee  Building. 
MiNNF.Ai'oi.is,  Mix.v.— New  York  Life  Build 
CiNCiNN.\Ti,  Ohio— 402  Ncave  Building. 
Ricn.MOND,  Va.— Chamber  of  Commerce 
St.  Louis,  Mo.— 60  Turner  Building. 
ATLANTA,  Ga. 


and 


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Wood"  Transformers 


ARE    BUILT    IN    CAPACITIES    RANGING    FROM 

6    TO    750    LIGHTS. 


q^HE   "WOOD"  TRANSFORMER  is  compactly  built, 
occupj'ing  less    space   than   any   other   transformer,  is 
thoroughly   insulated,   and   possesses    the   closest   regulation 
and  highest   percentage  of  efficiency. 


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Fort  Wayne  Electric  Corporation, 

Fort  Wayne,  Indiana. 

Jter  BRANCH     OFFICES     IN     ALL     PRINCIPAL    CITIES.   y:« 


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IMIOTOIRS, 

Beaoiitui  iq  Design,  llpceiied  in  Ediiiieiicy  aim  Workniaqsiiip. 


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Alternating  Current  Synchronous  Motor 


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-FOR- 


SINGLE    PHASE   CIRCUITS. 

^     It  is  self-starting  nnder  load,  self-exciting,  and  requires  no 
•  starting  rheostat. 

HIGH  AND  LOW  SPEED  MOTORS  FURNISHED  flS  DESIRED. 


Fort  Wayne  Electric  Corporation, 

FORT  WAYNE,   INDIANA. 


H)^  See  list  of  Branch  Offices  on  former  page.  "^S^ 


12 


^^^1 


OR 


ELECTRIC  SUPPLIES. 


RECORDING  WATT  HETERS 

For  Direct,  Railway  and  Alternating  Circnils. 
TRANSFORMERS. 


WIRES  AND  CABLES, 

SUBMARINE  CABLES. 


istiip. 


ITOR 


CUTOUTS  and  SWITCHES  ON  PORCELAIN  BASES, 

PORCELAIN    INSULATORS    for  High  Tension  Cnrrenls, 

VOLT  METERS,  AHHETERS,  POTENTIAL  INDICATORS, 

APPLIANCES  OH  ALL  KINDS. 

RAILWAY  STATION  AND  LINE  MATERIAL. 

Carpenter  rename!  Rheostats. 


ELECTRIC 
MINING  APPARATUS. 


ELECTRIC  LOCOnOTIVES,  HOISTS,  DRILLS, 

ELECTRIC  BLOWERS,  PUMPS,  COAL  CUTTERS. 


2S  no 


on, 


ELECTROLYTIC   DYNAHOS. 


STATIONARY  MOTORS,  for  Mills,  Factories,  Shops,  Ktc. 


General  Electric  Company. 

Main  Officic:  Sciii;ni;ctauy.  X.  Y. 
SALES   OFFICES: 


Ciiii:A<ic),  Ii.r,.,  Monadnock  UnildiiiK. 
UKTKorr,  Mich.,  i,-,  RowI.tikI  Street. 
(J.MAIIA,  N"i:ii.    ,?og  rioulh  i.^th  Street. 
Kansas  City.  Sio.,  Xew  York  I.ile  Huildiii(r. 
St.  I.ouis.  Mo.,  Waiiuvriglit  lUiildiiig. 
D.vi.LAS,  Tkxas.  Cor.  Klin  and  Ciriffin  Streets. 
Hiii.KNA,  Mont.,  Klectric  HiiikliiiK. 
Denvkr,  Colo.,  505  16th  Street. 
San  Francisco,  Cal.,  15  First  Street. 
Portland,  Ork.,  Front  and  .\nkeiiy  Streets. 
Seattlb,  Wash.,  Bailey  liuilding. 


Boston,  Mass.,  iSo  Snninier  Street. 
Ni;\v  York,  N   Y.,  4.)  Broad  Street. 
SvRACtsK.  N.  Y  .  Sedgwick,  .Andrews  &  Ken- 
nedy Bnildin^. 
HiFFAi.o.  N.Y..  Kne  County  Savings  Bk.  Bldg. 
Piiii.ai)i;i.I'I1i.>.  1'a.,  509  .\fcli  Street. 
B.\i.TiMORii.  Ml)..  227  Fiast  Oertnan  Street. 
I'lTTSiiiRii,  I'.v  .  Tinie.s  Building. 
.\Ti,.\NTA.  Oa  .  Equitable  Building. 
Cincinnati.  Ohio.  4211  West  I'ourtli  Street. 
Com  .mhus,  Ohio,  14  North  High  Street. 
N.\siiviLi.i;.  Tkn.n.,  308  North  Summer  Street 
For  all  business  outside  the  United  Stales  and  Canada  :  Foreign  Dept.,  Schenectady,  X.  Y. 
and  44  Broad  Street,  New  York. 

For  Canada,  address  Canadian  General  F^lectric  Company,  I.,t(l.,  Toronto,  Canada. 


13 


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ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING  APPARATUS 

COMPLETE    STATION    EQUIPMENTS. 


DIRECT    CURRENT. 

ALTERNATING  SINGLE  PHASE. 


ALTERNATING  HONOCYCLIC. 

ALTERNATING  THREE  PHASE. 


EDISON    INCANDESCENT    LAMPS, 


ARC     LAMPS 

For   use   on    Direct,    Alteniatiiifj,    Power   and   Railway  Circuits. 

HARINE  ELECTRICAL  PLANTS. 
SEARCHLIGHTS,  Etc. 


ELECTRIC 
RAILWAY  APPARATUS 

COMPLETE    EQUIPriENTS 

KOK 

STREET  RAILWAYS. 

SURBURBAN    AND    INTERURBAN     RAILWAYS. 

ELEVATED    RAILWAYS. TRUNK    LINE     RAILROADS. 

ELECTRIC  Railway  Generators 

FROM 

loo  Kilowatts  to  1500  Kilowatts. 


ELECTRIC    RAILWAY    MOTORS. 


ALL    RAILWAY     SUPPLIES. 


GENERAL    ELECTRIC    COMPANY. 

Main  Ori'ici;;    Sciinkctady,  X.  Y. 
SALES  OFFICES  : 


Boston-,  Mass.,  iSu  Summer  Street. 
New  York,  N.  Y.,  4.1  Broad  Street 
SvRACUSi;,  N   Y.,  Sedgwick,  Andrews  &  Ken- 
nedy Building. 
Buffalo,  N.Y..  KrieCo\inty  Savings  Bk.  Bldg. 
PEiii.ADKi.rHiA.  P.\.,  509  Arch  Street. 
Baltimork,  Ml)..  227  East  German  Street. 
PiTTsmiRC,  Pa.,  Times  Building. 
Atlanta,  Ga.,  Kquitable  Building, 
Cincinnati,  Ohio.  421)  West  Honrtli  Street. 
CoiA'MBUS,  Ohio.  14  .North  High  Street 


Chicago,  Ii.i...  Moiiadnock  Building. 
Dktroit,  Mich  ,  13  Rowland  Street. 
O.MAHA,  Ni:n.,  30  )  South  13th  Street. 
Kansas  City,  Mo.,  New    York  I.ife  Building. 
St.  I.oris,  Mo  .  Wainwright  Building. 
Dallas,  Tkxas,  Cor.  I\lin  and  Griffin  Streets, 
Hklk.na,  .Mont..  Klectric  Building. 
I)i:.\vi;r,  Colo  ,  505  Kith  Street. 
San  I'KANCisco,  Cai...  is  First  Street. 
Portland,  Ori;  ,  Kront  and  Ankeiiy  Streets. 
Skattli;,  Wash.,  Bailey  Building. 


N.\sHViLLi;,  Tfn.n.,  30S  North  Summei  Street. 
For  all  business  outside  the  United  States  and  Canada:     Foreign  Uept.,  SchLuecta<ly,  N.  Y. 
and  44  Broad  Street,  New  York. 

For  Canada,  address  Canadian  General  Klectric  Company,  Ltd.,  Toronto,  Canada. 


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IWCTOUIl.S    AT    l.VN.N.    MASS. 

Floor  Space,  475,000  sij.  ft.     2.000  Kiiiployee.s. 


GENERAL  ELECTRIC  COMPANY, 


Electrical  ^^^ 
Apparatus 


FOR  ALL  ;P^.9*fk.:^'=»^ 

lACTOUIl'S    A 

I'Moor  Space,  625,0 

LIGHTING,  POWER  «nd  RAILWAY  PURPOSES. 


1  ACTI)UIi:s    AT    SCIIICNIXTADY,  N.  V. 

I'Moor  Space,  625,000  scj.  It.    4,000  employees. 


Schenectady, 
N.Y. 


LAMP    FACTORY,    HARRISON,    N.    J. 

Floor  Space.  2oo,o(X)  sq.  ft,     1,000  Kmployees. 


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Francis  Lynde  Stetson  is  the  first  vice- 
president  of  the  Cataract  Construction  Com- 
pany, and,  as  such,  is  among  the  best 
qualified  to  present  a  general  and  compre- 
hensive account  of  the  use  of  Niagara  water 
power. 


|1llagava  Bximbcv. 


Cassier's  Magazine. 


Vol.  VIII. 


JULY,    1895. 


No.  3. 


THK    IIDKSKSIIUI-:    I  Al.l.S. 


THE  USE  OF  THE  NIAGARA  WATER  POWER. 


A'l'  Francis  I.\')idi'  S/r/smi. 


SINCIC  l-alher  RatjcMicau,  in  164S. 
wrote  t(j  his  I'atluT  SupL'i'ior  con- 
CLTiiiiitj  Niagara,  "  a  cataract  of 
Icarfiil  hciiLjht,"  sj)cctator.s  by  the  niiUioii 
unconsciously  Iiave  re\ealecl  sonietliinv' 
of  tlienisclvcs  in  various  ettbrts  to  dis- 
close to  others  the  essential  character  ol" 
the  Falls  oi"Niai>ara,  conlesseclly  inconi- 
paral)le  witli  any  other  natural  object. 
To  souls  sensitive  to  the  beautiful  and 
the  sublime,  the  ])lun<;in!^  torrent  has 
ai)|)ealed  i^y  the  stateliness  of  its  stream, 
the  brilliance  of  its  boisterous  rapids, 
and  tiie  deep  s^la.ssy  ^tjreen  of  its  silent 
forebodiujL^  brink,  as  well  as  bv  iis  drop 
Copyright,  1895,  by  Tui;  Cassu;r  Maiv 


into  the  seeniin,t,dy  intinitc  depth,  from 
which  there  comes  to  him  who  listens 
the  noteof  the  welcominiir  aljyss,  deeper 
than  the  diapason  of  any  or,t;an's  pipe. 
To  most,  the  first  impression,  and  to 
many  the  endurini^^  inipression,  is  that 
of  awe,  in  whicli  the  subjective  mood 
])revails  and  a  certain  sense  of  personal 
dantjer  dominates  all  other  thouj^hts  of 
this  mii^liiy  mo\in!,j  Hood,  pouring 
resistlessly  down  throuj^h  the  f^orgc, 
which,  for  itself,  it  has  forced  t]u'ouy;li 
multiplied  strata  of  nnks  of  many  ai^es. 
Daui^er  there  certainly  is,  and  death  in 
this  resistless,  remorseless  tide  has  been 
A/.i.si;  CoMi-AXY.    All  rights  resers-ed.  173 


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CASS/EK '  6"  MA  GAZINE. 


Tin;  lAi.i.s  luoM  i'R()Si'i;cT  point. 


M 


THE  USh.   OF  THE  XIAGARA    WATER  POWER. 


I  .■> 


1(11111(1  ami  also  lias  hi't'ii  sdiiinht  1>\- 
luiii(lri.'(ls  ;  l)iit  iidtwitiistaiuliii)^  its 
ai)|)alliiin  aspect,  it  is  tlmniyh  tiiis  very 
sense  of  P.'sistless  |i(>\ver  that  tlie  I'"alls 
speak  to  miiuls  of  ^riMt  (iit^nity  and 
si'lf- restraint,  and  lead  tliem  to  observe 
as  did  Mr.  ''alter  of  New  York,  in  his 
eharacteristically  fine  oration  at  tin- 
oi)enin;4  of  .Niagara  Park,  that  the 
•'seiisi'  wliich  res|)ondsto  this  mai^niti- 
ceiil  inotio'i  "  is  the  "  sense  of  ])o\ver." 
And  wiiv  slioiild  it  not  l)e  so  ?    Nearlv 


The  ordinary  llow  h.is  been  found  to  he 
ahonl  275, ()()()  ciil)ie  let't  per  second, 
and  in  its  daily  force,  ('i.\\\\\\  to  the 
lattnt  powir  of  all  the  coal  mined  in 
the  world  each  day— soiiiethint:^  more 
than  2i)(>.()()0  tons. 

This  natural  (•om])aris()n  at  once  suy- 
]i;ests,  as  throii,i;h  the  cenlnry  it  has 
invited,  an  estimate  of  this  puwi'r  in  the 
terms  of  mechanics,  and  it  has  ht'en 
computtd  by  I'rofessor  L'nwin  that  these 
falls   represent   theoretically  seven  mil- 


i:J  1 1 


A  vii;\v  oi'  Tin:  01. i>  mii,i,in(,  distkict 


6ootT  cubic  miles  of  water,  pouring' 
down  from  the  upjicr  lakes  with  90,000 
s(|uare  miles  of  reservoir  area,  reach 
this  i^orti^e  of  the  Niaj^ara  river  at  a 
point  where  its  extreme  width  of  one 
mile  is  by  islands  reduced  to  two 
channels  of  only  3800  feet.  Here,  in 
less  than  half  a  mile  of  rajjids,  the 
Nia,i;:ara  river  falls  55  feet,  and  then, 
with  a  depth  of  about  20  feet  at  the 
crest  of  the  Horse  Shoe  Kails,  pluni^es 
165   feet    more    into    the   lower    river. 


lion  horse-])ower  (others  think  more), 
and  for  practical  use,  without  appreciable 
diminution  of  the  natural  beauty,  sev- 
eral hundreds  of  thousands  of  horse- 
power. The  idea  of  subjecting-  to  indus- 
trial uses  some  part  of  the  enormous 
l)ower  of  Niat^^ara  Falls  has,  since  the 
location  of  the  ])ioneer  saw-mill  in  1725, 
occupied  the  minds  and  stirred  the  inven- 
tive faculty  of  en)L,nncers,  mechanics  and 
manufacturers.  ICarly  in  the  century, 
the   pioneers   in  the  locality,  to   which 


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176 


CASS/ER'S  MAGAZINE. 


VROM  COAT   ISLAND,   I.OOKIXC.   TOWARDS  LT.NA   ISLAND. 


i 


IS 


THI    USE  OF  THE  NIAGARA    WATER  POWER. 


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IMCTHR    I;MSI.II:'S    MAI",    SHOWlNl.    Till;    1:ARI.V   CANAI,   AN1>    Kl.SIKVOlU    I'KDl'Orti;!)    I.N     1S46. 


they  then  gave  the  name  of  Manchester, 
contemplated  the  probal)ility,  but  were 
unable  to  demonstrate  the  practicability, 
of  reducing  this  mighty  force  to  obe- 
dient and  useful  service.  They  dwelt 
upon,  and  to  some  extent  ex|)loited, 
the  idea;  but  before  the  development 
or  adoption  of  any  method  promising 
satisfactory  returns,  steam  and  steam 
engines  had  i)roperly  attainetl  such  a 
place  in  the  favourable  estimation  of 
manufacturers  that  water-powers  in 
general,  and  es])ecially  those  incon- 
veniently situated  and  variable  in  ([uan- 
tity  and  quality,  fell  into  comparative 
disesteem. 

The  economical  production  and  dis- 
tribution of  coal  for  use  in  connection 
with  the  engines  developed  by  the  gen- 
ius of  Corliss  and  his  fellows,  naturally 
led  manufacturers  to  prefer  to  produce 
their  own  power  at  their  own  homes 
or  in  proximity  to  favourable  markets, 
rather  than  to  set  out  in  search  of  re- 
mote and  uncertain  water-jiowers.  But 
some  water-powers  were  operated  and 
continuously  employed,  notwithstand- 
ing, and  even  during,  the  steady  de- 
velopment of  the  advantages  of  steam 

2-1, 


power.  \o  one  needs  much  persuasion 
to  admit  that,  except  for  the  decided 
merits  of  water-])o\vcr  e\'en  in  compe- 
tition with  steam,  the  names  of  Man- 
chester, Lowell,  Lawrtiice,  Holyoke, 
Paterson,  Cohoes  and  Minneapolis, 
in  the  United  States,  would  ])os.sess 
nothing  like  their  present  significance. 
In  view  of  the  ol)vious  advantages 
offeretl  by  water-jiowers  such  as  these, 
Augustus  Porter,  one  of  the  principal 
pro])rietors  at  Niagara,  in  1S42  pro- 
|)osed  a  considerable  extension  of  the 
system  of  canals  or  races  then  em- 
]iloyed,  and  in  January,  1847,  inconnec- 
tion  with  Peter  FMUslie,  a  civil  engineer, 
he  published  a  foriual  ])lan,  which  be- 
came the  subject  of  negotiations  with 
Walter  Bryant  and  Caleb  S.  Woodhull, 
formerly  ^Iayor  of  New  York.  An 
agreement  was  finally  reached  with 
these  gentlemen  by  which  they  were  to 
construct  a  canal,  for  which  they  were 
to  receive  a  right  of  way,  100  feet  in 
width,  together  with  a  certain  amount 
of  land  at  its  terminus.  After  various 
interruptions,  in  1861,  their  successor, 
Horace  H.  Day,  completed  a  canal, 
about  35  feet  in  width,  8  feet  in  depth 


f 


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178 


C.'tSS//iA' '  S  MA  GA  ZINE. 


Tin;    N1A(.AKA    I'AI.I.S    KAII.WAV   SI'Sl'ENSION    IIKIIKli:, 


I- 


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■   ;      '  !  l]l' 


and  4400  feet  in  length,  by  whicli  the 
water  of  the  n])|)ei'  Niagara  river  was 
brought  to  a  basin  or  reservoir  at  the 
high  bhiff  of  the  lower  river,  214  feet 
above  the  water  below.  Upon  the 
margin  of  this  basin  have  been  con- 
structed various  mills,  to  whose  wheels 
the  water  was  conducted  from  the  canal 
and  discharged  by  short  tunnels  through 
the  bluff  into  the  river  below,  so  that  in 
1885,  about  10,000  horse-power,  sub- 
stantially the  available  capacity  of  the 
canal,  was  in  use. 

In  th.it  year  there  hapj^ened  to  be  at 
Niagara  an  able  and  experienced  engi- 
neer, engaged  in  the  State's  service  in 
laying  out  a  proposed  reservation,  just 
as  nearly  50  years  before  he  had  been 
there  engaged  in  assisting  the  State 
Geological  Survey  of  Prof  James  Hall, 
who,  in  his  report  on  the  Niagara  river 
district  for  1843,  specially  mentions  the 
services  of  Thomas  Evershed.  During 
this  very  long  internal,  Mr.  Evershed 
had  been  engaged  as  a  public  engineer, 
usually  upon  the  Erie  canal  in  that 
vicinity,  and  it  was  natural  that  he 
should  be  called  upon  to  devise  a  sys- 
tem for  the  development  of  hydraulic 
power  from   the  river  with   which   his 


whole  professional  career  had  been 
associated,  his  last  great  work  being  in 
connection  with  the  effort  to  protect 
Niagara,  in  its  principal  character  as 
the  most  magniticent  and  impressive 
terrestrial  natural  object,  from  \andal- 
ism  and  utilitarian  desecration.  This 
protection  of  the  natural  beauty  of 
Niagara  was  the  underlying  idea  in  his 
conception  and  development  of  his  ])lan, 
which  contemplated  the  taking  of  water 
and  the  develo])ment  of  ])ower  in  a  dis- 
trict more  than  a  mile  above,  and  out 
of  sight  of  the  Falls,  with  an  outlet 
tunnel  discharging  inconspicuouslv  at 
the  river's  edge  below  the  Falls,  involv- 
ing the  diversion  of  less  than  four  per 
cent  of  the  total  flow  of  the  river,  and  a 
reduction  of  the  dejith  d  t  iter  at 

the  crest  of  th     Fal'    by  le.ss  ih.in  two 
inches. 

After  con  .  with  Mr.  E'    -shed, 

Capt.  Char  li.  Ga.skill,  th'  oklest 
user  of  powei  mm  the  lydraulic  canal, 
with  seven  other  gen'  'inen  of  Niagara 
Falls,  obtained  from  lii.'  legislature  of 
the  .State  of  New  York,  a  special  char- 
ter, passed  March  31,  1886,  whicli 
has  since  been  amended  and  enlarged 
by  several  successive  acts.     Upon  Julv 


M 


THE  USE  OF  THE  S'lAGARA    WATER  POWER. 


179 


<  being  in 
o  protect 
iracter  as 
npressive 
m  vandal- 
^w.  This 
jcauty  ot 
lea  in  liis 
This  plan, 
ir  of  water 

in  a  (lis- 

:;,  antl  out 

\\\    outlet 

aiously  at 

Is,  involv- 

four  per 

ver,  anil  a 

iter  at 

than  two 


shed, 

oUlest 
Lilic  canal, 
f  Niagara 
islature  of 
ecial  char- 
86,  which 
1  enlarged 
Upon  July 


% 


I,  iSSf),  Mr.  I'.veriluil  i>sufd  \\\>  lirst 
formal  plan  and  estimate,  which  was 
coii>i(Iered  worthy  of  discussion  in 
Al)p!et(in's  Cycloi)a(lia  for  1.S.S7, 
when'  it  is  described  in  general  terms. 
Ihit,  of  (iiurse,  the  pul)!icatioi\  of  this 
l)lan  invileiland  encountered  thedenioii- 
stralion  of  its  a!)soiute  iinjiracticabiHty, 
as  will  as  the  imi)ro!)abiliiy  of  tlie  use  of 
the  power  if  developed.  In  Mradstreets, 
( )ctob(r  30,  issri,  apix'anil  a  Itttirfrom 
Mr.  I'.dward  Atkinson  (  coiuplitely  an- 
swered by  Mr.  C'lemens  Herschel  on 
November  6,  iHSf)),  undertaking  to 
show  that  cheaj)  power  alone  would 
not  bring  people  to  Xiagara  l'"a!ls; 
and,  somewhat  later,  on  August  8, 
i.S.Sij,  there  appeareil  in  'riie  Nation, 
a  carefully  written  article  tending  to 
show  that  Mr.  l''.\irslu(l's  tuimel  would 
not  Ik'  practicable  for  the  production  of 
powtr,  nor  conunercially  profital)le. 
IJut  strange  to  say,  these  objections 
have  been  fully  answered  through  the 
demonstration  of  actual  exi)erience. 

For  three  years  the  f)riginators  of  the 
Niagara  water-power  |)roject  were  en- 
gaged in  c(jn\incirig  cajjitalists  that  it 
woukl    be   commercially    profitable   to 


Mellows  I'"all^  and  ("ohoi's,  and  would 
very  largely  e.xceed  the  actually  devel- 
oped power  of  all  these  places,  and 
Augusta,  I'ater.son  and  Minneapolis  in 
addition.  Considering  thefurtiier  riglit 
to  construct  an. uldition.il  tumiel  ot  loo,- 
000  horse-powt'r  on  the  American  siilo, 
and  to  develop  at  least  250,000  horse- 
])owir  on  the  Canadian  side,  it  was 
readily  recognized  how  vastly  this  local 
development  promised,  in  extent,  to 
surpass  the  combine  '  ,  ter-powers  of 
almost  ;i.iy  Americ,  .1  ..L.ite  or  st'ction. 

In  the  special  volunu-  U|)on  water- 
jiower,  constituting  part  ol  the  United 
.Stall's  lensus  of  l.S.So,  it  is  stated  th.it 
there  were  then  in  oper.ition  55.404 
water  wheels,  with  an  average  of  22.12 
horse-power  each,  making  in  the  .ig- 
gregate  1,225,379  horse-power.  It 
tluis  appeared  that  the  450,000  horse- 
])ower  available  to  the  Niagara  l'"alls 
Power  Company  re])resented  nu)re  than 
a  tiiird  of  tile  ])ower  of  all  the  wlieels 
in  the  United  States  in  i.S.So. 

The  cpiestion  of  thepr.ictical  iuiport- 
,ince  of  the  Niagara  ])ower  being  settU'd, 
Mr.  .Atkinson's  ne.xl  fiuestion  arost'  as 
to   the  advantages  of  Niagara  as  a  lo- 


''in  I'rtt  .>■>  .'•*(  .;•»/  itit 


/'ttt 


/— -^^       %^         ...  iR-1  r.tif.s 


Di.rriis  AM)  i.i;vi.i.s  oi-   iiii;  (.ki.at  i.akks. 


undertake  and  complete  the  develop- 
ment of  Mr.  Evershed's  p\i\n,  and  the 
first  step  necessary  to  be  taken  was 
to  demonstrate  the  advantages  of  the 
locality.  It  was  shown  that  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  original  tunnel,  about 
120,000  horse-power,  would  exceed 
the  combineil  theoretical  horse-power 
ofLawrence,  Lowell,  Holyoke,  Turners 
Falls,     Manchester,    Windsor    Locks, 


cality,  and  to  this,  answer  was  readily 
made  by  pointing  out  that  there  in  the 
very  heart  of  densestpopulation,  touched 
bv  nearly  all  the  East  and  West  trunk- 
lines,  within  a  night's  journey  of  Boston, 
New  York,  Philadelphia,  Washington, 
Pittsburgh,  Cincinnati,  Cleveland,  Chi- 
cago, Toronto  and  Montreal,  was  a 
natural  port  of  the  great  lakes,  sus- 
tained   bv    a    salubrious    antl    fruitful 


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1 80 


GASSIER' S  MAGAZINE. 


countrv,  and  protected  by  the  orderly 
and  established  institutions  and  tradi- 
tions ol  the  most  opulent  and  ])o])ul()Us 
of  the  States  of  tlie  Union.  Tiie  exist- 
ence of  niaiuil;icturinj4'  estahlishinents 
sutiicient  to  exhaust  all  of  the  ])o\ver 
then  sujjplied  by  the  hydraulic  canal, 
and  the  subsecjucnt  a])plications  for  the 
new  power,  were  and  are  tlie  complete' 
answer  to  the  (piestion  whether,  as  a 
locality,  Xiatjara  would  be  attractive  to 
users  ot   power. 

Hut  the  (juesti(jn  still  remained 
whether  water-power  could  be  useil  suc- 
cessfully in  com]K'tition  with  steam, 
and  there  are  few  ])laccs  in  respect  of 
which  this  cjuestion  can  be  asked  with 
more  deadly  effect;  for,  in  the  city  of 
Huffalo,  and  indeed  throu<^h  the  entire 
lenj^di  of  the  district  lyin^-  north  of 
rittsburirh,  j^ood  steaming  coal  can  be 
obtained  at  less  than  Si. 50  a  ton.  With 
coal  at  this  i)rice,  it  would,  at  rirst, 
seem  impracticable  to  establish  any 
])ower  plant  capable  of  o])eratin!.;'  in 
comi)etition  with  steam.  Hut  a  careful 
examination  has  satisfied  me,  at  least, 
that  with  coal  furnished  free  at  the 
furnace  yard,  it  would  still  be  economical 
for  the  manufacturer  to  em|)lo_v  water- 
j)ower  such  as  that  at  Xiat^ara.  When 
in  Mn^land  in  iStjo,  I  was  told  bv  an 
eminent  ,L;entleman  that  it  was  useless 
to  discuss  the  prolitable  employment  <jf 
water-|)ower,  for,  as  he  .said,  "  you  can 
produce  steam-|)ow"er  from  coal  at  a 
cost  of  a  fartliini>  an  hour,"  to  which  I 
answeretl . — ■"  \'ery  well,  let  us  work  out 
tiie  problem  I  Coal,  at  a  farthing'  an 
hour,  would,  in  America,  represent  five 
cents  for  a  tlay  of  ten  hours,  or  12  cents 
for  a  day  of  24  hours,  which  is,  for  300 
days  in  the  year,  Si 5  for  the  short  day 
and  S,i6  for  the  lonj^'  dav  for  fuel  onlv. 
At  Xiagara  we  will  gladly  furnish  con- 
tinuous 24-hour  water-jiower  for  S15  a 
year,  in  any  considerable  (piantitv. " 

After  careful  consitleration,  the  offi- 
cers of  the  Xiagara  Falls  Power  Com- 
pany reached  the  conclusions  that  24- 
hour  steam  hor.se-])ower  is  not  produced 
anywhere  in  the  world  for  less  than  S24 
a  year;  that  in  the  jiroduction  of  the 
steam-power  the  cost  of  the  fuel  does  not 
represent   more    than     one-half  of   the 


total  cost;  that  very  few,  if  any,  manu- 
facturers have  ever  kejjt  any  separate 
account  of  the  cost  of  their  power,  or 
have  any  actual  knowledge  of  its  cost; 
and  that,  asitle  from  the  cost  of  the 
power,  many  coiu'eniences  will  come 
from  the  employment  of  ])ower  as  it 
mav  lie  furnished  from  the  Xiagara 
river. 

In  view  of  all  these  considerations,  in 
the  year  1S.S9  the  present  interests  in 
the  Xiagara  I""alls  power  development 
were  combined  in  a  new  cor|)oration 
called  the  Cataract  Construction  Com- 
l)any,  whose  accei)tance  of  the  construc- 
tion contract  rested  U])oit  two  pro])o- 
sitions  :  First,  that  witli  projier  organ- 
ization and  de\elo])ment  the  Niagara 
|)r()iect  would  be  valuable  solely  as  a 
hvdraulic  installation;  and,  seconilly, 
that  it  gave  [iromise  of  becoming,  within 
the  very  near  future,  vastly  more  valu- 
able as  a  source  of  ])ower  for  transmis- 
sion. This  com|)any  was  the  outgrowth 
of  the  very  keen  and  appreciative 
ii-.terest  in  these  propositions  sh.own  l)y 
the  following  gentlemen  in  the  order 
named:  William  \\.  Rankine,  Francis 
Lvnde  Stetson  J.  I'lorpont  Morgan, 
Hamilton  McK.  Twombly,  Edward  A. 
Wickes,  Morris  K.  Jesu]),  Darius 
Ogden  Mills,  Charles  F.  Clark,  Edward 
1).  Adams,  Charles  Lanier,  A.J.  Forbe.s- 
Feith,  Walter  Howe,  John  Crosby 
Hr(,v  1.,  Frederick  W.  Whitridge, 
Willi:ni  K.  Vanderbilt,  George  S. 
Bowdoin,  Joseph  Farocciue,  Charles  A. 
Sweet  of  Huffalo  and  John  Jacob  Astor, 
most  of  whom  ha\e  ser\e(l  as  officers 
and  directors  of  the  construction  com- 
])anv,  gi\ing  freely  of  their  time  and 
ex])erience  to  the  conduct  of  the  enter- 
prise. Among  all  these  names  it  may 
seem  in\"dious  to  select  any  for  sjiecial 
connnent,  but,  alter  the  early  and  con- 
tinuing interest  of  Mr.  Morgan  and 
Mr.  Mills,  and  the  later  accession  of 
Mr.  Astor,  it  was,  as  it  continues  to  be, 
a  matter  of  congratulation  to  the  Cata- 
ract Construction  Company  that  the 
origination,  the  develo])ment  and  the 
guidance  of  its  affairs  have,  from  the 
hrst,  received  the  intelligent  and  con- 
tinuous attention  of  its  president,  Mr. 
Edward  O.  Ad.uns. 


ny,  maiui- 
y  separate 

])<)\vc'r,  or 
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Dst  of  the 

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iiwcr  as  it 
L'    \iajL,Mra 

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ntcrcsts  in 
vclopmcnt 
orporation 
^ion  Coni- 
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\o  ])ro])o- 
ler  or^^an- 
e  Niagara 
olely  as  a 

seconilly, 
mg,  within 
lore  valu- 

transniis- 
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)j)rfciative 
shiown  by 
the  order 
:',    Francis 

Morgan, 
:dwartl  A. 
),     Darius 

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orge    S. 

harles  A. 

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he  enter- 
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and  con- 
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the  Cata- 

that    the 

and  the 
from  the 
and  con- 

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THE   USE   OF   THE  NIAGARA    WATER   POWER.  iSi 


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Till-;  wiiiKi  rooi.  UAi'iiis  uiu.uw  tiik  i-ai.i.s. 


THE  USE  OF  THE  NIAGARA    WATER  POWER. 


i«3 


In  the  order  of  development,  of 
course,  the  fnst  ste])  was  tlie  ado])tion 
of  a  pfcneral  plan.  Dr.  Coleman  Sellers 
of  Philadelphia  having  been  retained  as 
general  consulting  engineer,  Mr.  Clem- 
ens Herschel,  formerly  of  Holyoke,  was 
engaged  as  hydraulic  engineer,  and,  in 
accordance  with  the  views  of  these 
gentlemen,  some  slight  modifications  of 


wheel-pit  in  the  jiower  hou.se  at  the 
side  of  the  canal.  This  wheel-pit 
is  178  feet  in  depth,  and  is  connected 
by  a  lateral  tunnel  with  the  main  tun- 
nel,, serving  the  purpose  of  a  tail- 
race,  7000  feet  in  length,  with  an  a\er- 
agc-  hvdraulic  slope  ot  si.\  feet  in  1000, 
tlie  tunnel  having  a  maximum  height  of 
21  feet  and  width  of  iS  feet  10  inches, 
its  net  section  being  3S6  square 
feet.  Its  slope  is  such  that  a 
chip,  thrown  into  the  water  at 
the  wheel-pit,  will  ])ass  out  of 
the  ])ortal  in  three  and  one-half 
minutes,  showing  the  water  to 
have  a  velocity  of  26 'j  feet  per 
second,  or  a  little  less  than  20 
miles  an  hour  when  running 
at  its  maximum  capacity.     Over 


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MAP  0|-    NIAGARA    I  AM.S    AND    VICINITY,   SlIOWINi;    TI112   LOCATKIV   OK   TIIK    (.KKAT   TINNKI.. 


^•S»«>i~9 


Mr.  Evershed's  pro])osition  were 
adopted,  fienerally  speaking,  the  final 
jilan  comprises  a  surface  canal,  250  feet 
in  width  at  its  mouth,  on  the  margin  of 
the  Niagara  river,  a  mile  and  a  (juartcr 
above  the  Falls,  extending  inwardly 
1700  feet,  with  an  average  depth  of 
about  12  feet,  serving  water  sufficient  for 
the  development  of  about  100,000  horse- 
power. The  solid  masonry  walls  of 
this  canal  are  pierced  at  intervals  with 
ten  inlets,  guarded  by  gates  which 
permit   the    delivery    of   water   to    the 


1000  men  were  cng.iged  continuously 
for  more  than  three  years  in  the  con- 
•struction  of  this  tunnel,  which  called 
for  the  remo\'al  of  more  than  300,000 
tons  of  rock,  and  the  use  of  more  than 
16,000,000  bricks  for  lining.  The  con- 
struction of  the  canal,  and  especially  of 
the  wheel-pit,  17S  feet  in  length,  with 
its  surmounting  power-house,  were 
works  of  corresponding  tlifiiculty  and 
im|iortance. 

After  conference  with  various  wheel- 
makers   in    tlie    United  States,    it   was 


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CASSIER'S  MAGAZINE. 


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THE  USE  OF  THE  NIAGARA   WATER  POWER. 


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finind  that  while  American  water-wiieels 
of  standard  grades  could  be  obtained  of 
considerable  excellence,  yet,  except  in 
the  case  of  the  Pelton  water-wheel,  it 
was  not  easy  to  find  wheels  suitable  for 
special  recjuirenients  such  as  those  ol 
the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Conii)any. 
The  conclusion,  therefore,  to  consider 
the  employment  of  wheels  of  special 
design,  which,  in  the  nature  of  things, 
involved  conference  with  foreign 
makers,  to  whom  alone  special  design 
had  become  a  matter  of  freciuent  occur- 
rence, was  reached  U])on  the  advice  of 
Mr.  Clemens  Herschel,  who  was  familiar 
with  the  use  of  the  wheels  at  Holyoke 
which  he  had  made  a  subject  of  careful 
study.  The  fact  that  Mr.  Herscliel 
himself  advised  recourse  to  foreign  de- 
signers is  a  sufficient  answer  to  some 
New  England  criticism  that  we  did  not 
adopt  wheels  such  as  have  been  used 
at  Holyoke. 

But,  as  soon  as  careful  consideration 
was  given  to  the  subject  of  turbines, 
it  also  became  quite  apparent  that  it 
was  desirable,  contemporaneously  and 
from  the  beginning,  to  take  up  and  ex- 
amine the  question  of  power  transmis- 
sion, and  it  became  e(iually  apparent 
that  by  reason  of  the  rapid  advance  in 
the  art  and  science  of  the  development 
and  transmission  of  power,  even  the 
latest  books  upon  this  subject  had  be- 
come inadequate  to  our  demand  for  in- 
formation. In  conseciuence  of  these 
conditions,  Mr.  Adams,  while  in  F^urope 
in  the  winter  of  1890,  hap  ily  conceived 
the  idea  of  obtaining  ana  perpetuating 
information  as  to  the  results  and  achieve- 
ments of  the  engineers  and  manufactu- 
rers of  the  world  not  yet  in  the  books, 
and,  in  conformity  with  this  purpose, 
established  in  London,  in  June,  1890, 
an  International  Niagara  Commission, 
with  j)ower  to  award  $22,000  in  prizes. 

The  commission  consisted  of  Sir 
William  Thomson  (now  Lord  Kelvin) 
as  chairman,  with  Dr.  Coleman  Sellers 
of  Philadel])hia,  Lieut. -Col.  Theodore 
Turrettini  of C.eneva,  Switzerland,  origi- 
nator and  engineer  of  the  great  water- 
power  installation  on  the  Rhone,  and 
Prof  E.  Mascart  of  the  College  of 
France,  as  members,  and  Prof.  William 


Cawthorne  L'nwin,  Dean  of  the  Central 
Institute  of  the  Guilds  of  the  City  of 
London,  as  secretary.  Inquiries  and 
examination  concerning  the  best  known 
existing  methods  of  development  and 
transmission  in  England,  France,  Switz- 
erland and  Italy,  were  made  personally 
by  the  otTicers  and  engineers  of  the  com- 
pany, and  competitive  plans  were  re- 
ceived from  twenty  carefully  selected 
engineers,  designers,  manufacturers  and 
users  of  power  in  England  and  the  Con- 
tinent of  Europe  and  also  in  America. 
All  of  these  plans  were  submitted  to  the 
conunission  at  London  on  or  before  Jan- 
uary I,  1 89 1,  and  awards  of  prizes  were 
made  in  resijcct  of  a  nunil)er  of  the  ])lans 
considered  worthy  by  the  commission. 

The  first  important  result  of  this 
commission  was  the  selection  of 
Messrs.  Faesch  cS:  Piccard  of  Geneva, 
as  designers  of  the  turbines,  of  which 
a  careful  description  by  Mr.  Clemens 
Herschel  is  given  elsewhere  in  this 
magazine.  It  is  enough  here  to  say 
that  these  wheels,  calculated  to  yield 
5000  horse-power  each,  are  intended 
for  a  position  in  the  wheel- pit,  140  feet 
below  the  surface,  to  which  water  is 
conducted  by  a  tube  or  pen-stock 
leading  from  the  service  canal  and  dis- 
charging between  the  twin  wheels,  from 
which  the  water  falls  away  into  the  side 
tunnel  conducting  it  to  the  main  tunnel 
and  thus  to  the  lower  river.  The  power, 
of  course,  is  developed  through  the 
drop  in  the  wheel-pit,  the  tunnel  serv- 
ing the  purpose  only  of  a  tail-race. 
Three  of  these  wheels  have  actually  been 
built  after  designs  of  Faesch  &  Piccard, 
by  the  I.  P.  Morris  Company,  of  Phila- 
del[)hia,  and  are  now  in  place.  Tluy 
are  about  five  feet  in  diameter.  The 
pen-stock,  7  '  j  feet  in  diameter,  is  made 
of  steel,  and  tiie  constant  pressure  of 
its  column  of  water,  discharging  be- 
tween the  twin  turbine  wheels,  serves 
to  support  the  entire  weight  of  all  the 
revolving  parts,  namely,  the  weight  of 
the  wheels,  the  vertical  shaft  and  the  re- 
volving parts  of  the  generator  driven  by 
the  wheel,  to  which  reference  will  be 
hereafter  mad''. 

The  mechaiiical  problem  to  be  solved 
in    this    case,  viz. :    how    to    get    5000 


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II  :  :ti 


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CASS/EJ?'S  MAGAZINE. 


liorse-iiowcr  from  the  point  of  develop- 
ment at  the  wheels  to  the  surfiice,  140 
feet  above,  was  considered  to  be  much 
less  difhcult  than  that  presented  in  the 
case  of  an  Atlantic  steamer,  where  the 
nioli\e  power  of  the  5000  horse-power 
cnijine  is  delivered  by  a  horizontal  shaft 
to  the  screw  at  the  stern  of  the  vessel, 
more  than  140  feet  away,  the  water- 
wheelsat  Niagara  bein,<»' our  enj^ine,  the 
i^'-enerator  at  the  surliice,  our  screw, 
and  the  connectinsr  shaft  (adopted  in 
])reference  to  belting  or  ropes),  140 
feet  in  length,  being  vertical  instead  of 
horizontal.  This  shaft  is  of  steel,  ^ 
inch  thick,  carefully  rolled  into  tubes, 
38  inches  in  diameter,  without  any 
riveted  vertical  seams  ;  but  at  several  in- 
ter\-als,  where  journals  are  needed  to 
steady  this  vertical  siiaft  on  fixed  collar 
bearings,  it  is  solid  and  at  those  points 
measures  1 1  inches  in  diameter.  While 
these  turbines  were  made  after  foreign 
designs,  the  contract  for  building  them 
was  given  to  and  was  performed  by  the 
I.  P.  Morris  Company,  of  Philadelphia, 
and,  upon  the  observation  of  competent 
and  disinterested  experts,  the  Niagara 
I'"alls  Power  Company  feels  no  hesitation 
in  inviting  general  observation  and  criti- 
cism of  this  unusually  difficult  con- 
struction. 

The  (jucstion  of  tlie  turbines  having 


been  thus  disposed  of,  it  became  neces- 
.sary  to  determine  up(Mi  the  mode  of 
transmitting  the  power  to  be  develoi)ed 
from  them,  and  to  this  subject  the  care- 
ful attention  of  the  officers  and  en  4  ineers 
of  the  company  was  addressed  for  more 
than  three  years,  both  in  America  and 
Europe.  In  1.S90,  four  different  methods 
of  power  transmission  were  seriously 
considered,  viz.,  that  by  manilla  or 
wire  rope,  that  by  hydraulic  ])ii)es,  that 
by  compressed  air,  and  that  by  elec- 
tricity. How  rapid  has  been  the  pro- 
gress of  thought  ujjon  this  subject 
within  four  years,  maybe  realized  when 
I  say  that  in  1S90,  I  was  advised  that 
power  could  be  transmitted  from  Ni- 
agara to  Buffalo,  not  by  electricity,  but 
only  by  compressed  air,  and  that  my 
adviser  was  Air.  George  Westinghouse. 
But  methods  are  clearer  now  than  in 
1890,  and  this  largely  is  the  result  of  the 
competition  initiated  by  the  Interna- 
tional Niagara  Commission. 

Rapidly  summarizing  the  results  and 
incidents  of  a  tour  of  inspection  made 
l)y  Mr.  John  Bogart,  one  ofthe  engineers 
of  the  company,  and  myself,  in  1890,  I 
may  observe  that  we  saw  five  instances 
of  transmission  of  power  by  manilla  or 
wire  ropes,  viz.,  at  Schaffhausen,  Win- 
terthur,  Zurich  and  Friljourg,  in  Switz- 
erland, and  at  Beilegrade,   in   France, 


CHICAQO 


lill'FALO  AND  T:'E   TliRRlTORY  WIHUII   f.VVS  HER  TRIBUTE. 


/: 


THE  USE  OE  THE  NIAGARA    WATER  POWER. 


187 


ime  neccs- 
;  mode  of 
dc'velo])c<l 
t  the  carc- 
1  en  pincers 
d  for  more 
iierica  and 
lit  methods 
;  seriously 
maniUa  or 
])ij)es,  that 
it  by  elec- 
n  the  pro- 
lis  subject 
lized  when 
dviscd  that 
[  from  Ni- 
tricity,  but 
d  that  my 
stingliouse. 
1VV  tlian  in 
"esult  of  the 
le  Interna- 

results  and 

ction  made 

eenj^ineers 

in  1S90,  I 

e  instances 

maiiiUa  or 

usen,  Win- 

r,  in  Switz- 

in   France, 


i>y' 


NIAGARA   I'AI.I.S    IN    WINTKR. 


all  of  these  installations  representing 
the  effect  of  the  original  installation 
under  Mr.  Moser  at  Schaffhausen  in 
1867.  Mr.  Moser,  agentleui.m  ofgreat 
intelligence,  was  among  the  first  to 
observe  that  the  use  of  \vater-|)o\ver  had 
declined,  and  that  the  preference  for 
steam-power  had  developed,  because  of 
the  common  inconvenience  of  the  bring- 
ing of  the  factory  to  the  source  of  the 
water-]iower,  which  inconvenience  he 
thought  to  ob\-iate  by  taking  the  power 
to  the  convenient  site  of  the  factory. 
This  he  did  l)y  the  use  of  the  wire  ro])es, 
sometimes  to  the  distance  of  nearly  a 
mile.  But  while  this  device  served  a  use- 
ful purpose,  it  developed  its  own  diflicul- 
ties,  especially  in  localities  affected  by 
cold  or  frost,  under  which  conditions 
the  wire  rope  frequently  slipped  on  the 
wheels,  an  occurrence  disastrous  to 
spinning-mills,  and  which  at  Schaff- 
hausen, is  now  leading  to  the  substitu- 
tion of  electricity  for  the  original  wire 
transmission. 


The  second  system  of  transmission 
visited  by  us  was  that  upon  a  very  large 
scale  at  Geneva,  in  Switzerland,  insti- 
tuted under  the  direction  of  Col.  Tur- 
rettini,  viz.,  hydraulic  transmission  of 
hydraulic  power  from  the  turbines, 
through  pipes  to  different  parts  of  the 
city,  even  for  the  purpose  of  operating 
dynamos  for  electric  lighting.  While 
this  method  of  hydraulic  transmission 
at  Geneva  did  excellent  work,  it  was 
already  recognizeil  in  i8go  that  it  was 
not  ecjual  to  electrical  transmission  of 
power,  and  in  the  duplication  of  the 
work  now  being  made  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Col.  Turrettini,  electricity  is 
substitutetl  as  the  means  of  transmission. 

The  third  system  of  transmission, 
the  pneumatic,  had  been  develojjed  to 
a  very  large  extent  in  Paris,  upon 
the  system  of  Mr.  Popp,  under 
the  observation  of  that  most  accom- 
plished engineer.  Prof.  Riedler.  Im- 
mense steam-power  plants  were  estab- 
lisheil  at  Belleville,  nearly  seven  miles 


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CASS/ER '  5-  JA-=/  GAZiNl-:. 


from  llu'  ccimT  of  Paris,  and  at  other 
points,  and  by  tin;  usu  of  compressors 
over  7000  horse-power  was  chstril^nted 
throuj,diout  Paris,  operatini^  more  than 
30,000  jjiieumatic  clocks  in  the  hotels 
and  resiliences,  supplyint^  refrigeration 
for  the  stores  for  meats  in  tiie  Bonrse 
de  Commerce,  and  also  an  installation 
for  electric  lighting  near  the  Madeleine. 
We  also  observed  the  Sturgeon  t\: 
Lupton  system  of  pneumatic  transmis- 
sion in  Birmingham,  aiul  later  the 
important  examijle  of  such  transmission 
from  the  Menominee  river,  seven  miles 
away,  to  the  Chapin  iron  mine,  at  Iron 
Mountain,  in  Michigan.  This  was  the 
system  which, in  i8go,  Mr.Westinghouse 
thought  we  were  likely  to  adopt.  But, 
in  view  of  the  great  loss  of  power,  the 
Popp  system  yielding  only  38  jier  cent, 
in  efficiency,  and  the  Birmingham  sys- 
tem yielding  only  52  per  cent.,  upon 
comparatively  short  distances,  it  did 
not  seem  wise  to  the  Niagara  Falls 
Power  Company  to  adopt  this  system, 
useful  and  valuable  as  it  is  in  many  par- 
ticulars; but  it  is  gratifying  to  be  able 
to  state  that  in  the  International  Niag- 
ara competition  a  prize  for  a  project 
for  distributing  power  pneumatically, 
was  awarded  to  the  Norwalk  Iron  Works 
Company,  of  Connecticut. 

A  very  interesting  debate  as  to  the 
comparative  merits  of  electricity  and 
compressetl  air  was  conducted  in  Sep- 
tember, 1890,  in  my  presence,  between 
Prof  Riedler  in  behalf  of  compressed 
air,  and  Mr.  Ferranti  in  behalf  of  elec- 
tricity. Mr.  Ferranti  said  that  the 
electrical  system  was  especially  adapted 
to  long  transmission  of  great  volumes, 
inasmuch  as  the  loss  increased  only  in- 
versely as  the  square  of  the  increase  of 
volume;  that  is,  if  a  loss  of  50  per  cent, 
were  to  be  assumed  for  transmission  of 
5000  volts,  that  loss  would  increase  only 
one-half  upon  doubling  the  volume — in 
other  words,  a  transmission  of  5000 
volts  with  a  loss  of  50  per  cent,  might 
be  increased  to  10,000  volts  with  a  loss 
of  only  25  cent,  of  the  increase,  or  37 '^ 
per  cent,  of  the  aggregate  amount,  or, 
stated  concretely,  though  5000  volts 
might  yield  only  2500  volts,  10,000 
would  yield  6250  volts  of  the  jiower  de- 


velopi'd.  Prof  Riedler  was  greatly  puz- 
zled by  Mr.  l*"erranti's  jiositive  state- 
ment, and  said  that,  if  well  founded,  the 
loss  in  the  case  of  electricity  differed  from 
that  of  every  other  known  force, to  which 
Mr.  Ferranti  replied  that  this  undoubt- 
etlly  was  so,  and  that  the  differences 
were  altogether  to  the  advantage  of  its 
em|)loyment  upon  a  great  scale  for  such 
a  service  as  this.  Prof  Riedler  con- 
cluded by  saying  to  Mr.  Ferranti  that 
if  his  statements  were  well  founded, 
there  could  be  no  (luestion  but  that 
electricity  must])revail  over  compressed 
air.  This  was  in  1890,  and  all  subse- 
(pient  experience  has  tended  to  confirm 
the  statements  of  Mr.  Ferranti,  Mr. 
Nikola  Tesla  having  quite  recently 
stated  to  me  that  if  the  comj)any  would 
put  100,000  horse-])ower  upon  a  wire, 
he  would  deliver  it  at  commercial  profit 
in  the  city  of  New  York. 

The  fourth  method  of  power  trans- 
mission was   that  by  electricity,  which 
we  found  in  actual  operation  in  three 
places,   all  in   France — Oyannax,    Do- 
mene  and  Paris,  besides  the  short  trans- 
mission within  the  buildings  of  the  Oerli- 
kon  Company,  near  Zurich,  in  Switzer- 
land.    Other    examples,     contempora- 
neously    or    subse(piently    developed, 
might  be  referred  to,  but  these  are  they 
upon  which,  in  1890,  the  Niagara  Com- 
l)any  founded  its  preference  for  electrical 
transmission.     At  Oyannax,  onthejura 
Mountains,   in  the  Department  of  Ain, 
there  was  a  variety  of  small  interests,  the 
jirincipal  one  being  the  manufacture  of 
silk,  the  smaller  ones  being  the  manu- 
facture of  tortoise-shell  combs  and  other 
lighter  articles,  in  which  not  more  than 
two    or  three  horse-powers  were    em- 
jiloyed  for  the  running  of  small  saws  and 
jiolishers.     The  power  for  these  various 
simple  industries  was  derived  from  tur- 
bines in  the  Ain  river  at  Charminet,  dis- 
tant in  a  direct  line  about  five  miles  from 
the  use  of  the  power.      At  Domene,  op- 
posite  the  Grande   Chartreuse,   in   the 
Dauphiny  Alps,  the  power  for  a  paper 
mill  was  drawn  from    a  glacier  in  the 
mountain,    four    miles     away,     almost 
straight  up  in  the  sky,  and  in  winter  act- 
ually   inaccessible,    so    that     for   three 
months  theonlv  communication  between 


THE  USE  OF  THE  NIAGARA   WATER  POWER. 


iSy 


rcatly  puz- 
:ive  statu- 
Liiulc'd,  the 
■fLTL'd  from 
e,  to  which 
I  uncioubt- 
Jiffert'iicL's 
taj»-e  of  its 
le  for  sucli 
.'dlcr  coii- 
rranti  that 
foiindL'(i, 

I  but  that 
jmpressed 
all  subse- 
to  confirm 
ranti,  Mr. 
;  recently 
any  would 
on  a  wire, 
rcial  profit 

wer  trans- 
:ity,  which 

II  in  three 
max,  Du- 
liort  trans- 

the  Oerli- 
n  Switzer- 
ntempora- 
ievcloped, 
ie  are  they 
^l^ara  Com- 
r  electrical 
m  the  Jura 
nt  of  Ain, 
erests,  the 
ifacture  of 
the  manu- 
;  and  other 
more  than 
were  em- 
11  saws  and 
[}sc  various 

from  tur- 
minet,  dis- 
niiles  from 
)mene,  op- 
ise,  in  the 
For  a  paper 
:ier  in  the 
y,  almost 
winter  act- 

for  three 
on  between 


t^KV^-m- 


^.^ 


ICE  IIRIDGE   fXDKR   THE   !AI,I,S. 


m    1 


n 


'   ■:: 


:(|:;i 


I    ) 


I'll' 


H 


I: 


L 


rgo 


cass//:r's  magazine. 


TiiF,  HORSESnor:  r.M.i.s  from  ooat  island. 


THE   USE   OF   THE  NIAGARA    WATER   POWER.  igt 


tlu'  mill  and  its  source  of  power  was  l)y 
telephone.  Here,  sleety  storms  prevail, 
and  snow  and  frost  to  an  extent  etpial  to 
that  conceivable  at  Niagara,  and  yet  the 
results  were  so  satisfactory  that  Mr. 
Chevrant,  the  owner  of  the  mill,  said 
that  his  power  did  not  cost  him  over 
50  francs  a  year. 

Hut  i)a.ssini!:  from  these  exani])les  of 
1S90.  thr()U).jli  the  larj^aT  experience  by 
which  power  was  transmitted  16  miles 
from  Tivoli  to  Rome,  and  for  a  lontj 
distance  at  Portland,  ()rej,ajn,  and  also 


quency  in  the  present  state  of  the  art  is 
(lesiral)le  for  arc  li^htinij,  and  is  neces- 
sarv  for  incandescent  litihtinj^r;  l)ut 
havinj;;'  rej^ard  to  the  special  |)urpose, 
and  conditions  of  this  company,  it  was 
decided  to  adopt  that  method  and  sys- 
tem which  is,  on  the  whole,  best  fitted 
for  a  ])ower  company  as  distinguished 
from  a  lijLjht  company.  It  is  only  pr<>|)er 
to  say  that  in  tlie  adoption  of  the  alter- 
natiufj  system,  as  opposed  to  the  con- 
tinuous system,  in  the  adoption  o{  the 
two-phase,   as   distinjii^uished    from    the 


anotiii;r  vikw  nkar  i-kospkct  toixt. 


at  Telluride,  in  Coloratlo,  in  all  which 
places  power,  generated  at  a  water- 
power  station,  is  transmitted  with  bare 
copper  wires  on  poles  for  ten  miles  and 
more  with  commercial  success,  the  Ni- 
agara Company,  in  December,  1891, 
under  the  advice  of  Prof  Rowland,  of 
Johns  Hopkins  University,  Prof.  George 
Forbes,  of  London,  and  Prof  Sellers,  of 
Philadelphia,  invited  competitive  plans 
and  estimates  for  the  development  ol 
its  electrical  power  and  of  its  transmis- 
sion both  locally  and  at  Buffalo.  As  the 
result  of  this  advice  and  this  competition, 
the  company  adopted  a  two-phase  alter- 
nating generator  of  5000  horse-power, 
developing  about  2000  volts  with  a 
frequency  of  25,  as  the  best  practicable 
unit  and  method  for  the  development 
of  electricity  for  power  purposes.  It  is 
distinctly  recognized  that  a  higher  fre- 


three-phase,  and  in  the  adoption  of  the 
frequency  of  25,  the  company  was 
diversely  advised  and  criticised,  and 
the  result  finally  reached  was  that 
which,  upon  the  whole,  under  existing, 
present  conditions,  seemed  best. 

The  form  of  dynamo  em|)loyed  is 
that  devised  by  the  company's  electri- 
cal engineer.  Prof  George  Forbes,  of 
London,  resembling  a  mushroom  or 
umbrella,  in  which  the  stalk  or  handle 
is  the  shaft  of  the  turbine,  and  the  cap 
is  the  revolving  jxu't  of  the  generator, 
serving  the  purj^ose  also  of  a  fly-wheel 
for  the  turbine,  this  special  advantage 
having  resulted  from  Prof.  Forbes' 
happy  idea  of  a  dynamo  in  which  the 
field  magnets  should  revolve  instead  of 
the  armature.  A  contract  for  three  such 
dynamos,  of  5000  horse-power  each, 
was  made  with,  and  was  performed  by, 


;il 


!'il  I 


I 

i  'A 


MHlf 


j!     ! 


1     ; 


w 


■tf-'^ 


I  .!' 


!   I 


ig: 


CASSIJiR '  S  MA  GAZINH. 


tlic  Wi'stiiijifhnusc  Comiiany  at  Pitts- 
biir^'h.  Tlic  first  uslts  of  the  power 
(icvclopL'd  from  tlu-se  dynamos  were 
tlie  Pittshurj^h  Reduction  Works,  man- 
ufarturers  of  aliiniimim,  havinjif  an 
estaljlisliment  also  at  Pittsburj^h.  Their 
works  at  Niajjara  are  upon  the  lands 
of  the  comi)any,  2500  feet  distant  from 
the  jiower-house,  which  is  reached  by 
an  underjjround  conduit  for  electrical 
transmission.  After  a  competition  for 
a  desif^^n  and  construction  of  works  suit- 
able for  the  transmission  of  electrical 
power  to  this  establishment,  and  for 
converting  the  alternatinji^  into  a  con- 
tinuous current,  a  contract  was  made 
with,  and  carried  out  by,  the  General 
Electric  Company,  (jf  Schenectady,  N.Y. 
At  the  same  time,  both  the  West- 
injrlu)use  Company  and  the  General 
Electric  Company,  in  competition, 
have  submited  plans  for  the  transmis- 
sion of  electric  power  to  Buffalo,  and, 
upon  the  adoption  of  the  successful  plan, 
the  Niaj^ara  Falls  Power  Company  is 
prepared  to  proceed  with  the  construc- 
tion and  operation  of  a  ])lant  for  trans- 
mission of  electricity  to  that  important 
city  on  Lake  Erie. 

How  much  farther  such  power  may 
be  transmitted  at  a  commercial  profit 
remains  to  be  seen.  Messrs.  Houston 
&  Kennelly,  well  known  electrical 
engineers,  independently  reached  the 
conclusion  that  even  so  far  away  as 
Albany  (a  distance  of  330  miles)  elec- 
trical power,  with  a  steady  load  of  24 
hours  per  day,  can  be  delivered  at$22. 14 
j)cr  kilowatt,  which  is  cheaper  than  it 
can  be  produced  by  triple-expansion 
steam  engines,  though  the  cost  would 
be  proportionately  greater  for  lo-hour 
power.  Though  these  figures  are  grat- 
ifying, they  are  not  those  upon  which 
the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company  is 
resting  for  the  success  of  its  undertaking. 
Whether  or  not  electrical  power  can  be 
furnished  330  miles  away  at  less  than 
$24  a  day  for  24-hour  horse-power,  it 
can,  within  much  nearer  distances,  be 
furnished  at  such  prices  as  to  leave  very 


little  surplus  power  for  distribution  at 
such  remote  points  ;  and,  on  the  other 
hand,  if  it  be  practicable  to  transmit 
power  at  a  conunircial  profit  in  these 
moderate  (luaiuities  to  Albany,  the 
courage  of  the  practical  man  will  not 
halt  there,  but,  inclined  to  follow  the 
daring  i)romise  of  Nikola  Ti'sla,  would 
be  disposed  to  j>lace  100,000  horse- 
power on  a  wire  and  send  it  450  miles 
in  one  direction  to  New  York,  the 
Metro])olis  of  the  East,  and  500  miles 
in  the  other  direction  to  Chicago,  the 
Metropolis  of  the  West,  and  serve  the 
puqioses  and  su])ply  the  wants  of  these 
greatest  urban  communities. 

Conscious  of  the  difficulties  of  trans- 
ferring, at  once,  large  industries  to  a 
new  site,  even  as  attractive  as  it  has 
made  Niagara,  with  its  new  industrial 
village  of  Echota,  designed  by  Stanford 
White,  and  the  new  Terminal  Railroad 
owned  by  kindred  corporations,  the 
Power  Company,  notwithstanding  en- 
couragement from  such  home  tenants  as 
the  great  Paper  Company  and  the  Alum- 
inium and  the  Carborundum  works,  has 
definitely  determined  to  furnish  its 
])ower  to  distant  consumers,  even  at 
the  risk  of  work  which,  in  some 
measure,  must  be  ex]X'rimental,  though 
not  in  so  large  a  degree  as  many  may 
suppose.  Tivoli,  Turin,  Telluride,  Ge- 
noa, Williamette,  San  Bernardino,  all 
tell  that  commercial  success  lies  back  of 
the  brilliant  e.xperiment,  in  1S91,  of 
Lauflen  and  Frankfort,  109  miles 
apart. 

Bufi;ilo,  being  reached,  is  only  on  the 
way  to  points  beyond.  How  far  be- 
yond, it  is  not  necessary  now  to  deter- 
mine ;  but  having  once  set  in  motion 
these  mighty  wheels,  we  may  at  least 
imagine  and  admire  a  bow  of  brilliant 
promise, — an  arc  of  electrical  energy 
stretching  from  the  Metropolis  of  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Metropolis  of  Lake 
Michigan,  whose  waters,  swelling  the 
mighty  flood  that  stirs  Niagara,  may 
then  be  called  upon  to  drive 

"  The  roarini?  loom  of  time  itself." 


;l 


■il)uli()n  at 
the  otluT 
)  transmit 
t  in  these 
)any,  the 
n  will  not 
"ollow  the 
sla,  would 
oo  horse- 
4,'>o  miles 
i'ork,  the 
5(jo  miles 
caj^o,  the 
serve  the 
:s  of  these 


5  of  trans- 
itries  to  a 

as  it  has 

industrial 
y  Stanford 
Railroad 
tions,  the 
nding  en- 
tenants  as 
the  Alum- 
,vorks,  has 
urnish  its 
3,   even  at 

in  some 
a),  though 
many  may 
uride,  Ge- 
irdino,  all 
ies  back  of 

1891,  of 
09      miles 


)nly  on  the 
nv  far  be- 
V  to  deter- 
in  motion 
lay  at  least 
of  brilliant 
:al  energy 
olis  of  the 
of  Lake 
veiling  the 
gara,  may 


!>i 


l! 


itself." 


1. 1 


;=^ 


:i 


'I 


If 
il, 


mi 


VI  Jli';!' 


I 
t 


iiii 
11 


It 


I 


:|'H    ?: 


Proi-  \\m.  Caw kkikm:  1".n\\i.n  is  one  ot 
the  best  ktiowii  eiifjiiieers,  aulliors  awd 
teachers  of  eiijfiiiec'riiiH;  science  in  laiKlan"!, 
as  well  as  in  America,  He  was  a  member  of 
the  lutcrnalional  Niagara  Halls  Commission. 


Si 


MECHANICAL   ENERGY   AND   INDUSTRIAL    PROGRESS. 


/.'!■    //■.    Ciuc/Zionir  I'liu'iii.  /■'.  A'   S. 


:'f^5 


IT  is  an  honour  to  have 
been  invited  to  con- 
tribute a  short  article 
to  a  number  of  Cassii.k's  Ma(;.\/ixi:, 
devoted  to  a  description  of  tiie  work  at 
Niagara,  and  it  is  pleasant  to  be  so 
associated  with  those  who  have  had  the 
task  of  plaiuiino-  the  arraiigeiueiits, 
superintending  the  works  and  design- 
ing the  machinery  of  that  grand  instal- 
lation. W^'iting,  howe\er,  on  the 
European  siile  of  the  Atlantic,  it  will 
be  wisest, — not  to  say  most  modest, — 
to  avoid  details  and  to  (.leal,  in  jircfer- 
ence,  with  some  general  consideration 
bearing  on  the  (juestion  of  utilizing  and 
distributing  ]>ower. 

In  all  producing  industries,  there  are 
operations  retiuiring  greati^r,  and  o])- 
erations  recpiiring  less,  intelligence  : 
operations  retiuiring  gre  it  manu.il  skill, 
and  others  rec|uiring  little  manu.il  .->kill. 
The  sub-di\'ision  of  laiiour  which  has 
arisen  in  modern  industries  has  for  its 
object  to  economize  the  intelligence 
and  skill  and  other  special  ficulties  of 
the  v.orkers.  A  fictory  should  be  so 
arranged  that  manufacture  is  carried  on 
by  the  most  advantageous  number  of 
jirocesses,  each  worker  doing  what  he 
is  best  fitted  to  do,  and  the  number  of 
workers  in  each  class  being  propor- 
tioned to  the  recjuirement  of  tlic  process 


allotted  to  it.  The  sub-division  f)f  luan- 
ufactui'e  in  this  way  greatly  ficilitates 
the  introduction  of  machinery,  and  with 
the  use  of  machinery  comes  the  need 
for  motive  power,  more  constant  and 
tireless  than  muscular  eftbrt.  Compar- 
ing the  last  luuulred  years  with  any 
previous  ])eriod,  their  most  olivious 
characteristic  is  the  enormous  exten- 
sion of  the  use  of  mechanical  energy 
ilerixed  from  natural  sources. 

At  first,  factories  were  placed  near 
waterfalls  from  which  alone,  at  that 
time,  mechanical  energy  could  be  easily 
obtained  in  sufficient  cjuantity.  Then, 
about  the  year  1790,  steam  power  l)e- 
gan  to  re|)lace  water  power.  For  a 
time,  thefictories  were  aggregated  near 
coal  fields.  To  some  extent  this  is  still 
the  case,  though  ficilities  of  transport, 
ihu;  again  to  the  use  of  natural  supplies 
of  energy,  permit  manufactures  to 
sjiread  more  widely.  In  any  ca.se,  the 
location  and  the  growth  of  manufactures 
have  been  largely  determined  by  facili- 
ties for  obtaining  chea[)ly  large  (pianti- 
ties  of  ])ower. 

In  1S32,  Charles  I>al)bage,  the  in- 
ventor of  the  well-known  calculatinjf 
engine,  published  an  interesting  work 
on  "The  Economy  of  Machinery  and 
Manufactures. ' '  It  deals  with  the  guitl- 
ing  principles  underlying  modern  meth- 
ods of  manufacture,  then  already  so  far 
ilexeloped  as  to  be  recfignized  as  con- 
stituting a  new  system.  It  is  curious 
that  Babbage  says  little  about  the  pro- 
duction of  power  or  its  cost,  though, 
cle.irh',  the  use  of  che,i|)  steam  |)ower 
was  the  principal  factor  in  the  indus- 
trial change  which  he  discusses. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  book,  however, 
he  does  luention  that  the  a])plic.ition  of 
the  steam  engine  had  added  millions  to 
the  |)opulation  of  Great  Britain.  =!=  Then 

'Mr   Thomas  HawksUy  often  sriiil  tli.nt  tlie  popii- 
laUon  of  Oreat  Ilritaiii  Mad  trebled  in  his  lifetime. 

'95 


m 


<M 


jrV 

i 

i 

i 

<  ', 

1' 

;  1 

;    1 

' 

1 

t 

111 

'M! 


kii 


l^ 


m 


f{f^' 


■  !■  ■'! 


•I 

I        I 


196 


CASS/ER  '  S  J/.l  GAZINE. 


nil:  imusi,  suoi,  1  am..-,  .v  r  .\i.\i,  vk.\. 


he  points  out  tliat  tlu'  souicl'  of  htcMin 
power, — tlie  fuel, — is  liuiited  in  cpuui- 
tity,  and  that  a  tiiue  may  come  wlien 
the  coal  mines  will  be  exhausted.  He 
mentions  the  tides  as  an  inexhaustible 
source  of  energy,  if  means  could  be 
found  for  utilizini^-  tidal  action. 

Finally,    he    iiuluiues    in    a    curious 


s|)eculation.  Ide  points  out  that  hot 
sprinj^s,  whicli  have  been  observed  to 
tlow  for  centuries,  unchanged  in  temper- 
ature, bring  to  the  surface  a  ])ractically 
unlimited  supply  nf  heat.  "  In  Ice- 
l.uul,"  he  says,  "the  sources  of  heat 
are  plentiful  and  their  i)roximity  to 
l.u-ge  masses   of  ice   almost   points  out 


I 


'5 


I    ! 


^i 


.]//■(■//. IXK.IL   ENERGY. 


u)7 


tlie  future  (If^<tiny  df  tliat  island.  Tin.' 
ice  of  its  glaciers  may  fiial)le  its  inhabi- 
tants to  liqut'fx  the  i,nises  witli  the  least 
exjienditure  ol  niechanie;;!  loree,  and 
till'  heat  t)f  its  volcanoes  may  su])|)ly 
the  power  necessary  for  their  condensa- 
tion. Thus,  in  a  future  at;t',  power  may 
heconie  the  staple  commodity  of  the 
Icelanders." 

Manufactin-ers  liave  not  yet  been 
dri\en  to  obtain  j)ower  by  [lurchasinj; 
li(iuefied  ox\\i;en  in  Iceland.  Tiie  coal 
fields  are  not  yet  exhausted.  Hut  the 
pressure  on  trade  of  the  cost  of  the 
eiKTijy  re(|uired  is  undoubtedly  felt. 
This  mav  be  inlerred  from  the  ceaseless 
efforts  to  reduce  the  consum|)tion  of 
steam  in  entjines,  and  to  improve  the 
efficiencv  of  l)oilers.  There  are  obvious 
causes  for  this.  As  trade  competition 
liecomes  more  severe,  every  item  of  ex- 
l)enditure  in  carryinij  on  work  is  scruti- 
nized, .md  out  of  many  small  economies 


a  material  advanta.Q^e  is  reaped,  liven 
if  in  some  industries  the  annual  cost  of 
|)o\\t'r  is  a  small  fraction  of  the  tot.il 
cxjienditure,  any  sa\'in<4  on  it  is  a  clear 
addition  to  ])rofits. 

In  many  industries  there  is  an  iii- 
creasiuiL^  consumption  of  pow(>r,  |)roc- 
esscs  beinji;  multiplied  to  secure  .tjreater 
perfection  of  protlucl,  and  then  the  cost 
of  power  is  an  increasing;  t.ix.  Lastly, 
there  are  new  electrical  and  cheiuico- 
electric  industries  in  which  the  amount 
of  power  used  is  \x'ry  l.irije,  and  its 
cost  is  not  a  small  fraction  of  the  ex- 
pentliture.  In  electrical  industries, 
mechanical  enerijy  is  virtually  the  raw 
material  of  the  manuficture,  and  its 
cost  is  not  a  subordinate,  but  a  princi- 
pal, factor  in  the'cost  of  produi  tion. 

In  .in  article  in  Jiiii^i)icrri)ii;-,  sever.d 
years  ac^o,  Dr.  Coleman  Sellers  quoted 
some  estimates  of  the  amount  of  power 
reijuired  in  different  industries.     These 


;t' 


that   hot 

f)served   to 

in  lemper- 

]Mactically 

"In    Ice- 

;s   of  heat 

)ximity   to 

iioints  out 


I! 


i\ 


Till     1  MIS    MAX    I'KOSI'la  I     I'llIM, 


mr 


^1  i 


di 


\i\ 


ti 


'i 


!l  ■ 


1' 

! 


1 

:  1 

i"  i 

KJS 


CASS//':R  '  S   Jl/A  GAZINfi. 


». 


m 


MECHAMi  \  \r,    EXI'.RG  Y. 


199 


are  given  conveniently  in  horse-power 
per  iirtizan  or  worker  employed.  Tak- 
in;.f  the  cost  of  one  horse-power  \ear  at 
about  £\2  or  $60,  whicii  is  a  moderate, 
average  estimate,  the  annual  exjjendi- 
ture    i)er  worker  can   be  calculated   in 


is  enormously  greater.  From  figures 
known  to  be  reliable,  it  apjjears  that  in 
stations  in  luigland  the  cost  of  fuel 
alone  |)er  electrical  unit  sold,  apart  from 
iiiten  st  on  cost  ot  boilers  and  engines 
and  wages  and   maintenance,  is  seldom 


n 


IN     1111;    NIACAUA    W  lll;l;l,   I'll     lirislM.    CIINSTKIXTIO.N. 


f 


(i 


supplying  the  mechanical  eneri^y  nec- 
essarv  to  make  his  labour  effective. 

Hi)rsepo\vi.r  Cost  per 

Iiulustrv.  loreacli  auiHimpLT 

haiul  em-  Maud  em- 
jilnvt'il.  ploved. 

/"    s.'       5 

Flour  and  j;rist  mills  13.20  15s    ,s  171,21 

LumbcT  sawin.i; 5. 5(1  66  12  L^.Vi  1 

Cotton " 1.49  17   16        I  89) 

I'apc-r 5.07  60  16  ( 304 ) 

Woollen  goods.  .  .    .  1.2;,  14  16        (74) 

Iron  and  steel 2.vS3  33   16  (169) 

Ai;ri(-'ral  implcin'ts.  1.13  13   12         (  6S 1 

Worsted  gootls II. S7  10     S         1521 

!'•(■  figures  in  the  last  colimui  are  the 
anno  .1  charges,  adilitional  to  his  wages, 
for  e.ich  worker  for  the  mechanical  en- 
er^v  he  uses.  Ob\iouslv,  these  chaiges 
are  not  amon}4st  the  negligabK-  small 
items  of  a  manufacturer's  expenses. 

In  the  case  of  electric  lighting  sta- 
tions, the  proportionate  cost  of  power 


less  than  one  peimy,  and  is,  in  some 
cases,  double  this.  Htit  the  ordinary 
selling  price  of  electricity  is  6  pence  p(  r 
unit,  so  that  the  fuel  cost  alone  absorbs 
one-sixth  of  the  gross  income  of  the 
works,  and  in  some  cases  one-third. 

Up  to  the  present  time  by  far  the 
largest  part  of  tin.'  mechanical  energy 
used  in  the  world  has  been  derived  from 
the  combustion  of  fuel.  Btit  in  the  best 
steam  engines  the  limit  of  possible 
economy  has  been  nearly  reached.  A 
good  deal  may  be  effected,  no  doubt, 
by  re|)lacing  bad  engines  and  boilers 
by  good  engines  and  boilers,  but  liiere 
is  little  reason  to  hope  that  any  steam 
machinery  of  the  futine  will  work  with 
materially  greater  economy  than  the 
best  at  ]ire.sent  in  use.  Nor  Is  there 
mtich  hope  of  considerable  economv 
from   the   improvement    of  other    heat 


M 


\m 


iiih 
ii.i  I  f  \ 


1 

I     i 

I 

1 

:    '^' 

1 
1 

1* 

1 

1 

li 

200 


GASSIER' S  MAGAZINE. 


engines.  Short  of  going  to  Iceland, 
tiiere  is  only  on-j  widely  distributed, 
easily  utilizable  source  of  mechanical 
energy,  and  that  is  water  power. 

Under  favourable  conditions,  and 
utilized  on  a  large  scale,  the  cost  of 
water  power  near  the  waterfall  may  be 
one- tenth  or  one-twentieth  of  the  cost 
of  steam  power.  The  difference  is  so 
great  that  even  when  considerable  cost 
is  incurred  in  transmitting  the  power 
from  the  waterfill  to  localities  where 
jiower  is  required,  there  may  be  a  mar- 
gin of  economy  in  using  water  power. 
No  doubt,  in  many  cases,  especially 
where  very  great,  permanent  structures 
had  to  be  erected  to  render  falls  of 
cf)nsiderable  height  available,  water 
l>ower  has  proved  as  expensive  as  steam 
power. 

Modern  facilities  of  transmission  and 


distribution  have  gready  altered  the 
conditions  of  the  ])robleni,  and  engi- 
neers in  several  countries  have  come  to 
realize  the  value  of  the  waste  energy  of 
the  streams.  No  one  can  now  travel 
in  Switzerland  or  southern  Norway 
without  perceiving  that  a  new  im|)etus 
has  been  given  to  industry  by  the  de- 
velojiment  of  large  wajter  power  plants. 
In  Norway  a  new  industry, — the  paper 
])ulp  trade, — has,  in  a  few  years,  become 
extremely  important,  and  the  manu- 
facture is  carried  on  entirely  by  cheap 
water  ]iower,  derived  from  considerable 
falls  on  the  glacier-fed  streams.  In 
utilizing  a  great  waterfall  and  distribut- 
ing widely  cheap  mechanical  power, 
the  capitalists  and  engineers  at  Niagara 
are  helping  to  solve  one  of  the  most 
interesting  and  important  problems  of 
the  present  time. 


^liiii 


I  ; 


■sa. 


i 


II  I  h' 


I'll' 


li 


I 


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iifiiil 


im 


Aldrrt  IIowki.l  I'oktp.r  was  the  resident 
engineer  r>r  tlie  Cataract  Constnictioii  Co. 
until  the  coMiplelioi  of  the  tnnnci,  and  the 
proliniinnrv  work  was  done  un  ler  liis  ininie- 
.liaVe  supervision. 


M, 


SOME    DETAILS   OF  THE    NIAGARA  TUNNEL. 


/,'!•  .•///',■//  //.    Poiin-.    .)/.  Am.  Soi.    (•.    /■'. 


;i:i:l 


cii'i;\iNc,  i.'i;i<i;m()nii;s  at    I'm:  iu;i'.inmnc 


II    Till;  iiusi 


U\l  T    li)l(    Till.    MAI.AKA    TlNNl;!,. 


IX  iIk'  hitter  part  (if  Marcli,  1S90, — 
a  short  while  aj^o  it  seems  wlien 
one  sees  the  progress  made  tt)\varcl 
the  completion  of  the  g^reatest  water 
power  ])roject  and  enter|)rise  of  our 
time,  which  has  clumgeil  Niagara  Falls, 
then  only  a  village,  into  a  thriving  city 
with  the  eyes  of  the  world  upon  her, — 
surveys  were  commenced  of  the  lands 
of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company 
and  Cataract  Construction   Companv, 


and  the  location  of  the  great  tunnel  from 
these  lands,  under  the  village  to  the  river 
below  the  Falls,  was  begun.  A  right  of 
way  had  been  acquired  previous  to  this, 
surveys  of  which  were  started  immedi- 
ately to  see  what  additional  grants 
woukl  be  necessary  to  locate  the  tunnel 
in  a  straight  line,  which  was  desirous 
for  constructional  and  hydraulic  rea- 
sons. 

This  right  of  way  was  largely  covered 


:  r- 


Pi! 


204 


CASS/ER '  S  AfA  GA  ZINR. 


with  huil(Iinj,'s,  and  in  orck-r  tu  more 
readily  and  ac  curately  perfect  the  sur- 
face a'iLjmnent,  a  tower  was  erected 
just  e  ist  of  the  New  York  Central  iS: 
Hudson  River  Railroad  depot.  The 
tower  was  a  double  one,  (A'cr  fifty  feet 
in  heitfht,  with  three  leufs  to  each  tower, 


a  ])oint  set  in  Canad.i,  from  which 
l)oints  were  thrown  back  across  the 
jjorj^e  to  the  tunnel  ])ortal.  Points 
were  also  set  east  of  the  tower  for  the 
shafts  and  alontf  the  line  of  tunnel. 
The  profile  acconi|ianyinj^  shows  the 
location  of  the   tower,    its  use  and  ad- 


m\i 


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H^Mjri.'. 

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f/: 

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wHb^-'h' 

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i.o\vi;kim; 


.iriii;k  into  Till;  \viii;i:i.-i'it. 


the  inside  one  being  the  tripod  for  the 
alignment  instrument,  while  the  outside 
one,  which  was  entirely  clear  of  the 
tripod,  in  order  that  there  should  be  no 
jarring  or  vibration,  had  a  platfor  .1  for 
the  engineers  to  stand  on  in  sighting 
the  instrument.  From  the  top  of  the 
tower  all  buildings  could  be  cleared  and 


\'antage,    and    will   readily  explain  the 
method  of  alignment. 

The  work  of  cons:  ucting  the  tunnel 
was  prosecuted  from  two  shafts  and  the 
portal  in  the  lower  river.  There  was 
also  a  shaft  at  the  portal  at  the  top  of 
the  sloping  bank  to  enable  a  straight 
lift  to  the  top  of  the  bluff.      Shaft  No.  i 


DETAILS   (>/•■    rHE   NlAi.AR.l     lU.WIiL. 


3() 


4 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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L25  nil  1.4 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSM 

(716)872-4303 


,.<>. 


.*%^ 


— -  If, 


wmmmmmm 


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206 


CASSIF.R'S  MAGAZINE. 


was  located  2600  feet,  mil 
shaft  No.  2,  3200  feet  from 
the  portal.  Points  for  dia- 
moiui  drill  boriiij,fs  were  lo- 
cated alonjr  the  line  of  the 
tunnel,  and  borinjj^s  were 
made  at  several  places. 
From  the  results  of  these 
borinjrs  the  profile  showinjj 
the  rock  stratifacti(jn  was 
made.  From  the  rock  cores 
taken  out  by  these  borings, 
it  was  thought  that  an  un- 
lined  tunnel  could  be  driven, 
but  after  sinking  the  shafts 
and  driving  the  headings  a 
.short  distance,  the  rock  was 
found  to  be  of  such  a  char- 
acter that,  upon  consultation, 
it;  was  deemed  necessary  to 
line  the  tunnel  throughout, 
not  only  to  make  a  safe  and 
jjractical  construction,  but  to 
have  a  more  perfect  tailrace. 

The  upper  stratum,  or  the 
Niagara  lime-stone,  is  a  hard 
rock,  but  is  full  of  seams, 
through  which  the  water 
comes  in  great  quantities, 
and  in  sinking  the  shafts  this 
water  caused  much  trouble 
and  greatly  increased  the 
difficulties  of  construction. 
In  order  to  intercept  the  wa- 
ter from  falling  to  the  bot- 
tom, the  plan  shown  in  one 
of  the  appended  illustrations 
was  devised,  by  which  gut- 
ters were  cut  anti  built 
around  the  shafts  leading  to 
basins  or  sumps  in  the  sides 
of  the  shafts  where  pumps 
were  placed  and  the  water 
was  forced  to  the  surface.  In 
shaft  No.  I  fully  eight  hun- 
dred gallons  of  water  a  min- 
ute were  pumped. 

When  the  brick  work  of 
the  tunnel  was  completed 
and  the  working  shafts  were 
being  closed  up,  the  water 
again  caused  serious  obsta- 
cles to  the  construction  of 
the  brick  work  and  masonry. 
To  obviate  this,  tar  paper  was 


\ 


I 


•i  i 


DETAILS    OF    THE  XIACARA     /IXXEf.. 


207 


feet,    iikI 
feet  from 
fur  (iia- 
were  lo- 
ne of  the 
,t;s    w  ere 
I    i)laces. 
t)f    tliese 
?  sliowinj^ 
:ti(jii    was 
ock  cores 
l)orings, 
It   an   un- 
je  driven, 
the  shafts 
eadiiijrs  a 
rock  was 
\\  a  char- 
isnltation, 
X'ssary  to 
rouujhout, 
safe  and 
on,  but  to 
t  tail  race. 
im,  or  the 
,  is  a  hard 
of  seams, 
le     water 
juantities, 
shafts  this 
ii  trouble 
ased    the 
struction. 
)t  the  wa- 
the  bot- 
vn  in  one 
ustrations 
hich  j^ut- 
la    built 
leadinjf  to 
the  sides 
re  pumps 
:he  water 
rface.    In 
ight  hun- 
er  a  niin- 

work  of 
ompleted 
lafts  were 
he  water 
us  oljsta- 
uction  of 
masonry. 
)aper  was 


M- 


put  over  the  ]a}4;i>:injLj  on  the  timber- 
in^',  and  gutters  built  to  lead  tlie 
water  to  weepers  or  holes  in  the 
brick  work,  located  at  the  wall  plates. 
Al)()ve  this  point  the  filling  was  of 
dry  packing,  and  the  water  j)ercolated 
through  this  to  the  gutters  below. 
A  manhole  was  left  in  the  arch  at 
the  shaft,  5  ft.  in  diameter,  and  was 
built  up  the  shaft  to  the  .solid  rock. 
The  sj)ace  around  this  manhole  to  the 
sides  of  the  shaft  was  filled  with  dry 
])acking  of  good-sized  stone,  and,  ujjon 
reaching  solid  rock,  a  la)er  of  about  12 
inches  of  broken  stone  was  placed  on 
top  of  the  dry  packing  ;  coarse  gravel 
was  put  on  top  of  this,  then  came 
gravel  and  cement,  and  then  three 
courses  of  brick  work,  the  top  course 
being  of  vitrified  paving  brick.  By  this 
time  the  water  was  falling  down  the  man- 
hole, the  weepers  in  the  tunnel  were 
dry,  and  no  damage  was  done  to  any  of 
the  masonry. 

The  shafts  above  were  built  up  by  a 
brick  arch  thrown  across  at  the  .solid 
rock  nearest  below  tiie  surface,  and  a 
manhole,  directly 
over  the  bottom 
manhole, 
built  to 
fice.  Tl 
rock, 
a|)parently 
wiien  tirsi 
up  in  th 
ings,    fell 


^ 


H^   .^UiAlr^ 


-rrA 


n 


UUilUy'u'JJUUU 


il 


I 


li- 


ft' 


;  1 


I 


'i. 


|!'  i| 


ir^ 


im 


208 


CASS//: A'  'S  MAGAZ/N/:. 


'' 


P 


!,■;     j, 


M 

1 

1  : 

_;•  f. 

a  •^  =  . 

^    <''  :c  jj 

■<     Y,  ■-  -J 

C    -  ^  < 

t  *•  - 


1.  y.  H 

z  <  . 


i"..l     1     1. 


■> 


^^ 


^.\ 


l^l 


l;irj;(.'  sl.ihs  when  exposed  to  the  air, 
and  necessitated  not  only  temporary 
tiniljcrinj^  and  jjrops  in  tlie  acKance 
headiiijr,  Init  ])ernianent  timbering 
lliroughout. 

Tlie  layer  of  limestone  under  the 
shale  was  a  firm  stronjj  rock,  and  in 
that  portion  of  the  tunnel  where  it 
A)rmeil  the  roof,  no  timberinj^  was  re- 
([uireil.  The  sand  stone  and  sand  sliak' 
uiukr  the  limestone  were  full  of  clay 
seams.  The  system  of  blastinj;-  used  in 
the  headinji^  was  the  American,  or 
centre  cut  method,  the  location  of  drill 
holes  for  the  heading  and  benches  beir.;; 
shown  on  the  accompanying  cross  sec- 
tion and  protlle. 

The    permanent     timber    arch    was 
formed  of  five  blocks  of  12  x  12-inch 
timbers,   covered  with    three- inch    lag- 
ginv^,   ])acki'd  over  with    dry  stone  to 
the  rock  roof.     The  first  heading  was 
excavated  to  the  bottom  of  the  longi- 
tudinal   timber   or   wall    plates.      The 
second    bench    followed    within   about 
fifty  feet  of  the  heading,   posts  being 
placed  under  the  wall  j)lates,  as  exca- 
vated.     The  heading  and  first  or  upper 
bench  were  carred  along  together  until 
the  headings  met.     The  lower  bench 
was  excavated  a  short  distance  ahead 
of  the  brick  lining.      In  some  cases,  on 
account  of  the  poor  rock,  it  was 
found    necessary    to    place   long 
posts  to  the  bottom  of  this  bench 
to  support  the  wall  plates. 

The  best  progress  made  in  any 
heading  during  the  construction 
i)f  the  tunnel  was  94  feet  in  one 
week.  The  best  progress  for  the 
five  headings  was  331  feet  in  one 
week,  an  average  of  over  66  feet 
to  each  heading,  and  the  same 
week  321  feet  of  the  first  bench 
were  taken  out  and  the  timbering 
was  carried  along.  The  brick 
work  was  built  in  the  different 
sections,  as  shown  on  the  profile 


and  plan. 

The  brick  side-wall 


first. 


a    specialty 


were 
formed 


built 
brick 


jeing    usee 


I'here  the  invert   (jr 


bottom  joined  on.  The  invert 
was  the  last  brick  work  to  be  laid 
in  the  tunnel.     For  setting  the.se 


hi 


■■:    '; 


ni-.r.iii.s  OF  /•///':  x/.ia.iK.i   vc.v.v/-:/.. 


Jl  K) 


side  w.ills  a  tfiii|)l»t  i>r  lonn   w.is  set  on  On    ihr   acciir.ny   of  aliyiinicnt    and 

(■(iiic(  I  uiadi'  and  lino.   'I'his  was  ni.idi',  nr.idc  dt'in-ndfil   the  nu'otin^   and  ont- 

as  shown   in   tliu  st<tion,  with   notilu's  ronic  ofall  thi' dilRTi-nt  stc'|)s  (li'scril)i.'d 

cut   lor  llu'  special   brick  and  saw  cuts  above.      The   aliynnient    in    the   tunnel 

ni.ide  tor  each  course  ot  brick.      Above  was    produced     iVoui     two    small    .steel 

tiicM'  tlu'  centres  were  set  which   wt-re  piano  wirt's  susjiended  Iroin  the  .-^ur^ace 


?l'. 


i 


"H       10  FT.   LONO        I 


i^. 


u   i^ 
o  O 


TH^'u,.';t-fC-*:ft' 


,,/.j«...;i<_-A--./:..   ■'-■/  ^ 


ORirr  i,rr.»,0I.  ■vrr  hi<,h,    mw  «  ft,  OEtP, 

W4  Fl.    TO  OuTSlDt  LINE  or  lOrT.    lO^ti 


I'l.V.N   Slli>\\  I.NCr   AKKANl.L:MENr  OK  TROlt.ll   .\.N1>  CANVAS 


1  ^:2^ 

DEPTH  TO  FLOOR   t      ■     .     >-^<V"; -%;,,,vVV^^     ^,-.»,„„.ls^,,   .^.  ^   ,     . 
OF  DRIFT  42'  S    „'i<'    /     •    f     3^>,'        /%     :     '    '  f   V        >/''V*V 


b 


Sump  10  Aioc,  10  lonq, 

.  I  4'OECP 


-"iiiif.;5*r.„ 


^I.i^iJ'y 


'^.    > 


SIX rid.N  TiiKorcii  i:i;Mki,  ur  nun  rs. 

I'l.AX     Mllll'TIJI    inn     II  \M.l   INi.    \\    V  11    IJ      \  I     -ll  M    I      M 


8 


I 

I 

J 


especially  adapted  to  the  arrani;enienl 
ofscattoidinjr  and  tiie  method  ol  hand- 
linjr  material  used,  which  are  shown  on 
the  cross  and  lonj^itudinal  si'ctions. 
The  spaces  l)elween  the  brick  work  and 
the  rock  and  around  the  posts  were  all 
filled  with  rubble  masonry  up  to  the 
haunch  of  the  arch.  Above  tiiis  and 
over  the  brick  arch  dry  packing  was 
used. 

4-3 


with  .V)  11).  ilanged  ])lumb  bobs,  hang- 
ing in  buckets  tilled  with  oil.  These 
wires  were  on  movable  screws  on  the 
surface,  and  were  kept  on  the  tri  ';ne 
with  a  transit  instrument  about  30  or  41  > 
lei't  from  the  shaft.  The  distance  be- 
tween the  wires  was  about  17  feet. 
l-"rom  these  wires  at  the  bottom  a 
transit  in>trument  was  sighted  .uid 
vvorked  on   to  the  true  line  and   points 


% 


II 


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11 


i 


I 


2IO 


CASS/ER '  S  MA  GAZ/NE. 


m 


set  in  tlie  tumifl.  This  was  rt'iuatccl 
tlirce  times,  or  until  tlie  result  proved 
satisfactory. 

The  elevations  were  established  at 
the  bottom  of  the  shafts  by  means  of  a 
long  arcuratily  tested  steel  ta|)e,  kept 
on  a  known  elevation  on  the  siirf.ice  by 
means  of  a  level  instrument,  and  read 
at  the  ijoltom  by  another  level  from 
which  the  elevations  were  estal)lished 
on  bench  marks  of  iron  l)olts,  secured 
in  the  rock.  This  was  also  done  three 
times,  or  until  a  satisfactory  result  was 
obtained.  The  result  of  the  alignment 
and  grade  of  the  tunnel  was  most  satis- 
factory, as  there  was  no  deviation  or 
error  in  all  the  construction,  and  no 
work  had  to  be  changed  or  torn  out. 
The  clearance  allowed  betv.een  the  tim- 
bering and  ijrick  work  was  only  4 
inches,  the  smallest  in  any  tunnel. 


The  tunnel  shafts  were  started  late  in 
.September,  1S90.  The  tumul  for  a 
length  of  67(^0  feet  was  entirely  coui- 
pleted  in  January,  1S93,  and  the  fmal 
estimate  for  the  contract  of  the  main 
tunnel  was  made  in  March,  1893.  The 
material  excavated  from  the  tunnel  was 
used  to  fill  up  the  lands  under  water 
accpiired  by  the  company,  a  small  rail- 
road being  built  from  shafts  Nos.  i  anil 
2  for  that  purpose.  Today  the  greater 
part  of  the  |)lant  of  the  Niagara  Falls 
Paper  Mill  stands  on  land  which  was 
then  mostly  all  under  the  water  of  the 
Niagara  River. 

During  the  summer  and  fall  of  1890, 
contour  surveys  of  the  lands  and  river 
adjoining  them  were  made,  and  from 
these  the  best  entrances  from  the  river, 
location  of  the  canal,  wheel-pits,  etc., 
were  determined  u])on  by  the  engineers. 


«| 


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<°.Ki>R(;k    HvkkKK    lllKllANK     "  ;is    till-    Ilsi 

lU'tit  ,<"onsiiUinj;  ciiKi'ifi"  of  the  Cataract 
Cdiistniclidn  Co.  diiriiifj  the  prriod  coveriiin 
pnibably  ll.e  most  imiorlaiil  pari  of  the 
work,  anil  later  was  chief  engineer.  His 
article'  here  embraces  the  first  official  state- 
ment ever  ninde  reRardinii  it. 


!  ^T*. ■  "   3         1         » 

^  p IS  r;  B  p  M  p  El  r-  Ub  r-  U.  r  ^'■^  p  Mi  p  .IN  Jl  |g3|  MB.  i3l 


ai-*r^^_ 


-■*-«■     *-:r. 


iril      SIVi.VHi     1    VI.I.S    IMIWI    K    lilMI' \NV  >i    SIM  I'IN. 


THE    CONSTRUCTION    OF    THE    NIAGARA 
.     WHEEL-PIT  AND  CANAL 

/,'v  (,'iiijxr  11.  HioIhiiiIc.  Mriit.  Am.  Sot .  I'.  /■.'. 


TUNNEL, 


IX  the  liitltr  p.iit  til"  May,  1S91,  tlu- 
writer  was  calknl  u])(ni  by  tin- 
Cataract  C'onstnution  C()in])any  to 
f.Namine  and  rcpiirt  as  to  tlic  nc-ct-ssity 
ot  lininji^  the  main  timiicl  of  the  Niagara 
I'. ills  I'ower  Coin|)any  at  Niaitjara  Falls. 
At  that  time,  under  the  direction  u( 
Roident  ICnj^inecr  Albert  H.  I'orter. 
the  shat'ts  had  bvcii  sunk  to  the  tunnel 
level,  and  hea(linj.(s  had  been  driven 
(or  50  to  75  feet  trom  the  sh.itts. 

In  tiiese  headinijs  the  m.iterial  to  be 
encountered  while  driving  the  tunnel 
was  fully  dt'\c]o])ed.  An  .iriL^ill.iceons 
shale  was  tbuiul  which,  upon  exposure 
to  the  air,  crumbled  away,  necessitatinjf 
l)rompt  sui)port  with  timber  to  avoid 
serious  falls  from  the  roof  After  an 
extended  examination  of  all  the  w')rk- 
intjs,  it  became  clearly  evident  to  me 
tiiat  liniujii  with  brick  throuiLjiiout  was 
an  absolute  necessity,  .md  that  timberinij 


would  also  be  required  for  the  entire 
leuiLjth  of  the  tunnel,  with  the  j)ossil)le 
exception  of  a  distance  of  about  S(x)  IitI 
where  a  ledi^e  of  iiineslone,  eij^ht  leet 
in  thickness,  could  be  utilized  for  the 
roof 

My  report  was  rendered  in  ao  ord- 
anci-  with  tiiese  fmdint;s,  and  the  sui)- 
secjuent  construction  fully  conlirmtd  the 
correctness  of  the  reconuniMidations. 
.\fter  m.ikinj^  tliis  nport,  and  assisting; 
in  tile  remodelin;.^  of  the  construction 
contracts,  I  was  invited  to  supervise  tiie 
work,  as  resident  consultint^  ens^ineer, 
and,  lesit^ninir  m;'  connection  with  the 
New  \'ork  Aciuednct,  1  became  estab- 
lished in  tiiat  cap.icitv  at  Nia^.u^a  Falls 
early  in  the  montii  of  June.  Upon  the 
completion  of  the  tunnel  to  the  fjjoo- 
foot  station,  in  j.inuary,  1.S93,  I  became 
chief  enjrineer  of  the  work,  and  of  the 
companies  allied  to  tlu-   (".itaract  Con- 

»>3 


P 

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214 


(.ISS//:A'\S   M.\(,.\/.IM'.. 


E,,.;^^n;i|l  \ 


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Till-:   NIAC.ARA    7Y/A'AV-;/.,    \\Hi:i:l .    I'lT  ./A7>    (.I.V.I/..       J15 


stniction    Comp.iiiv,   and  roiuimu-d   in  i-xclusivcly   l>>v  nioit.ir  in   l.iyini^  Inick 

that  c.tp.ii'itv  until  liu' fonipKtion  (il  con-  and   stone   m.isoiuv   in    tin-  tnnntl  .i\u\ 

>tru(tionin    \Si).[.      Alter    llu'  decision  ulieel-pit.       The    I'oniposition    of    the 

in  nmard  to  Hnini;   w.is  made,  the  tun-  mortar   neiu-raily   used    w.is    one    [lart 

nil  work  was  \  iiL^orousIy  prosecuted  by  cement  to  tliri'e  p.irts  saml,  hut  at  the 

the   contractors,    until   its    eoinijletion,  shafts  and  the  whei-l-pit,  where  the  llow 


uiiih  r  the  special   supervision   of  Resi- 
(1(  nt     I'nyineer     I'orter    and     Division 
lavnineer  Mr.  William  S.   llumUert. 
Tile  tunnel  is  lined   throui^houl  with 


ol  water  was  \-eiy  stroni^,  the  propor- 
tion was  chan,m'd  to  one  to  two,  and  in 
some  iMst'S  one  to  one.  Tiiis  Itrickini^ 
commenced    in    M.irch,    iSijj,    and  fol- 


INI:    01      I  HI'.    I  A\  AI.    INI. I    l> 


\  I     AN     I    VKI    \     -.1  A1.I-: 


at  least  four  rin,e[sof  tiie  ht'st  hard-hurned 
brick,  makintj  a  solid  brick  wall  si.xteen 
inclies  in  thickness.  At  points  where, 
from  tile  nature  of  the  material  throujL;h 
which  the  tunnel  was  driven,  it  was 
tJKHij^hl  possible  that  j^reater  slren,^th 
mii^ht  be  reijuired,  the  thickness  was 
increased  to  si.\  ami  e\en  eij^ihl 
rin<4s. 

The  upper  or  face  rin^'  of  the  invert 
was  laid  with  the  best  ijuality  of  vitrit'icd 
l)aving  brick.  All  spaces  between  the 
l)rick  work  anil  sides  or  roof  of  the  tun- 
nel were  filled  with  rubble  masonry. 
American     Portland    cement    was  used 


lowi'd  the  work  of  excavating  .is  closely 
as  was  consistent  with  safity. 

A  very  satisfactory  metlioil  of  lininir 
the  arch  was  ado|)ted.  The  main  feature 
was  the  construction  of  a  platform  about 
ten  feet  above  the  invert  after  the  side 
walls  were  laid  to  as  hiijh  a  point  as  was 
con\enient  for  the  handlint^  of  brick  and 
mortar.  ( )n  this  ])lattorm  tracks  were 
laid,  and  the  brick  and  mortar  wire 
hauled  to  their  destination,  a  scjianite 
landiuir  beinij  made  in  the  shafts  at  the 
proper  elevation.  The, threat  advantage 
of  this  svstem  consisted  in  enablin<f  the 
ciiutractors  to  cirry  on  the  work  of  e.\- 


i 


ii 


i 


\m 


2  I  ft 


CASS/J-:N ' S   MACA/.IM:. 


I  1 1 


^ll 


M  'I 


It; 


i»M'   j 


low  I   KIM 


X     I'l    NSIm   K     IN  !■ 


I  III      \\  III    I    l.-ri  1. 


'    '    ''i.i| 


I 


I 


cavatiiiL^  .111(1  tifliniii.Uf  ;it  tli(>  same  time,      surfaci'    of    water,     wluii     a   ledije    dI 
witliDUt  tin-  possibility  lli.it  tin- oiitydiiij;      white  saiidstdiie  was  struck,  wliieli  w.is 


cars,  loaded  uitli  iiialcri.u  excavated  in 
(Iriviiii^  tile  tunnel,  coiiltl  iiitertere  with 
cars  coming  in,  loadi'd  with  hrick  and 
mortar,  the  hrick  work,  at  times,  heinn 
carried  on  within  less  tha  i  loo  feel  ol 
the  (ace  of  bench  excavation  in  the 
tunnel. 

At  the  portal  il  was  decided  to  droii 


entirely  satisfactorv  for  a  lonndation. 

The  first  contract  was  with  Messrs. 
Rodt-ers  vV  Cleiiunt,  of  .\e\v  \'ork  City, 
for  671 K)  leet  ()f  tunnel  with  two  main 
shafts  and  a  smaller  sh.ift  at  the  bluft 
lU'ar  the  i)ortal.  This  contract  was  com- 
pleted in  January,  1H93.  On  January 
5,   i.Sij2.  a  contract  was  ni.ide  with   A. 


the    jL^r.idi'    tif  the  invert  about   eleven      (.'.    l)oii)L^las,    of  Niai.;.u-.i    Falls,    for  an 


■t  b 


the  average  low  water  of  the      extension   of  the    main  tunnel  ■sod  leet 


river    thus  pt'rmittiiuf  fully  one  half  the  furtlu'r.    iiiakiniL,^  a  total    length  of  Jotx) 

tlow  from  the  tunnel  to  discharne  below  feet  in  main  tunnel  ;  for   a    tumie!   < 011- 

the  surf  ice.     To  tliiseiid,  tin- .i^rade  was  iiection  of  same  size  to  the  wheel-pit. 

chant^ed  into  an  o<4;ee  commenciiiiuj  at  a  .md  for   tiie   wlu'el-pit,  and   for  a  short 

point  (JO  feet  fn  m  the  portal,    droppini:;  tunnel,  circular  in  shape  and  ten  feit  in 

nearly  ileveii  feet  in  that  distance.  diameter,    providiiii;'   for  a  possible  de- 

This  portion  of  the  tunnel,  to  the  eie-  xelopmeut  of  lands  owned  by  the  com- 

vation  of  the  sprin!.,^  line,  was  lined  with  pany  on  the  north  side  of  the  tunnel, 
steel  boiler   plati 


ri\( 


■ted   t 


o   steel 


rib 


The    wheel-|)it,    which     is    reallv   an 


liree  to  four  fi'et  ih  de|)th,  which   were      elongated  shaft,  is  an  uncommon  feature 
bedded  solidly  in  Portland  cement  eon-      in  construction,  |)articularlv  in  its  n 


he  (Imiensioiis    are 


ia'.4m- 
.eiii'tli. 


crete,  the  arch  beinn   turiud  with  brick      tiuU 

e.xcept  for  25  feet  at  the   |)ortal,  where       1.4.1)    feet;   width,     r.S    feet;   depth,    1 7.S 

the  construction   was  j^ranite   masonry.       teet.     This  ])it  is   lined   on    the   bottom 


The  ni.isonry  fortius  facad 


V  w; 


c.irried      with  16  inches  of  brick,  the  to|)  course 


bolitlly  to  a  depth  of  ,^S    leet   bi-low  the      beinii;' of  best  (juality  |)avin.i.;    brick,  .1 


iiu 


rill-:  MACARA  7f 'XX /•:[.,  \vni:i:i.~i'iT  Axn  caxai..    .m; 


f 


oil  till'  sidc^,  111  llic  lici^lil  mI'vi  li'fl  tlif  m.iiii  iimiicl  iiml  tlio  -idc  tunnels, 
.iliiiM  tile  iiui  It,  willi  ti<'m  twii  til  two  ,nnl  at  tlir  |>iiit.»I  it  |>l.irr  uI' ilisrli.iiijc 
.iiiil  .1  li.iHti'it  olMiliil  liiirk  niiiMiiiry.  inlo  tin- Inwrr  ri\i  r.  I'"ii>t  in  iniiiDil.mrf 
I'liis  w.ill  is  (MppL'd  w  ith  a  .siiiylf  cmirsi'      is  ilir  ininintinn  liriwciii  two  liorsesliof 

Mcll   J I   Iri't  Ili'jll  .mil   IS  I'crt   Id 


III  Iniir>lonr,  two  anil  oi 


\v  liall  ti'ct    in      arrlii 


tliirkncss,  on  wliiili  the  j^inli  r>,  wfiv;li-  inrlirs  uiiic    at   tlu-    >l>riiin   line,   at  .111 

iiH4  alioiil  twriitN'  livi'  tons,  air  pl.n nl  aiinli'iit    'm  (Icjurcfs  ;  and  sn'ond,   lln' 

Tln>i' rari'V  till- wcij^iil  111' till- |irnsliirls"-  coiiiiciiiun  I  icl  wrrii    a    ciriiilar   airli   ii> 

.iinl  tiniiini's,  ot"5i)i  «)  liKi'sr  iiovvcrcarli.  Ii'i't  in  di.iiiK  t<T  and  tlir  llorsi-^Iior  airli, 

It  is  intrndrd   illlimatciv  to  rxtcnd  this  also  at  an  aiis^lr  nt  '10  dciirci--.      .\ll  dc- 

wln  ilpit  to  a  li'iv^tli  iif  almiit  400  li-ft.  si(i;ns   and   details    Im     llir    loniK'it 


11  \\\^ 


riir  masonry  ronslnirtion  ol' sjiccial      were  |irr|i,irfd  liyMi.  < 


■(  ii  ''I' 


.Sim|i 


mtiir'-l    I-'  at   tile   comiL'ttioii^  lulunn 


till'  rliii  r  iliMn''lil-m  111    in  this  dc- 


I  I 


main 
l)lii»f 


ron- 
I-l>it. 


itiiie 
iijiii- 


17.S 
itom 
mrsf 

anci 


?f 


Tin;  Mill  111  ()i-  Till    TiN.vr;i.  dirini;  coNSTki  ctidn. 


218 


CASS/IiR ' S  MA GAZINE. 


(♦Ill 


m\  ;i 


■'li 


'  1' 


*  - 


partmcnt  of  tlie  work.  The  Hiaiuly- 
wiiH'  (iranitc  Company,  of  Wilming- 
ton, Del.,  furnished  all  .tjranite  in  this 
construction,  ci'i  into  shape  and  to 
the  dimensions  required.  The  arches 
for  the  connection  with  the  tunnel  were 
laid  by  the  contractor  under  the  direct 
supervision  of  Mr.  J.  G.  Tait,  assistant 
engineer,  who  found  all  i)re])aratory 
work  so  accurately  donetiiat  practically 
no  difficulties  were  encoimtered,  except 
such  mechanical  ones  as  would  naturally 


with  two  lines  of  crib-work  filled  with 
stone,  the  outer  one  12  feet  in  width, 
the  inner  one  10  feet  in  width,  with  an 
intervening  space  of  H  feet,  which  was 
carefully  lined  on  each  side  with  sl.eet 
piling.  After  the  piling  was  completed, 
the  loose  and  sandy  material  was  re- 
moved to  a  h.uxl  clay  bottom  by  the  use 
of  a  centrifugal  ])ump,  and  the  space 
was  then  filled  with  clay  which  was 
dumped  into  the  water  and  worked  as 
much  as  ])ossiblc.      This  dam  was  prac- 


A  rRu(iKi:ss  vii;\v  oi-  nii;  ca.vai.. 


be  expected  in  constructing  arches  of 
that  massive  character  in  tunnels,  allow- 
ing an  average  clearance  not  exceeding 
one  foot. 

In  August,  1 89 1,  work  had  been 
commenced,  with  a  company  force  under 
the  direct  management  of  myself  on  the 
main  and  inlet  canals.  The  mouth  of 
the  '-anal  is  600  feet  from  the  shore  line, 
necessitating  the  construction  of  em- 
bankments on  each  side  for  that  tlistance 
into  tlie  river.  After  these  embank- 
ments liad  been  extended  to  the  proper 
places,  a  coffer  dam,  450  feet  in  length, 
was  thrown  across  the  mouth  and  con- 
nected with  the  ends  of  these  embank- 
ments.  This  coffer  tlani  was  constructed 


tically  water-tight  and  remained  in  per- 
fect condition  until  removed  in  the 
spring  of  1S94.  One  leak,  which  gave 
trouble  for  several  hours,  was  due  to  an 
imperfect  connection  with  the  side  dump 
from  the  shore  at  the  east  end  of  the 
dam.  No  delay  in  the  work  of  excavation 
or  of  laying  masonry  was,  however,  ex- 
perienced from  this  cause. 

The  side  walls  of  the  canal  are  of  solid 
masonry,  17  feet  high,  3  feet  thick  at 
the  top  and  about  S  feet  at  base. 
This  work  was  laid  in  ordinary  American 
cement  mortar,  composed  of  one  part 
of  cement  and  two  ])arts  of  .sand.  The 
excavation  and  masonry  were  carried 
on  sinuiltaneouslv,    and   the  canal  was 


per- 
the 


olid 
c  at 
)ase. 
■ican 
part 
The 
ricd 
was 


THE  NIAGARA    TUNNEL.   WHEEL-PIT  AND   CANAL.        jh) 


4 


111 


iii' 

1         I, 
i     'I 

<  :  lii 


t ;  i  I 


,i '. 


\  \ 


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AN-OTIIICK    i;.\KI.Y    Vir.W   <)1-    Tin;     rlNNl-.I,'S    MOITEI. 


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completed  in  October,  1892.  TIu- canal 
carries  twelve  feet  depth  of  water  at  the 
ordinary  low  stage  of  the  river. 

During  the  year  1892-93,  the  Niagara 
Junction    Railway     was     constructed, 


its  rails  arc  laid,  making  connection 
with  the  traffic  of  the  (ireat  Lakes.  Hy 
this  railway,  materials  and  freights  are 
received  from,  and  delivered  to,  all  the 
manufacturing  sites  which  this  develop- 


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which  runs  through  the  entire  length  of 
the  property  owned  by  the  various  cor- 
porations allied  in  interest.  This  rail- 
way connects  with  all  the  trunk  lines, 
and  extensive  docks  have  been  con- 
structed on  the  Niagara  River,  on  which 


ment  opens  to  the  public.  During  the 
same  time  a  new  water-works  plant  was 
established  with  a  capacity  of  6, 000, 000 
gallons  per  day,  the  water  being  taken 
from  the  Niagara  River  one  mile  above 
the  falls. 


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THE  NIAGARA    TUNNEL,    WHEEL-PIT  AND    CANAL,      223 


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Accoiniiindations  have  alsoln'cii  |)r(>- 
videil  lor  oiu-Tatives,  by  the  erection  of 
50  haiulsonie  and  convenient  cottages, 
witii  tine  macadam  streets,  a  conipU'le 
system  of  draina}4e  and  sevveraiije,  with 
disposal  work.-^  mdunhmited  water  sup- 
ply. ()f  this  work,  as  well  as  of  the 
water-works  and  railway  constrnction, 
Division  Engineer  Mr.  William  A. 
Ihackenridije  was  in  s|)ecial  chartje. 

A  handsome  power  house  has  been 
completed  over  the  wheel-pit,  after  de- 
si.i,nis  bv  Messrs.  McKim,  Mead  iS; 
White,  of  New  York  City,  the  contrac- 
tors beinji;  Messrs.  James  .Stewart  iS:  Ct). , 
ofSt.  Louis  and  Huffalo.  The  outer  sur- 
face is  of  limestone,  and  the  inner,  for  a 


heij^ht  of  six  feet  from  the  floor,  is  of  en- 
ameled brick,  and  above  that  of  onli- 
n.iry  brick,  coated  with  white  t'liamel 
paint.  In  thisbuildinij,  wliich  is  soofeet 
in  lenjj;d),  a  50-ton  travelins,^  cr.uu'  tnms- 
ferred  the  machinery  for  the  turbines 
froni  the  cars  to  their  location  in  the 
wheel-pit.  The  j^reatest  numl)er  of  men 
employed  at  any  one  time  was  about 
2500  In  the  construction  600,000 
tons  of  material  were  removed,  and 
there  were  used  16,000,000  bricks, 
I  ij, 000,000  feet  of  timber  and  lumber, 
60,000  cubic  yards  (jf  stone,  55,000 
barrt'ls  of  ( iiant  American  Portland 
cement,  12,000  barrels  of  natural  ce- 
ment and  26,000  cubic  ^■ards  of  sand. 


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Clemens  Hkkschel  was  coiisultiiiif  hy- 
draulic engineer  o(  the  Cataract  Coiistnictiou 
Company  during  the  period  of  construction. 


NIAGARA    MILL    SITES,  WATER    CONNECTIONS  AND 

TURBINES. 


By  Clemens  tlerse/iel,  Ihdraulic  Kre^ineer. 


V,-!l*4- 


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ONE  of  the  present  series  of  articles 
must  evidently  treat  of  the 
power  producing  plant,  and  its 
installation, — two  essential  elements  in 
the  series  of  mechanisms  that  convert 
the  flow  of  the  Niagara  river  over  the 
Falls,  into  other  forms  of  energy, — 
finally  represented  by  a  revolving  shaft 
in  the  factory,  by  the  speeding  car  in 
tlic  street,  or  by  other  of  its  manifold 
forms  of  utility.  It  is  this  part  of  the 
description  of  the  manner  of  utilizing 
Niagara  P'alls  that  is  to  fall  to  the  lot  of 
the  present  article. 

The  standard  American  method  of 
utilizing  a  large  amount  of  water-power, 
has  hitherto  been,  to  distribute  the 
water  to  the  several  consumers,  or  mill- 
owners,  by  means  of  a  system  of  head- 
races, .so-called,  with  facilities  for  its 
discharge  at  a  lower  level,  to  be  utilized 
as  the  owner  or  lessee  saw  fit,  and  gen- 
erally on  his  own  premises.  This  led 
to  long  head-canals,  and  to  insignificant 
tail-races,  whereas,  as  we  shall  presently 
see,  the  Niagara  plant  consists  of  a 
common  tail-race,  a  mile  and  a  half 
long,  with  comparatively  insignificant 
head-races.  The  old-time  water-power 
company  sold  or  leased  the  right  to  draw 


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N/.  id.  IRA   MILL   SITES  AND    TURIUNES. 


339 


a  definite  (luaiitity  of  wiitiT,  ;it  (lofincd 
times,  with  tin-  privilege  (if  (liscliar^injf 
it  at  a  lower  level,  ami  the  inill-Dwner 
iliil  the  rest;  whereas,  at  Niagara  Falls, 
the  rij4:ht  is  leased  to  discharge  a  defi- 
nite (iiiantity  of  water  into  the  tail-race 
tunnel,  with  the  privilege  of  drawing 
this  (juantity  from  the  head-canal,  or 
from  the  river.  Hut  over  and  above 
this  the  i)rodnct, — power, — may  be 
contracted  for  at  Niagara  l'"alls,  de- 
liveretl  on  the  shaft. 

To  create  a  large  group  of  mill-sites 
of  the  older  sort,  there  was  necessary, 
in  the  first  instance,  a  large  continuous 
body  of  land,  properly  located  for  the 
purpose.  If  this  could  not  be  bought 
up  secretly,  and  in  large  blocks,  the 
whole  water-power  enterprise  would 
fail  to  come  to  fruition.  In  luirope, 
however,  several  such  enterprises  came 
into  being  in  spite  of  the  inability  of 
the  projectors  to  primarily  buy  tracts 
of  land  such  as  have  been  described. 
This  was  done  by  establishing  central 
power  stations  near  the  dam,  or  head 
canal,  and  then  transmitting  the  power 
produced,  instead  of  the  water  to  pro- 
duce it,  to  the  consumers,  or  mill-own- 
ers. Up  to  within  say  five  years,  this 
had  always  been  accomplished  by 
means  of  wire-rope  transmissions  of 
power,  and  it  is  easy  to  see  that  the  in- 
vention of  the  electrical  transmission  of 
power  would  give  this  form  of  the 
utilization  of  a  large  water-power  a 
great  impetus.  Many  such  plants  are, 
therefore,  already  in  existence,  many 
are  l)uilding,  but  among  them  all,  no 
one  is  probably  so  celebrated,  and  is  at- 
tracting the  attention  of  all  intelligent 
men  as  this  at  Niagara  Falls. 

The  work  at  Niagara  Falls  is  designed 
to  be  utilized  in  both  of  the  methods 
above  described,  and  examples  of  both 
methods  of  distributing  power  are  built. 
The  plant  of  the  Niagara  F"alls  Paper 
Company  is  an  example  of  the  first  and 
older  method  of  power  utilization,  while 
the  Central  Power  Station  of  the  Ni- 
agara Falls  Power  Company  is  the 
grandest  example  yet  undertaken  of  the 
second  described,  and  the  later  method 
of  power  distribution.  The  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company  also  owns  some 


I2ooacresof  land  adjoining  the  Cen- 
tral Power.Station  and  the  present  head 
canal,  all  of  which  can  be  utilizid  for 
the  sites  of  manufacturing  establish- 
ments by  one  or  the  other  of  the  meth- 
ods described.  This  has  been  laid  out 
in  streets  and  blocks,  with  a  freight  rail- 
roatl,  to  be  spoken  of  presentlv,  con- 
necting the  mill  sites  with  all  the 
trunk  lines  that  ])ass  Niagara  Falls,  and 
adjoins  the  residential  tlistrict  being 
developed  by  the  Niagara  Develop- 
ment Com])any,  whose  first  fruits  are 
the  village  called  Fchota.  aiul  the  ad- 
joining wharf  and  other  projjcrty.  lint 
over  and  beyond  all  this,  a  transmission 
of  power  to  HutTalo,  only  20  miles  off, 
and  po.ssibly  .still  fiirther,  is  within  the 
sco|)e  and  design  of  the  Central  Power 
Station  now  building. 

It  is  interesting  to  find  how  the  work 
of  to-day  was  dreamt  of  in  1876.  In 
that  year  the  late  Sir  William  .Siemens 
came  to  America  to  see  the  Centennial 
exhibition.  Proceeding  to  Niagara 
Falls,  he  was  struck  with  its  capabilities 
as  a  power-producing  centre,  and  car- 
ried out  what  was  probably  the  first 
computation  ever  made  of  the  cost  of 
distributing  power  from  Niagara  Falls 
to  the  country  around  it  by  electricity. 
In  the  "  Life  of  Sir  William  Siemens," 
ijy  William  Pole,  this  subject  is  treated 
at  length,  and  the  following  quotation 
froi.i  it  may  be  interesting  in  thisj)lace: 

"  When  such  a  machine  as  a  dynamo 
was  once  brought  into  existence,  it  was 
sure  to  be  taken  advanL..ge  of  for  other 
applications  of  powerful  electric  energy. 
'^-  *  -i^  It  is  necessary  here  to  allude 
to  one  remarkable  case  which  was 
among  the  earliest  to  which  Dr.  Sie- 
mens gave  his  attention.  In  this  the 
electric  current  is  used,  not  for  action  of 
its  own,  but  merely  as  a  vehicle  for  the 
transmission  of  power  ;  just  as  a  boat 
on  a  river,  or  a  wagon  on  a  railway  is 
used  to  transport  some  valuable  com- 
modity for  use  at  a  distant  place.  The 
power  of  horses,  or  of  a  waterfall,  or 
of  a  steam  engine,  is  apjjlied  in  a  dy- 
namo to  e.xcite  a  current  ;  that  current 
is  passed  along  a  wire,  and  will,  by  the 
aid  of  another  dynamo  at  the  other  end 
of  the  wire,  reproduce  the  j)ower  (or  a 


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CASS//:/i'S  MAGAZINE, 


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NIAGARA    MIL!.    S/'/V-S  AJVP    TfR/UNES. 


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portion  of  it)  in  a  far  distant  lotality.  t'nfrjj;y.      And    he   at   onci-   hrijan    to 

"This  nsi-  (»t"  fliTtriiity    iDrnu'd    a  spi'ciilatc  wlictluT  it  was  ahsolutily  ni'c- 

liivoritc  study  for  Dr.  Sit'niuns,    and  it  «.'ssaiy  'hat   tiic  wliolf  of  tiiis  ^;I  >rious 

sti'nis  to  iiavf  first  stronj^dy  ini|)rfssi'd  inaiiniuidi'  ol'  powrr  slionid   l)i'  wastcil 

itsi'll  on  iiis  mind   when,  in  tin-  autinnn  in  dasliiiiL;  itsi'lt  into  the  cliaMn  l)ci(uv — 

of  iS7r),  Ik-  WL'nt  to  Anu'rica  and  visited  wlu'tlicr  it  was  not  possilik'  lliat  at  least 

Niaj^ara   Falls.      In  all  liis  many  jour-  somi-  miylit   Ik-  practically  utili/.fd  l<>r 

ncys  in  diCrcri'iit  conntriis  notliinij  made  tlic  hcndit  of  mankind  ? 
such  a  deep  im|)ri'ssion  on   him  as  this  "  ilf  had   not  lonj^  to  think  l)cft)rc  a 


•r 


IN  Till;   MAIN  Tl'NNIiL. 


wonderful  natural  phenomenon.  The 
stU])endous  rush  of  waters  t'llled  him 
with  fear  and  adniirati(jn,  as  it  does 
every  one  who  comes  within  the  sound 
of  its  mighty  roar.  But  lie  saw  in  it 
something  far  beyond  what  was  obvious 
to  the  multitude,  for  his  scientitic  mind 
could  not  helji  viewing  it  as  an  inex- 
pressible  manifestation   of    mechanical 


possible  means  of  doing  this  presented 
itself  to  him.  The  dynamo  machine 
hail  just  then  been  brought  to  perfec- 
tion, partly  by  his  own  labors  ;  and  he 
asked  himself,  why  should  not  this 
colossal  power  actuate  a  colossal  series 
of  dynamos,  whose  conducting  wires 
might  transmit  its  activity  to  places 
miles  away?     This  great  idea,  formed 


a»  .iim 


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iiiii 


II:; 


V 


51 


232 


a^SS/EJ^'S  MAGAZINE. 


amid  the  thiindcriiigs  of  the  cataract, 
accompanied  hiinalltlie  way  home,  and 
was  meditated  on  in  the  quiet  of  his 
study.  He  submitted  it  to  the  test  of 
ma'hematical  calculation,  and  so  far 
convinced  himself  of  its  reasonable  na- 
ture, that  he  determined,  when  a  fitting 
occasion  arrived,  to  make  it  known. 

"The  opportunity  arrived  in  the 
sjMMng  of  1877,  when  he  had  to  give  an 
opening  adclress  as  presitlent  of  the 
Iron  and  Steel  Institute.  In  that  ad- 
dress he  had  to  jioint  out  the  dependence 
of  the  iron  and  steel  manufacture  on 
c<ial  as  a  fuel.  He  alluded  to  the  grad- 
ual diminution  of  the  stores  in  the  earth 
of  this  valuable  commodity,  owing  to 
the  vast  consumption  of  it  for  steam- 
power,  and  he  urged  that  other  natural 


THE  i;i;ni:ral  powkr  I'i.an. 


sources  of  force,  such  as  water  and 
wind,  ought  to  be  made  more  use  of 
And  speaking  of  water-power,  he  made 
the  following  remarks  : 

"  '  The  advantage  of  utilizing  water- 
power  applies,  however,  chiefly  to  Con- 
tinental countries,  with  large  elevated 
plateaus,  such  as  Sweden  and  the 
Lnited  States  of  America,  and  it  is  in- 
teresting to  contemplate  the  magnitude 
of  power  which  is  now  for  the  most 
part  lost,  but  which  may  be,  sooner  or 
later,  called  into  requisition.  Take 
the  Falls  of  Niagara  as  a  familiar  ex- 
amjile.  The  amount  of  water  passing 
over  this  fall  has  been  estimated  at 
100,000,000  of  tons  j)er  hour,  and  its 
perpendicular  descent  mav  be  taken  at 
150  feet,  without  counting  the  rapids, 
which  represent  a  further  fall  of  150 
feet,  making  a  total  of  300  feet  between 


lake  and  lake.  But  the  force  repre- 
sented by  the  jjrincipal  fall  alone  amounts 
to  16,800,000  horse-power,  =••  an  amount 
which,  if  it  had  to  be  produced  by 
steam,  woukl  necessitate  an  expenditure 
of  not  less  than  266,000,000  tons  of 
coal  per  annum,  taking  the  consump- 
tion of  coal  at  4  pounds  per  horse- 
power per  hour.  In  other  words,  all 
the  coal  raised  throughout  the  world 
would  barely  suffice  to  produce  the 
amount  of  power  that  continually  runs 
to  waste  at  this  one  great  fall. 

"  '  It  would  not  be  difficult,  indeed,  to 
realize  a  large  portion  of  the  power  so 
wasted,  by  means  of  turbines  and  water- 
wheels  erected  on  the  shores  of  the  deep 
river  below  the  falls,   supply'ng  them 
from  races  out  along  the  edges.     But 
it    would   be    impossible   to 
utilize  the  power  on  the  spot, 
the  district  being  devoid  of 
mineral  wealth,  or  other  nat- 
ural    inducements     for     the 
establishment  of  factories.  In 
order  to  render  available  the 
force  of  falling  water  at  this 
and  hundreds  of  other  places 
similarly  situated,    we   must 
devise  a  practicable  means  of 
transporting  the  power.     Sir 
William    Armstrong    has 
taught  us  how  to  carry  and 
utilize  water  at  a  distance,  if 
conveyed  through  high-j)ressure  mains, 
and  compressed  air  has  been  employed 
for  the  same  purpose.    At  Schafifhausen, 
in  Switzerland,  as  well  as  at  some  other 
places  on  the  Continent,  power  is  con- 
veyed by  means  of  quick-working  steel 
ropes   passing  over  large  pulleys  ;  by 
these  means  it  may  be  carried  to  a  dis- 
tance of  one  or  two  miles  without  diffi- 
culty. 

"  '  As  regards  electrical  transmission, 
suppose  water-i)Ower  be  employed  to 
give  motion  to  a  dynamo-electrical  lua- 
chine,  a  very  powerful  electrical  current 
will  be  the  result,  which  may  be  carried 
to  a  great  distance,  through  a  large  me- 


*  The  gau^npfs  of  the  United  States  frovemraeiit 
engineers  give  an  average  discharge  of  about  275,000 
cubic  feet  per  second,  wliich,  witli  a  fall  of  216  feet, 
—the  difference  of  elevation  between  the  water  above 
the  rapids  and  that  of  the  lower  river— gives  a  total 
of  6.7si),ooo  theoretical  H.-P, — The  Editor. 


NIAGARA   MILL   SITES  AND    TUR BINES. 


233 


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234 


GASSIER' S  MAGAZINE. 


SKCTIOX   OF   WHEKI,    AND   llOVKK  NOR    IlKSIC.NKl)   IIV   l:SCllr.R,    WYSH   .V:   Ca 


NIAGARA    MILL  SITES  AND    TURBINES, 


235 


tallic  conductor,  and  then  be  made  to 
impart  motion  to  c'ectro-magnetic  en- 
gines, to  ignite  the  carbon  points  of  elec- 
tric him))s,  or  to  effect  the  separation 
of  metals  from  their  combinations.  A 
copper  rod,  three  inches  in  diameter, 
would  be  capable  of  transmitting  1000 
horse-power  a  distance  of,  say,  thirty- 
miles,  an  amount  sufficient  to  supply 
one-quarter  of  a  million  candle-power, 
which  would  suffice  to  illuminate  a 
moderately  sized  town.'  This  state- 
ment startled  the  audience  considerably  ; 


and  other  such  bridges  are  already 
talked  of.  Railroad  freight  rates  are  in 
competition  with  each  other,  and  with 
lake  and  canal  rates,  and  are  to-day  no 
greater  from  Niagara  F"alls  to  New  York 
and  to  Boston,  than  they  are  from  the 
established  manufacturing  centres  of  the 
East  to  these  cities,  while  they  are,  on 
the  other  hantl,  very  materially  less 
from  Niagara  Falls  to  thegreat  cities  of 
the  West,  Southwest  and  South  than 
they  are  from  these  same  older  manu- 
facturing centres.     The  present  favor- 


_.££!i 


H 


Si:criON    AND   I'l.AN   OK    KSt'Iir.R,    WYRS  S:   CO.'s  WHKF.L. 


and  it  is  still  remembered  that,  when  it 
was  delivered,  a  smile  of  incredulity  was 
observed  to  play  over  the  features  of 
many  of  his  hearers." 

One  of  the  neatest  and  most  valuable 
attributes  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
Company's  mill  sites  is  the  road  of  the 
Niagara  Junction  Railway  Company. 
Niagara  Falls  is  already,  or  is  destined 
to  b?,  one  of  the  great  railroad  centres 
of  tne  United  States.  Two  railroad 
bridges  cross  the  river  there,  each  used 
by  several  East  and  West  trunk  lines. 


al)le  conditions  will  bring  more  manu- 
facturing into  the  Buffalo  and  Niagara 
Falls  district,  and,  as  such  things  always 
ojierate,  will  also  bring  in  still  other 
trunk  lines  of  railroad. 

It  is  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the 
occupant  of  any  mill-site  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Company  to  receive  cars 
shipped  to  him  by  any  line  of  railroad 
entering  the  Buffalo- Niagara  Falls  dis- 
trict, and  of  delivering  cars  directly  to 
any  such  railroad,  that  the  Niagara 
Junction  Railway  Comjiany  was  organ- 


!  ill.. : 

m 

1   i:. 


■m 


236 


CASSIER  '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


r  i 


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NIAGARA   MILL   SITES  AND    TURBINES. 


237 


■'      I 


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11 


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238 


CASSn^K '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


ized  and  the  road  built.  It  is  an  allied 
enterprise  of  the  Niagara  Falls  Power 
ComiKinyand  willdono  little  in  further- 
ing the  growth  and  business  of  the  new 
city,  benefiting,  in  turn,  all  the  trunk 
lines  that  do  now  or  will,  eventually, 
traverse  the  Niagara  I"'alls  neck  of  land 
between  Lake  Erie  and  I-ake  Ontario. 
Lake  transportation,  and  transportation 
on  the  Erie  Canal  are,  however,  also 
available  to  the  occupants  of  these  mill- 
sites.  Many  of  them  front  directly  on 
the  Niagara  river,  where  it  is  nax'iga- 
ble,  and  none  of  them  are  any  great 
distance  from  it. 

It  will  not  be  necessary  to  say  much 
more  on  the  subject  of  water  connec- 
tions at  the  Niagara  mill-sites.  The 
Niagara  Falls  Paper  Company  has  a 
square  wheel-pit,  which  is  connected 
with  the  main  tunnel  tail-race  by  a 
branch  tail-race,  7  feet  in  diameter.  All 
dimensions  of  underground  work    are 


^1 


HALl-    SECXIOXAI,    I'l.AX    Ol'     WlIlOKr.    DliSIGNliU    IIY 
KAliSCll    .V   I'ICCARI). 


IIKXICRAI,     I-,     ...'ATION    Ol'     FAKSCII     i:     I'lCCARD 

i)i;si<;x. 


ke])t  as  small  as  possible  at  Niagara 
Falls,  to  economize  rock  excavation,  as, 
for  example,  the  branch  tail-race  just 
mentioned.  Fall  being  a  commodity  of 
less  than  the  usual  value  on  these  mill- 
sites,  it  is  economy  to  spend  some  of  it 
toward  reducing  cross  sections.  This 
jiroduces  high  velocities,  but  the  tail- 
races  are  built  of  first-class  materials, 


N/AC.lK.l    MILL   SITES  AND    TCRBIXES. 


239 


!* 


■••x^ 


rivi;ting  ur  the  texstock  of  the  Niagara  falls  paper  company's  plant. 


240 


GASSIER' S  MAGAZINE. 


i\ 


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NIAGARA   MILL   SITES  AND    TURBINES. 


241 


and  are  set  in  a  rock  exca- 
vation. The  water  used 
carries  no  sand,  and  experi- 
ence has  already  shown 
that  the  taihaces  line  them- 
selves with  a  layer  of  slime 
in  s])ite  of  the  j^reat  velocity 
in  them.  So  lonj^  as  this 
slime  adheres  to  the  brick 
and  to  the  cement  joints, 
there  can  evidently  l)e  no 
wear  of  the  brick  masonry 
linin},^. 

The  wheel-pit  of  the  Nia- 
(jara  Falls  Power  Company 
is  a  long  slot  cut  in  the  rock, 
instead  of  a  group  of  small 
wheel-pits,  and  to  save  ex- 
cavation, though  at  the  cost 
of  some  fall  wasted,  the 
wheels  are  set  on  plate- 
girder  bridges  spanning  the 
slot,  and  so  as  to  leave  a 
tail-race  beneath  the  plate 
girders.  This  tailrace,  or 
bottom  of  the  slot,  is  con- 
nected by  a  short  curve  with 
the  main  tail-race  tunnel. 

Tile  fashionable  turbine 
of  the  present  day,  in  the 
United  States,  is,  no  doubt, 
tiie  twin  turbine,  with  hori- 
zontal axis,  this  axis  pro- 
jecting from  the  wheel  case, 
;it  one  or  both  ends,  and 
either  driving  its  attached 
machine  directly,  or  carry- 
ing a  pulley,  to  belt  from. 
Several  attempts  were  made 
to  fit  this  general  form  of 
motive  power  for  the  case 
in  hand.  These  all  failed 
from  the  great  space  re- 
quired for  the  belts  or  drive- 
ropes,  which,  in  this  case, 
would  have  had  to  be 
gained  at  the  price  of  a 
material  increase  in  the 
amount  of  rock  excavation. 
Not  to  transmit  the  power 
to  the  surface  of  the  ground 
and  to  attach  the  machinery 
underground,  brings  with  it 
che  necessity  of  excavated 
chambers    140   feet    below 

6-3 


IK*^ 


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THF,  MOUTH   OF   Till-:   TUNNKL. 


I'i' 


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242 


C/1SS/f:A"S  MAGAZINE. 


ONE  OK  THK   NIAGARA   I'UWKK   COMPANY'S  Simi)  HORSE-rOWl.R   TlKlilNKS   l)i;SIC.Ni:i>   MY   KAICSLll  .V  I'lCl.  \KI), 
CKNKVA,   SWIT/.ICRl.ANI).      IHMI.T   IIY   TlIF,   I.    1'.    MORRIS   CO.,    I'llILAlJEI.ril  I  A,  I'A.,  r.  S.  A 


tlie  surface,  lial)lu  t(i  l)c  daini),  or  wet, 
and  rcciuiriiio-  coiistant  artificial  light  ; 
in  short,  forming  a  likewise  undesir- 
able arrangement.  These  considera- 
tions led,  therefore,  in  the  case  of  the 
Central  Power  Station  of  the  Niagara 
Falls  Power  Comi)any,  to  wheels  with 
vertical  shafts,  and,  as  has  been  de- 
scribed, to  rows  of  such  wheels,  set  in 
a  continuous  slot,  direcdy  over  the 
appurtenant  tail-race  ;  and  to  a  grou]) 
of  such  wheels,  set  in  a  scjuare  pit,  for 
the  Niagara  Falls  Paper  Company. 

Considerations  of  economy  in  regard 
to  rock  excavation  per  horse-power  de- 
veloped, led  to  large  cjuantities  of  power 
per  wheel;  actually,  to  some  iioo 
horse-power  per  wheel  in  the  case  of  the 
Paper  Company,  and  to  5000  horse- 
power per  wheel  in  the  case  of  the  Cen- 
tral Power  Station.  The  very  idea  of  a 
central  power  station  serves,  by  the 
way,  to  meet  considerations  of  economy 
in  rock  excavation,  by  avoiding  the  ne- 


cessity of  constructing  wheel-pits  to 
supply  only  small  ])owers.  When  such 
small  blocks  of  power  are  wanted,  they 
will  be  furnisheil  as  parts  of  a  larger 
plant,  by  transmitted  power,  as  it  would 
not  jiay  to  sink  a  wheel-pit  for  them 
alone.  We  may  say,  in  round  figures, 
that  blocks  of  between  500  and  1000 
hor.se-power  will  probably,  and  of  less 
than  500  horse-power  will  certainly,  be 
furnished  on  these  mill-sites  bv  trans- 
mitted jiower,  and  the  Niagara  Falls 
Power  Company  is  [preparing  to  trans- 
mit and  distribute  such  power  by  elec- 
tricity. 

Given,  then,  turbines  with  vertical 
shafts  of  5000  horse-i)ower,  on  about 
140  feet  of  fall,  and  a  prescribed  num- 
ber of  revolutions  per  minute,  it  follows 
that  American  wheel  builders  are  not 
accustomed,  or  their  shops  not  fitted, 
to  supply  such  wheels.  The  turbine 
wheel  business  in  the  United  States. is, 
in  point  of  fact,  carried  on  in  a  way 


i 


A'/.I(;.IA\{    MILL    S/7'J:S   ,IA7)    / / 'AV.VA'A.V. 


243 


I  I 


lie    cic'sirc 
efficiency. 

European  wheels,  on  the  other 
hand,  are  mostly  of  the  standard 
simple  action  kinds,  and  have 
been  jierfected  mainly  by  learned 
computations  of  forms  of  guides 
and  buckets.  Most  American 
builders  also  shun  high  falls,  anc 
in  their  work,  turned  out  in  quan- 
tity, aim  to  suit  only  the  ordinary 
heights  of  fall.  Tlie  one  special 
high  fall  wheel  built  in  the  United 
States,  the  Pelton  wheel,  has 
a  horizontal  axis.  To  use  it 
on  a  vertical  axis,  and  with  the 
multiplicity  of  nozzles  ricpiired 
for  jiroducing  5000  horse-power 
at  Niagara,  would  constitute  practi- 
cally a  new  wheel.  Swiss  and  other 
European  wheel  builders  were,  there- 
fore, early  in  the  field  with  designs 
for  producing  5000  horse-power  under 
a  140-foot  fall,  and  having  any  de- 
sired number  of  revolutions  per  min- 
ute, which  with  their  constant  practice 


SiXTid.v  <ii-  Tin:  ri  KUiNi:. 


the  armature  of  a  dynamo  set  on  top  of 
the  shaft.  To  meet  this  requirement 
of  construction  some  designed  oil  or 
water  bearings  along  the  line  of  the 
shafts ;  some  designed  hollow  shafts, 
with  an  oil  bearing  on  top  of  a  column, 
ending  near  the  top  of  the  wheel, — the 
so-called    Fontaine   step  ;     others    de- 


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244 


CASS//:/^  •  S  AfA  CA/JNE. 


viiKTic.vi.  si.i. HON  TiiHoii.ii  i.()\vi:i<  \vm;i.i.. 


to  o  oV-^ 


>_-j) — 1+- 


ONK    01-   THi:    SIIATT    IIKARINCS. 


' 


N/AG.U^A   /I///.A    SITF.S  AND    TfA'/U/VZ-S. 


245 


siyiicd  ;i  w.itiT   piston   l)i';irinjf  ;    (ttluT-i  l)c  citluT  of  thr  I'luinns  run,  in  America 

hit  ii|inn  till- idcM  ol"  hiiviii.ij  twin  wlu'i'ls  olun    imIKiI     ItoydiMi,     iy|>c,    or    i-lsc 

sit,   till'    one    larj^i'r    in    diamitir    and  jonval  wlu'cis.      TIn'  1  loo  liorM'-powcr 

vi'rtiialiv    (i\(r    the    ntlii  r,    ,{\\(\     tluw  ti!rl)ini's  ordcrt'd  l>y  the   Niaij.ira   I'alis 

ni'ntralizinn  liu'  uiiL^Iil   of  tiir     ulnnin  Taper  Company  ar<' of  llic  Ioii\,i|  tvpc, 

ol   water  actinn   on  llu-   wlieels  ;    and,  dcsii^m-d  and  Imilt  l)y  R.  1).  Wood  I'i 


iiM.   (11     rill.    1  ruiUM     ,.  \^i  ;  \. 


fmally,  \vc  have  also  a  coml)ination  of 
certain    of  these    metiioils    of  bearing, 
safely,  the  threat  weit^ht  on  the  revolv- 
ing parts   that   support   the  wheel    and 
the  weights  u|)on  the  shaft. 

The  wheels  themselves,  it  is   agreed 
among  European  turbine  builders,  must 


Co.,  of  Philadel|)hia,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  veteran  jonval  wheel  builder 
in  the  United  .States,  Mr.  K.  (ieyelin, 
and  are  very  much  like  the  Jonval 
wheels  described  below  as  submitted 
to  the  Niag.ira  Falls  Powder  Company 
by    Esclier,  Wyss    iS:    Co.,   of  Zurich, 


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CASS/ER '  S  AIA  GAZINE. 


i;i:ni:kai,  i:i.i;v.\tion.     iwi'scii  .v  riccARO  dicsic.N'. 


Switzerland,  hut  omitting  the  upper  of 
the  twin  wheels. 

The  three  wheels  now  set  anil  eoni- 
pleted  for  the  Xiagara  Kails  Power 
Company  were  designed  by  Faesch  «S: 
Piccard,  of  Cieneva,  Switzerland,  and 
were  built  r.nder  eontract  with  the  I. 
P.  Morris  Company  of  Philadelphia. 
They  consist  of  two  Fournevron  tur- 
bines, one  being  set  inverted  and  ver- 


tically over  the  other,  .so  as  to  neutral- 
ize weight  on  the  step  or  bearing. 
Fach  of  these  twin  wheels  is,  moreover, 
made  three  stories  high  or  deep,  and 
the  speed-gate  consists  of  a  cylindrical 
rim,  moving  u|)  and  down  on  the  out- 
side of  each  wheel.  To  further  neutral- 
ize weight  on  the  upper  bearing  of  the 
shaft,  tile  water  from  the  penstock  is 
allowed  to  pass  through  the  disc  of  the 


ral- 

'er, 
uul 
iciil 
uit- 
il- 
tlie 
is 
ihe 


N/AGANA    MILL    SJTJ-S  AND    TURBINES. 


247 


upper  nuulc-wlieels,  ami  to  act  VLTtic- 
ally  upward  upon  tlie  ilisc  ul  tin; 
U|)pcr  turl:)inL'  wlifcl.  Tlie  disc  of  the 
lower  i^uide- wheel  is,  on  the  other 
iiand,  solid,  and  the  weit^ht  of  water 
upon  it  is  supportetl  by  three  inclip.eil 
rods  passing  through  it  anil  the  wheel 
casing. 

These  wheels  will  discharge  430  cubic 
feet  per  second,  antl,  acting  under  136 
feet  oi  fall  from  the  surface  of  the  upper 
water  to  the  centre  between  the  upper 
and  lower  wheels,  will  make  250  revolu- 
tions i)er  minute  ;  at  75  i)er  cent,  ctti 
ciency  they  will  give  5000  lu)rse-j)ower. 


gale.  The  turl)iiie  wheels  are  made  of 
bronze,  the  rim  and  buckets  forming  a 
single  casting.  The  .shalt  is  a  steel 
tube,  3S  inches  in  diameter,  except  at 


SI  CTIliN   OI-    C.OVI;KNi>R.      lAlCSCII    ,^    I'lLCAKll 

iii,si(;.N. 


The  guide-wheel  has  36  buckets  ;  the 
turbine-wheel,  32.  These  buckets  are 
thickened  in  the  middle,  this  being  the 
most  approved  form  of  bucket, especially 
useful  when  the  wheel  is  acting  at  part 


points  where  it  passes  the  journal  beat- 
ings or  guides,  at  which  it  is  1 1  inches 
in  diameter  and  solid.  A  heavy  fly- 
wheel was  originally  designed  to  be 
mounted  on  this  shaft,  to  enable  the 
governor  the  better  to  control  the 
speed  of  the  wheel,  but  has  been  re- 
placed by  the  revolving  held  of  the 
dynamo.  This  fly-wheel  was  to  have 
been  14 'j  feet  in  diameter,  to  have 
weighed  10  tons,  and  was  to  ha\'e  been 


I':' 


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248 


CASS/Ji/^'S  MAGAZINE 


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NIAGARA   MIIJ.    SITES  AND    TURIilNES. 


249 


niaclo  of  forced  iron.  It  was  (U'si^^iicil 
tor  a  circiiinfcrciitial  sik'wI  ot  11,400 
feet  jii-T  minute. 

Tlic  spt'ccl-^atc'S  of  tliL'  wheels  are 
])lain  circular  rims,  \vhi(.h  throttle  the 
discharge  on  the  outside  of  the  wheels. 
This  makes  a  balanced 
gate,  ea.sy  of  motion. 
Together  with  the  gi>v- 
ernor  shown  and  the  Hy- 
wheel,  it  is  wairantcd  by 
the  makers  to  kee[)  the 
speed  constant  within  two 
per  ct'Ut.  under  ordinary 
conditions  of  operation, 
and  not  to  allow  it  to 
vary  more  than  four  per 
cent,  should  the  work 
done  be  suddenly  in- 
creased or  diniinislu'd  i)y 
25  ])er  cent.  To  shut  the 
wheel  down  tight,  reli- 
ance is  had  u|)oii  the 
headgates  leading  to  the 
|)enstock.  At  the  u])]X'r 
end  of  the  main  shaft  is 
a  thrust  bearing,  likewise 
shown  in  tiie  drawings, 
to  take  U|)  ])ressure 
along  the  shaft,  in  either 
direction  —  ii])\\ard  or 
downward.  This  pres- 
sure will,  naturally,  vary 
with  the  speed  of  the 
whet'l,  among  other 
causes  ;  hence  a  thrust 
hearing,  thus  operatixe 
in  either  vertical  direc- 
tion, is  a  necessity.  A 
system  of  water  cooling 
is  provided  for  this  upper 
thrust  bearing. 

The  plans  of  Escher, 
Wyss  &  Co.  show  twin  Jonval  wheels, 
hut  haxing  their  discharge  from  out  of 
the  wheel  case  in  a  horizontal  direction  ; 
hence,  capable  of  being  governed,  and 
actually  governed,  by  a  speed-gate  of 
very  nuich  the  same  construction  as  that 
already  described  in  the  case  of  the 
Faesch  iS:  I'iccard  wheel.  There  is  a  post 
or  column  passing  up  through  the  wheel 
from  the  bottom  of  the  wheel  case,  and 
an  ordinary  Fontaine  oil-bearing  near 
the    upper   limit    of    the    case.      These 


wheels,  as  drawn,  are  submerged,  and 
they  discharge  sideways  from  the  slot 
in  which  they  are  to  be  set,  instead  of 
having  the  tail-race  formetl  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  slot  and  directly  under  the 
row  of  wheels  set  on   beams   sjjanning 


ric.NSTotK  coN-Nix' jiiiN  WITH    iruMiNi;, 


the  .slot,  as  is  the  case  for  the  turbines 
now  erected.  Hy  ])lacing  the  goxeruor 
near  the  level  of  the  water  in  the  tail- 
race,  water  from  the  ])enstock  is  ob- 
tained underpressure,  and  the  governor 
can  be,  and  is,  designed  to  be  ojjerated 
by  hydraulic  power. 

In  an  article  by  the  present  writer, 
pre|)ared  several  years  ago,  it  was  shown 
that  Lowell,  Lawrence  and  Ilolyoke, 
Mass.,  combined,  had  only  one-fifth  the 
horse-|)ower  now   being  developed   by 


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250 


CASSfF.R '  .9  MA  GAZINE. 


the  works  of  the  Xiatrara  I''alls  Power 
Company  ;  that  those  cities  had  i^row  11 
to  ha\e  a  population  of  about  I5o,(Kjo 
|)L'opk'  in  45  years,  essentially  by  reason 
of  naving  some  2o,(joo  horse-j)()\ver  of 
\vater-])o\ver  to  keep  their  intiahitanls 
in  employment  ;  that  Niagara  I'"alls  is 
more  favorably  sitnatetl  as  re!;;arcls 
frei^rht  rates  to  the  rest  of  the  United 
Stales  tiian  these  cities  are  ;  and  that  it 
would,  therefore,  not  be  a  rash  pre- 
diction that  the  now  existine^  (then 
future)  cit\'  of  Niagara  l-'alls  woukl 
have  a  million  inhabitants  in  50  years. 
This  sentence,  the  ever  active  real  es- 
tate boomer  turned  to  his  own  uses, 
though  to  the  discredit  of  its  quoted 
author,  by  writing^  "in  a  few  years," 
instead   of  50   years.      Rut    such    as  it 


was  then   written,  the  author  still  sub- 
scribes to. 

With  a  park  on  both  sides  of  the 
river,  thai  has  resloretl  and  will  forever 
l)reser\e  the  natural  beauties  of  Ni- 
agar.i  l-'alls  to  succeeding  generations  ; 
with  a  power  develo|)ment,  likewise,  on 
both  sides  of  the  river,  that  has  been 
designed  with  full  regard  had  to  the 
preservation  of  all  of  these  wonderful 
natural  beauties  ;  with  constant  power 
delivered  at  home  and  to  the  surround- 
ing country,  at  rates  never  before  of- 
fered so  favoral)le  ;  the  future  develop- 
ment of  the  Buffalo-Niagara  Falls  dis- 
trict, as  a  manufacturing  centre,  no  less 
than  as  a  ])lace  of  residence,  cannot  fail 
to  be  one  of  the  marvels  of  the  fast 
approaching  twentieth  century. 


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ii 


a    i 


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I,.  B.  Srii.i.WKM,  is  tlie  electrical  eiifjineer 
and  assistant  niaiiaKcr  of  the  WeEtiiiKlioiise 
Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company,  aiul 
had  under  siipervision  the  entire  installation 
ol'electrical.apparatus  at  Niagara  l-'alls. 


ELECTRIC    POWER  GENERATION  AT  NIAGARA. 


lly  /.(Ti'/.v  lliiiklcy  S!ill:crll,  /'/ti/ric  a/  /•'.iii^inrrr. 


E 


iLKCTRICITV  as  an 
aj^ent  for  transmitting 
and  distributing- 
power  has  received  its 
most  weiglity  endorse- 
ment in  its  adoption  by 
the  Cataract  Construction 
Company,  of  New  \'ork, 
for  their  great  project  at 
Niagara.  No  enterprise 
of  modern  times,  involving 
special  and  extraordinary 
engineering  jM'oblems,  has 
been  more  carefully,  more 
patiently,  more  systemati- 
cally or  more  intelligently 
studied  than  has  tlie  utili- 
zation of  this,  the  greatest 
water  power  in  the  world.  The  officers 
and  directors  of  the  companv,  controll- 
ing financial  means  aiuplefor  their  j)ur- 
pose,  have,  for  five  years,  energetically 
and  persistently  endeavored  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  best  resources  of 
modern  engineering  science.  Confront- 
ing a  problem  without  j)recedent  in  its 
magnitude,  and  almost  without  parallel 
in  its  significance,  they  have  attacked  it 
with  energy  and  abilitv  of  the  highest 
order,  studied  it  with  keen  insight  and 
sound  judgment  and,  in  solving  it  with 
success,  have  contributed  a  chapter  of 
rare  interest  and  meaning  to  the  history 
of  industrial  progress. 

The  utilization  of  Niagara  for  indus- 
trial j)nri)oses  imposes  upon  tliose  un- 
dertaking it  a  res|)onsibility  far  beyond 
that  which  is  measured  by  the  capital 
invested.  Science  is  cosmopolitan;  she 
recognizes  no  boundary  of  race  or  na- 
tion; and  engineering  science  of  the 
twentieth  century,  in  passing  judgment 
upon  the  methods  and  ajiparatus  em- 
ployed, while  not  failing  to  take  into 
consideration  the  difficulties  and  limita- 
tions imposed  by  the  boundaries  of  our 


])resent  knowledge,  will  allow  no  excuse 
for  failure  to  find  out  and  use  the  best 
means  known  to  our  age. 

It  is,  tiierefore,  a  source  of  j)rofound 
gratification  that,  from  tiie  outstart, 
the  policy  of  the  company  has  been 
characterized  by  a  breaclth  of  view  com- 
mensurate with  the  far-reaching  import- 
ance of  the  enterprise.  The  directors 
have  allowed  no  local  or  even  national 
prejudice  to  bias  their  judgiuent.  Thev 
early  threw  the  lists  wide  open  and  in 
the  original  com])etition  which  they  in- 
augurated, the  international  commission 
|)assed  u[)on  no  less  than  twenty-two 
])lans  covering  jjractically  the  whole 
known  range  of  electric,  hydraulic  and 
pneumatic  di'-tribution  of  jjower,  and 
originating  from  places  as  far  East  as 
the  city  of  Buda-Pesth,  and  as  fu"  West 
as  .San  Francisco. 

It  must  be  gratifying  to  Americans 
tiiat  under  tliese  conditions  a  system 
develo])ed  l)y  an  American  comi)any 
has  l)een  adojited,  but  lor  the  recent 
rapid  advancement  in  engineering 
science  which  has  made  this  work  possi- 
ble, America  is  in  no  position  to  claim 
exclusive  credit,  if  she  would.  In  the 
])lans  for  the  hydraulic  plant,  Switzer- 
land, the  land  of  water  powers,  shows 
the  way,  wiiile  in  the  design  of  the 
great  electric  generators,  the  most 
|)owerfiil  as  yet  jjroduced,  Cireat  Britain 
is  represi'uted  directly  in  the  excellent 
general  form  of  construction  adoi)ted, 
which  was  proposed  by  Prof.  (ieo. 
Forbes,  and  indirectly  in  the  work  of 
llopkinson,  Kapp,  Thompson,  Mordev, 
and  others,  whose  carefiil  study  of  the 
principles  underlying  the  construction 
of  electrical  machinery  has  done  nuich 
to  make  it  possible  to  design  a  machine 
so  far  beyond  the  range  of  actual  ex- 
perience, in  full  confidence  that  the 
resiilts    predicted    from    theory    would 


254 


GASSIER '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


\\ 


F.LFATRIC  Pi^Ul'R  A  I'  Xl.lC.lK.l. 


bo  rcali/rd  in  juMcticr.  l'i.Th:i|)s 
no  coiiiUi')'  is  more  larLjtly  i>r  more; 
crc'clital)ly  ri'|)rc'seiUr(l  in  tlu.'  threat 
Nia,y;ar;i  installation  tiian  Smiijan  Lika. 
— tliat  stnrdy  little  province  on  the 
Adriatic,  which  has  honoured  it~.ell  by 
protlucinj4'  Mr.  Nicola  Telsa,  and  were 
it  possible  to  trace  to  its  true  source 
each  one  of  the  j^reat  number  of  ideas 
embodied  in  the  complete  installation, 
it  is  probable  that  we  should  fmd  nearly 
every  civilized  nation  represented — 
iMii^land,  Anu'rica,  Switzerland,  ]■  r.mce, 
Gerniany,  Italy,  some  in  greater  de- 
gree, some  in  less,  Ijut  all  co-operatini^' 
to  achie\e  what  is,  beyond  question, 
one  of  the  most  significant  trium|)hs  (jf 
nineteenth  century  enu^ineerino^  skill. 

The  ])roblem  in  electrical  cni^incerinjLj 
presented  by  the  Cataract  Construction 
Companv,  as  defmed  by  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  hydraulic  ]ilant  in  the  power 
house  and  the  reipiirements  of  the  pro- 
posed marki't  for  the  power  developed, 
maybe  stated  as  follows: 

Given,  ist: — Four  vertical  shafts,  di- 
rect-driven by  turl)iiies  makinyf  250 
revolutions  ])er  minute  and  capable  of 
deliverint^'  at  the  to|)  of  each  shaft  from 
5000  to  5500  mechanical  horse-power. 
Additional  turl)ines  and  shafts  to  be  in- 
stalled as  the  demand  for  power  in- 
creases. 2(1: — A  market  for  power, 
be^inniniL:;'  just  outside  the  walls  of  the 
power  house  and  e.\tenilint^  at  least 
twenty  miles  (and  as  much  further  as 
possible),  said  power  to  be  used  for,  (  A) 
iL^eneral  industrial  ])urposes,  such  as  the 
operation  of  macliinery  in  mills  and 
factories;  (H)  the  operation  of  street 
railways;  (C)  lii;htin!4;bv  arc  and  incan- 
descent lights;  ( l)j  electn)lytic  pur- 
poses; (K)  heating. 

Required: — The  most  reliable  and 
etficient  method  antl  machinery  for  util- 
izing the  jjower  for  the  purposes  named. 

The  system  or  organization  of  electric 
apparatus  which  was  adopted  is  known 
as  the  Tesla  Polyphase  Alternating- 
Current  System.  Each  generator  de- 
livers alternating  current  to  each  of  two 
circuits,  the  currents  in  these  circuits 
differing  from  each  other  in  their  time 
relation,  or  phase,  by  90  degrees;  that 
is  to  say,  the  current  delivered  to  each 


circuit  attains  its  m.ixiinuni  x'alue  at  the 
instant  when  tiie  current  deli\ered  to 
l!ie  other  circuit  is  zero.  TIu.-  fre(|uenc\- 
is  25  c\'cles  pt'r  second. — in  other  wi  uds, 
the  direction  of  the  current  is  ri'vcrst'd 
■^ooi)  times  per  minute.  iSv  me.ms  of 
rheostats,  controlling  tin;  tield  circuits 
of  the  generators,  the  ])otential  of  the 
current  delivered  is  adiustable  U|)  to  the 
limit  of  24.00  eftective  volts,  in  ordi- 
nary service,  and  until  transnii>>ion 
over  great  distances  is  undertaken,  the 
normal  potential  will  a|)pro.\im  ite  2i<io 
volts,  but,  to  com|)i'nsale  for  the  losses 
incident  to  long  distance  transmission, 
the  genenitors  may  be  operated  at  anv 
potenti;d  not  excei'ding  2400  \()Us. 

The  currents  delivereti  by  the  gene- 
rators arc  con\'cyed  through  hea\ilv  in- 
sulated cables  to  the  switchbo.u-d. 
Then',  by  means  of  suitable  switching 
devices,  the  engineer  in  charge  of  the 
st.itioa  may,  at  will,  connect  any  one  of 
the  generators,  or  any  combination  of 
the  generators,  to  the  external  circuits 
which  convey  the  currents  from  the 
])ower  house  to  the  consmuers.  These 
external  circuits,  known  as  feeder  or 
supply  circuits,  ])assingfrom  the  switch- 
board, are  su])ported  upon  iron  brackets 
in  a  brick-lined  subwa\' within  thejiower 
house,  as  shown  in  the  illustration  on 
l)age  2X6.  Insulated,  lead-covered 
cables  are  used,  and  these,  leaving  the 
subway,  are  continued  through  the 
bridge  connecting  the  power  liouse  with 
the  transformer  house  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  ])ower  canal.  The  cables  con- 
veving  current,  intended  for  the  use  of 
tenants  of  the  co:iipany  and  other  con- 
sumers of  j)()wtr  within  a  radius  of  2  or 
3  miles  of  the  power  house,  pass  d i recti \' 
through  the  transformer  house  and  en- 
ter a  conduit  leading  to  the  works  of 
those  tenants  who  are,  at  present,  the 
principal  users  of  the  ])ower. 

Current  intended  for  transmission  to 
considerable  distances,  as,  for  e.\am|)le, 
to  Butfalo,  will  pass  from  the  switch- 
board through  similar  lead-covered 
cables  in  the  power  house  subway  and 
the  britlge  to  the  transformer  house. 
There  it  will  enter  the  "stei)-up" 
transformers,  and  from  these  current  at 
high  potential  (E.  G.  20,000  volts)  will 


1 

I., 


ii 


I 


In 


■  n 


,  X'. 

■if  ■ 

% 

n 

^:  1 

1       : 


1 


256 


CASS/ER '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


a[0>il  a 


aififF1I]_<rfjni 


\m 


■  I  ill 

11      •       IE} 


■):  ! 


F.i.Fj -ran •  no wi-.n  . i  r  .\i.  h;.iA'.  i. 


25: 


be  delivered  lo  the  loiis^-ili-itain  e  trans- 
mitting circuits.  It  lias  not  yet  Ijcen 
deterniinctl  whether  these  lon^'-iiistance 
circuits  shall  he  overhead  or  uiuier- 
yround.  At  the  distant  I'ud  of  the  cir- 
cuits "  step-down  "  transforniers  will  he 
cmploved  to  reduce  the  potential  of  tln' 
currents  to  an  amdunl  suitable  for  local 
distribution. 

The  kind  and  amount   of  apjjaratus 
which  it  will  be  necessary  to  install  ujjou 


Referring  tn  llii^  diagram,  each  nf 
the  .ijencrators  A  and  15  delivers  two 
se])arate  and  distinct  alternatin).j  cur- 
rents to  the  slt'|)-up  or  raising,'  trans- 
formers RT,  \iV\  KT,  and  RT', 
throuj^h  the  switchboarcl  1).  The  cur- 
rent, delivered  by  the  j^enerators  at 
2000  \'oits,  is  tiansfornu'd  bv  the  raisini^ 
tiansforiners  U)  a  hij^h  ])otential  suitable 
to  lonjjf-distance  transmission,  say 
20,000  volts,  and  is  delivered  bv  them 


mMmimmmuMimi 


ttmttir.:- 


;ft.tea#' 


oNii  OK  uu;  5000  iioKsi;-ro\\  EK  ar.m.vtvkks. 


the  premises  of  the  users  of  jjowcr  de- 
pends upon  the  kind  of  service  required. 
In  the  ca.se  of  large  motors,  the  current 
delivered  by  the  local  distributintj;  cir- 
cuits at  Niagara  may  be  supplied  to  the 
machines  without  reduction  of  potential 
by  transformers.  In  the  case  of  smaller 
motors,  and  in  the  caseof  connnutating 
machines  used  to  supjily  direct  current, 
step-down  transformers  will  ordinarily 
be  employed.  The  general  organiza- 
tion of  the  system  and  character  of  the 
apparatus  required  for  each  of  the  prin- 
cipal types  of  service  are  illustrated  in 
the  diagram  on  the  opposite  page. 

7-3 


to  the  transmission  circuits  L,  L',  Li'- 
and  L'.  At  a  ])oint  conveniently  lo- 
cated with  reference  to  the  district 
where  lights  and  motors  are  to  be  sup- 
])lied  a  sub-station  is  erected.  The 
transmission  circuits  enter  the  station 
and  deliver  their  currents  to  the  step- 
down  or  lowering  transformeis  LT, 
LT',  LT'-',  and  LT',  which,  in  turn, 
deliver  currents  at  moderate  potentials, 
.suitable  for  local  distribution. 

The  switchboard  F  affords  means 
whereby  the  circuits  coming  from  the 
various  groups  of  lowering  transformers 
mav  be   readily  transferred  and  inter- 


I.  a 


V 

■  1 

ff 

1 1  'I 


t 


Mh 


1 1' 
'  .  I  J:' 


25'"' 


C'l5S//iA"S  MAGAZINE. 


A    1   n.l.l>    lilM.     HI    AliV     lo    lU:    I.l>\Vl-.KI.i)    ll\-     A    (.l.NI.UA  IIIK    SIIAIT. 


cliaiigcd,  so  that  any  of  the  transmission 
circuits  may  l)e  used  to  supply  any  of 
the  local  distributint;-  circuits,  as  may  be 
advantageous  or  convenient,  or  all  of 
tlie  local  circuits  may  l)e  supplied  with 
current  from  bus  bars  to  which  the 
transmission  circuits  of  like  j)]iase  are 
connected  in  parallel. 

In  the  diati^ram,  beginning  at  the  left 
of  the   switchboard,  the   first  four-wire 


circuit  is  used  to  supply  alternating  cur- 
rent to  the  m()tor-t»'enerator  or  rotary 
transformer  M(i,  which,  in  turn,  de- 
livers direct  current  at  500  volts  tea 
trolley  line,  from  which  the  street  car  K 
issu])plied.  The  second  circuit  supplies 
the  motors  M,  iM',  M',  and  M' of  the 
two-phase,  synchronous  type,  or  of  the 
induction  type,  which  are  adapted  to 
general   power  purposes  in  mills,   fac- 


\^ 


I'J.I'.CIRU'  J'i>W/:h'    .//•  \/.l(,.IA'.l. 


-59 


toric's,  cU'.  Tln'iuxt  tiiur-wirL' circuit  is 
divided  into  two  two- will.' circuits,  and  is 
used  to  supply  iiuandcsci'iit  lamps 
tiudu^h  tin;  tninsfornicr.s  I),  h',  and  b'. 
'I'lie  next  circuit  supplies  alternating;- 
current  to  tlie  niotors^enorator  M("i', 
which  delivers  dinct  current  for  arc 
ii^diting  purposes.  The  last  circuit 
shown  su|i])lies  the  inotor-ji^enerator 
M(i',  which,  in  turn,  delivtrs  direct 
currcntat  ii  low  ])otential  for  electrolytic 
purposes,  as  indicated  in  the  \ats  \', 
V,  V-',  and  V: 

It  is  not  intended  to  attempt  the  sup- 
])ly  of  incandescent  lights  in  p^cneral  in 
the  manner  indicate<l  in  thcdiai^ram,  as 
the  frequency  isratiierlow  for  that  \n\v- 
])ose.  At  25  cycles  per  second  a  slit^ht 
waverintf  or  variation  in  the  intensity  of 
the  lij^jht  is  jierceptiMe  luidcr  certain 
conditions  in  the  case  of  lamps  having 
especially  thin  filaments,  such  as  a  10 
candle-power  lani])  for  a  iO(j-volt  cir- 
cuit.      In    loo-volt    lanijis    of   j^reaier 


candle-power,  and  iu5o-vok  l.inip-^,  ihc 
li,ljht  is  i'ntiri'Iysati>factory.  Arc  liji^hl- 
inn  can,  of  course,  he  accomplished  not 
only  in  the  way  shown  in  the  diai^ram, 
hut  also  hy  the  indirect  method  f)f  em- 
|)loyiiii,''  polyphase-'  motors  to  drive  arc 
lijL^ht  machines  of  the  typi's  ^cner  ill\-  in 
use. 

The  frequency  select d  is  in  evtiv 
res|)e(t  admirable  lor  power  purposes, 
and  was  chosen  in  preferi'nce  to  a  lnu;her 
fre(|uency  because  the  amount  of 
energy  re<|uirt'd  for  litihlinn  from 
Niagara  will,  for  m.my  years,  and  |)er- 
haps  for  all  time,  constitute  hut  a  coni- 
l)arativt'ly  small  jiart  of  th.e  enert^y  dis- 
tributed. Atjiresent  the  only  practicable 
way  to  utilize  Niagara  power  for  lii^ht- 
ing  purposes  is  by  substitutmg  motors 
for  the  engines  now  used  in  arc  and  in- 
candescent lighting  i)lants  in  Niagara, 
Tonawanda,  Buffalo  and  other  cities 
and  towns  to  which  the  circuits  may  be 
extended.       Wh?n     the     demaml    for 


.ii 


it 


I 


Ii 


'  'I 
I 

I! 


Tin;   1  IKST  GKNKRATOR   I.N   I'OSITION  IN  TIIK  I'OWKK    IIOUSK  AT   NIAOARA. 


26(1 


CASS  IE R '  S  MA  GA  ZINE. 


FLOOR  LINE 


i  i 


A  Ti>i'  \ii:\v. 


ELECTRIC  POWER   AT  XIACARA. 


261 


current  to  be  used  lor  lightint^  purposes 
becomes  sufficiently  important  to  justify 
•a  change  in  the  apparatus,  and,  per- 
haps, in  the  methods  now  employed  for 
lighting  the  cities  and  towns  to  which 
the  circuits  may  be  extended,  a  certain 
number  of  generators  of  higlier  fre- 
quency may  be  installed. 

The  drawings  leprotluccd  on  this 
and  the  opposite  pages  are  front  and 
side  elevations  ancl  a  plan,  showing 
the  relation  of  the  generator,  the  bed 


space  occupied  \^y  the  generators,  with 
the  actual  size  of  the  machine  as  shown 
on  page  25S. 

The  height  of  each  generator  from  the 
bottom  of  the  bedplate  10  the  top  of  the 
tloor  of  the  bridge  is  11  ft.  Gin.  The 
diameter  of  tiie  bedplate  is  14  ft.,  and 
the  outside  diameter  of  the  revolving 
held  ring  is  11  ft.  7 '3  in.  Each  gene- 
rator delivers  5000  electrical  horse- 
power, and  re(iuires  about  5150  horse- 
power delivered   through   the   turbine 


IKONT   l:l.|-.V.\TI(i;^   ANP   Sl'CTlnV  TIIKIMI.II    liirNI>,\TI(lN. 


of  concrete  supporting  the  massive  cap- 
stone and  the  excellently  constructed 
arch  wliich  spans  the  wheel  pit.  On  pages 
262  and  263  sections  through  the  power 
house  and  wheel  pit,  reproduced  from 
the  general  drawings,  show  the  genera- 
tors in  relation  to  the  power  house,  the 
wheel  pit  and  the  hydraulic  plant.  The 
large  scale  upon  which  the  work  has 
been  planned  and  carried  out  is  graphi- 
cally evident  upon  comparison  of  these 
sections,  illustrating  the  relatively  small 


shaft  to  (lri\  e  it  luider  full  load.  lv\- 
clusive  of  the  britlge,  which  is  smiply 
used  to  gi\e  access  to  the  brushes  bear- 
ing u[)()n  tiie  collecting  rings  at  the  to|) 
of  the  shaft,  the  entire  machine  could 
he  placed  in  a  room  15  ft.  square  and 
15  ft.  higli. 

The  weight  of  each  generator  is 
170,000  lbs.,  of  which  about  79,000 
lbs.  are  in  the  revolving  element,  which 
is  made  u|>  of  the  shaft,  the  drivei  to 
which   the   field   ring  is  attached,  the 


[.?  > 


■^.  f  \^  1 


\  :;, 


"^i 


Si 


•f 


HS 


26; 


CASSJER '  S    MA  GA  ZINE. 


I'ARTIAI,   I.ONGITUDINAI.   SECTION'   OK   Till;    I'OWI.R    IIOISi;    AND    Wll  I%1 .1.TIT. 


field  ring  with  its  i)ole  pieces  and  bob- 
bins, and  the  collecting  rings,  carried 
ui)on  an  extensior  of  the  shaft  above 
the  driver.  The  speed  at  which  the  field 
revolves  is  normally  250  revolutions  j)er 
minute,  and  the  fly-wheel  effect  of  the 
revolving  parts  of  the  machine,  measured 
by  the  pounds  multiplied  by  feet  per 
•second  squared,  is  1,274,000,000. 


The  conditions  to  be  met  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  generators,  as  deter- 
mined by  the  plans  adopted  for  the 
hydraulic  ])lant,  were  such  as  to  impose 
very  considerable  difticulty  ujion  the 
designers  and  manufacturers.  Tiiese 
conditions  were,  in  brief,  an  output  of 
5000  electrical  horse-power,  a  speed  of 
250  revolutions  per  minute,  a  weight  in 


KLliClRIC  P0\\1:R   .//•  XI.H.AR.l. 


2(y- 


the  revolving  eleineiit  of  tlie  machine 
not  exceeding  80,000  Uw.,  and  a  tly 
wheel  effect  of  tiie  revolving  parts, 
measured  by  the  pounds  multiplied  by 
feet  per  second  squared,  of  not  less  than 
1, 100,000,000. 

In  saying  that  the  im|)()sition  of  these 
conditions  involved  difficulties,  no  re- 
flection u|)on  the  wisdom  of  the  decision 
which  imposed  these  conditions  is  in- 
tended. It  would  Ijc,  perhaps,  more 
exact  to  say  that  the  general  specifica- 
tions laid  down  were  such  as  called  for 
the  higliest  skill  in  the  designers  and 
builders  of  the  generators.  The  con- 
ditions have  been  met  successfully,  and 
the  object  which  the  officers  of  the 
Cataract  Construction  Company  had  in 
view  is  attained.  The  Niagara  gene- 
rators represent  to-day  the  highest  state 
of  the  art  of  design  and  construction  01 
electrical  machinery. 

The  construction  of  the  generators  is 
illustrated  by  the  reproductions  from 
the  general  drawings  on  jxiges  264  and 
265.  In  the  vertical  section  through 
the  centre  line  of  the  shaft  on  page  264, 
a  re])resents  the  stationary  armature, 
secured  in  place  by  the  armature  sup- 
port AS,  which,  in  turn,  rests  u])on  the 
bedplate  B.  One  of  the  four  terminals 
at  which  the  current  from  the  armature 
is  delivered  to  the  cables  leading  to  the 
switchboard,  is  sliown  at  T.  Of  course, 
since  the  armature  is  stationary,  no 
ring  collectors  or  brusiies  are  needed. 
The  revolving  part  of  the  generator 
consists  of  the  shaft  S,  carrying  tlie 
driver  D,  the  field  ring  I'"R,  the  steel 
pole  pieces  P,  the  field  bobbins  Y\\ 
(each  bobbin  surrounding  a  jiole  piece), 
and  the  collector  C,  by  means  of  which 
the  current  delivered  from  the  exciters 
to  the  brush  holders  /',  /»',  is  conveyed 
to  the  field  bobbins.  In  the  horizontal 
section  through  the  armature  and  field, 
a  is  the  armature,  I-R  the  field  ring, 
P,  P',  etc.,  are  the  jiole  pieces  and  H, 
B',  etc. ,  the  field  bobbins.  The  clear- 
ance between  the  armature  and  the  field 
poles  is  one  inch. 

The  power  house  is  ef|uipped  with 
a  50-ton  electric  crane,  buiU  bv  Messrs. 
Wm.  Sellers  ^  Co.,  of  Philadelphia, 
which  is  of  ample  strengtli   to  handle 


-^:^rr^~-xys&;. 


cuiiss  sit  iiiiN  111     I'liu.K    iiorsi;    VNU  \viii-.:-.i.i'iT. 

auv  ])art  of  the  electric  or  hydraulic 
machinery,  and  by  means  of  this  the 
revolving  i)arts  of  the  machines  may  be 
removed  when  necessary.  In  doing  this 
the  collecting  rings  near  the  top  of  the 
shaft  are  first  removed,  and  the  bridge 
is  taken  out  of  the  way.  The  key 
which  fixes  the  driver  to  the  shaft  is 
then    withdrawn,    and    a    special    tool, 


1 , 1 

it' 

■  1 

\'-A 

^' 

i  i^fi 


')    I 


"'  }  ill 

■    1 ' 


^ 


;ii  i 


CASS/HR'S  MAGAZINE. 


0= 


\  I  KiiL.M.  SIC  mix  111'  om;  m-    riii;  ^ooo  iiDKSi.-rowiK  i.i.MiKAroRS. 


wliich  may  I'o  described  as  a  combined 
eycbolt  and  liydraulic  pump,  is  attached 
to  the  driver  l)y  eij^^iit  heavy  tap  bolts. 
Tiie  pressure  pump  is  tiien  operated  by 
hand,  and,  leai<ape  of  water  iKMnjj^  pre- 
vented l)y  packinj^  rin^s,  a  pressure  of 
many  thousand  pounds,  tenchnt>-  to  lift 
the  tirivcr  with  reference  to  the  shaft, 
is  exerted.  In  this  way  the  driver  is 
loosened  from  the  shaft,  and,  with 
the  field,  is  then  raised  bodily  by 
the  electric  crane.  The  bearings  and 
the  castings  which  sup])ort  them  are 
ne.xt  lifted  out,  and  theshaft  is  removed 
if  necessary.  When  this  has  been 
accomplished,  a  clear  space  is  left  within 
the  fi.xed  part  of  the  machine,  that  is, 
within   the   armature  sup|)ort,  five  feet 


in  diameter,  through  which  i)arts  of  the 
turbine  shaft  or  other  machinery  from 
the  wheel  ])it  can  be  raised. 

An  attractive  feature  of  the  form  of 
construction  adopted  is  the  fact  that 
the  magnetic  attraction  between  the 
field  poles  and  the  armature  acts 
against  the  centrifugal  force.  As  com- 
pared with  the  centrifugal  force  at  high 
s[)eeds  at  which  the  ring  must  still  be 
safe,  the  magnetic  attraction  is  not  very 
great,  and,  unless  the  field  is  charged, 
there  is,  of  course,  no  magnetic  pull 
between  armature  and  field.  But  with 
normal  conditions,  this  attraction  tends 
to  reduce  the  strains  in  the  ring,  due  to 
centrifugal  force,  whereas,  were  the 
armature   revolved  inside   of  the  field, 


i  !'■ 


i-j.F.CTRir  j\)\vi-:r  at  xiacara. 


^65 


tile  magnetic  ])ull  would  he  added  to 
the  centrifugal  force. 

Tlie  armature  and  field  are  ventilated 
by  means  of  openings  in  the  driver, 
j)rovided  with  special  ventilators  7',  f', 
so  arranged  as  to  draw  air  u])  through 
the  machine,  and  throw  it  out  at  the 
to|).  A  considerable  draught  is  neces- 
sarv,  since,  at  full  load,  heat  eciuivalent 
to  about  I  GO  horse-power,  representing 
the  loss  in  the  generator  due  to  mag- 
netization of  the  iron  and  the  resistance 
encountered  by  the  currents  traversing 
the  conductors,  must  be  dissijjated. 

The  sections  on  pages  260  and  26  r 
show  the  method  of  securing  the  bed 
plate  in  place.  Eight  2'. --inch  bolts  are 
used,  and,  at  their  lower  ends,  are  se- 
curely  held   by  castings   buried   in  the 


concrete  foundation.  The  masonry  is 
of  the  highest  class,  massive  blocks  of 
Oueenston  limestone  being  used  for  the 
capstone  and  in  the  construction  of  the 
arch.  In  the  latter  a  cylindrical  steel 
casting  takes  the  place  of  the  keystone, 
the  turbine  shaft  passing  through  it  to 
the  dynamo  shaft  above. 

The  armature  supi)ort  is  a  single 
casting  of  cylindrical  form,  and  is  se- 
curely bolted  to  the  bedplate,  upon 
which  it  is  adjusted  by  set  screws  in  a 
flange  around  the  circular  bed,  and  is 
afterwards  babbitted  to  secure  rigidity. 
This  cylindrical  casting  has  on  its  outer 
I)eriphery  a  series  of  vertical  ril)s,  which 
terminate  at  the  lower  ends  in  a  flange 
upon  which  the  armature  ring  rests. 
The  latter  was   lowered   to  this  flange 


'  If 


% 


IS  1*1 


if 


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ii 


IloRIZnXTAT,  SnCTTOV, 


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266 


CASSJER'S   MAGAZINE. 


illi;    AUMATlRi:    (II     Tin;    SlX'UNll    l.l'.Ni:RAri)R    IN    I'l.ACI.. 


while  heated,  and  then  shrunk  inlij 
place  against  the  ribs  on  the  cylindrical 
support.  Five  of  these  ribs  are  i)ro- 
vided  with  dove-tailed  keyways,  corre- 
si)onding  with  keyways  in  the  armature 
ring.  Into  these,  after  the  ring  was 
shrunk  into  place,  metal  keys  were 
cast.  While  the  outer  surface  of  this 
casting  which  supports  the  armature  is 
cylindrical,  its  inner  surfaces,  at  the 
top  and  bottom,  form  sections  of  two 
truncated  cones  into  which  fits  and  is 
securely  bolted  a  second  casting  carry- 
ing two  massive,  five-ann  spiders, 
which  support  the  upper  and  lower 
bearings.  The  illustration  on  page  267 
shows  the  armature  support  and  arma- 
ture core  after  the  latter  has  been 
shrunk  into  place.  The  vertical  slots 
which  will  be  noted  around  the  periph- 
ery of  the  core,  are  ready  for  the  re- 
ception of  the  armature  conductors. 
The  construction  of  the  casting  which 


carries  the  spitlers  supporting  the  bear- 
ings is  illustrated  on  the  same  page. 
The  end  view  shows  the  bushings  in 
l)lace,  and  these  Inishings  are  sepa- 
rately illustrated  on  page  268.  The 
bearings,  which  are  of  the  best  quality 
of  bearing  metal,  are  in  two  parts,  are 
fitted  into  conical  bearings  of  iron  sur- 
rountling  the  shaft,  and  are  provided 
with  set  screws  to  assist  in  withdrawing 
or  tightening  when  necessary.  The 
bearings  are  lubricated  by  oil  under 
pressure,  admitted  at  a  point  midway 
between  the  top  and  bottom,  and  also 
at  a  point  near  the  to]i. 

Grooves  are  cast  in  the  hub  of  each 
spider,  with  pipes  at  each  end,  permit- 
ting the  circulation  of  water  to  cool  the 
bearings,  this  water  being  conveyed  to 
the  bearings  direct  from  the  city  mains 
at  a  pressure  of  60  pounds  per  square 
inch.  The  oil  is  supplied  from  a  reser- 
voir jilaced  at  an  elevation  of  about  30 


ELI'A  TRR  '  PL )  //  7s/v'    .  /  /"  X/.  I  (,.IK.  I. 


267 


ft.  above  the  upper  Ijeaiiii,!^.  After 
havinij;'  passetl  tliroiigh  the  bearinjrs,  it 
is  filtered  and  i)iuiiped  hack  into  tlie 
reservoir.  Tlie  |)ressure  at  which  it  is 
supplied  to  the  machine  is  that  due  to 
gravity. 


iafi^L__.i-.a : 


Tin:  AUMATiui;  sri'i'oKT  and  cdki;. 

The  illustrations  on  images  269  and 
266  show,  respectively,  the  armature 
core,  or  ring,  in  place  upon  its  support 
before  winding,  and  the  armature  com- 
plete, with  conductors  in  the  grooves 
or  slots  around  the  jieriphery  of  the 
core.     The  armature  core  is  built  up  of 


of  the  core  consists  of  eleven  segments, 
which  are  so  placed  that  all  joints  in 
each  layer  are  overlapped  by  the  seg- 
ments of  the  adjacent  layers.  One  of 
tlie  sheets  of  steel  is  shown  on  page 
26.S.  These  pieces  are  punched  out 
of  large  sheets  of  a  certain  prede- 
termined ciuality,  .015  of  an  inch 
thick,  by  steel  dies  in  powerful  presses. 
They  are  afterwards  thoroughly  an- 
nealed. In  this  .process  of  annealing, 
the  surfaces  of  the  .segments  are  oxi- 
dized, the  oxide  serving  as  insulation 
to  reduce  the  eddy  currents  which  are 
set  up  in  the  iron  of  the  armature  when 
the  machine  is  in  operation. 

The  ring  thus  built  up  is  securely 
held  together  by  sixty-six  bolts  of 
nickel  steel,  containing  a  high  per- 
centage of  nickel  which  renders  them 
practically  non-magnetic.  These  bolts 
are,  of  course,  carefully  insulated  from 
the  core.  The  large  discs,  or  end- 
plates,  at  the  top  and  bottom  of  the 
armature  ring  are  of  brass.  At  the 
time  of  tightening  the  bolts,  the  steel 
plates  are   i)ressed  closely  together  by 


SIDl:    VIl.W  Ol'  C.VbTINc;  CARRVI.NO   SlUDliR   I'OK 
IIKAKINCIS, 

thin  sheets  of  mild  steel,  No.  30  B.  W., 
G.,  and,  to  secure   free   circulation  of 
air,    is   divided   horizontally    into    six 
equal   parts,  separated   from    one  an- 
other by  one- inch  spaces.      Each  layer 


i;nu  view  of  Tilt;  casting. 

powerful  hand-presses.  The  six  equal 
parts,  or  layers,  into  which  the  core  of 
the  armature  is  divided,  are  separated 
from  one  another  by  segments  of  cast 
brass,  these  segments  being  cast  in  such 
form  that,  while  they  have  sufficient 
strength  to  withstand  the  pressure  under 
which  the  armature  core  is  assembled, 
the  larger  part  of  the  spaces  between 
the  six  adjacent  rings  or  steel  plates  is 
left  open  for  the  circulation  of  air. 
The    armature    ring,     when    finally 


v:     I, 


^  ■ 


I!;,    i 


ii 


T^^IT' 


•1 


J ' 


I  f   M 


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14  » 


I" 


n  ;. 


11?:  Mil! 


^ns 


C/? SS//':/i ' S  MA GA /.INI-:. 


built  up,  is  turned  on  the  inner  surface 
so  as  to  accurately  tit  tlie  ribs  of  the 
armature  sui)port.  It  is  then  heated, 
and  lowered  into  place  against  the  flange 
on  the  support,  and,  in  cooling,  shrinks 
itself  tightly  into  place  against  the  ribs. 
The  armature  conductors  consist  of 
copper  bars  i',i-  in.  by  I'r  in.  in  section, 
the  edges  of  the  bars  being  rounded  to 
a  railius  of  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
to  .avoid  cutting  the  insulation.  Two 
of  these  bars,  after  being  insulated, 
are  placed  in  each  of  the  1S7 
slots  around  the  periphery  of  tiie  arma- 
ture core.  The  conductivity  ot  the 
bars   used    is  al)()ve   100  per  cent.,  by 


DICTAILS   Ol-    AU.MATURl-;    lli:A  U  I  N(  ,S. 

Matthiesen's  standard.  In  the  case  of 
the  second  generator  the  conductivity 
of  the  copper,  furnished  by  the  Wash- 
burn (S:  Moen  Mfg.  Co.,  of  Worcester, 
Mass.,  is  102.6  ])ercent.,  which  strik- 
ingly illustrates  the  fact  that  what  was 
considered  pure  cojiper  when  the  stand- 
ard referred  to,  and  still  generally  used. 


oNii  Ol'  nil;  siii:i;ts  MAKiNci  vi'  1111; 

AKMAllUi:   CORl;. 

was  determinetl,  is  now  inferior  to  cer- 
tain gratles  of  commercial  copper.  The 
proper  insulation  of  these  conductors  is 
a  matter  of  the  greatest  importance. 
Each  conductor  must  be  .separated 
from  its  neighbors  and  from  the  iron  of 


the  armature  c(jre  by  in.nilating  mate- 
rial which  is  abundantly  able  to  with- 
stand tlie  potential  to  which  it  will  be 
subjected,  and  in  order  to  be  sure  of 
this,  a  large  factor  of  .safety  is  allowed; 
that  is,  the  insulation  is  tested  by  apply- 


JlNl.' Iln\    (ir    AK.MATIKi;    liAKri   AND  (.(IN-. 

MXTiiks  ii];if>Ki;  sdi.dicri.vi.  ami 

I.NSII.ATIM',. 

ing  a  |)otential  several  times  as  great  as 
any  to  which  it  will  be  subjected  in 
service. 

At  the  factory,  the  insulation  of  each 
bar  was  tested  by  applying  a  potential 
of  15,000  volts.  One  terminal  of  the 
transformer  used  in  testing  was  cor,- 
nected  to  the  conductor,  and  the  other 
terminal  was  connected  to  a  layer  of  tin- 
foil, wrapped  about  the  outside  of  the 
insulation.  During  the  erection  of  the 
generators  at  Niagara,  the  insulation 
was  again  tested  by  applying  a  potential 
of  6000  volts,  one  terminal  of  the  testing 
transformer  being  connected  to  the  con- 
ductors, while  the  other  was  connected 
to  tlie  armature  core.  An  alternating 
potential  was  used  in  both  tests,  and 
the  values  given  are  in  each  case  tiie 
mean  or  effective  potential. 

The  material  used  for  insulating  the 
bars  is  principallv  mica.  The  armature 
conductors  project  above  and  below  the 
core,  as  sliown  in  the  illustration  on 
page  269,  and  connections  are  made  by 
pieces  of  copper,  punched  from  large 
sheets  and  shaped  into  proper  form  by 
presses  and  iron  moulds.  These  con- 
nectors are  insulated  by  mica  and  rub- 
ber insulating  tape,  the  former  being- 
used  only  where  connectors  conveying 


I  ! 


/•;/,/•;(  /'A'A    i\ > \\i-:r  . i  r  .\i. k,.  ia\  i. 


currciits   of  considerable   (lilfciriue    of 
jiDteiitial  are  adjaiX'iit  to  each  other. 

It  is  very  important  that  pxxl  elec- 
trical coiuiectioii  i)L  made  at  the  junction 
of  connector  and  ;  rnialure  bar.  The 
illustration  on  ]ia!^e  208  illustrates  the 
connection  before  the  solder  is  aiiplied. 
Three  holes  drilled  through  the  sjilit 
end  of  the  connector  correspond  to 
three  holes  in  the  end  of  the  armature 
bar.  The  split  end  of  the  connector  is 
fitted  closely  to  the  end  of  the  bar,  and 
when  the  holes  in  the  connector  and 
bar  are  ])ro])erly  aligned  they  are  se- 
curely llxed  in  ])lace  by  three  wrought 
iron  bolls,  the  Jioles  through  one  side 
of  the  connector  being  reamed  ont  to 
receive  the  heads  of  the  bolts.    After  the 


nuts  are  tightened  into  i)lace,  the  pro- 
jecting ends  of  the  bolts  are  up.set;  that 
is  to  say,  they  are  split  and,  as  it  were, 
riveted  to  lock  the  nuts. 

The  joint  is  then  thoroughly  soldered, 
this  work  being  greatly  facilitated  by 
the  nse  of  an  electrical  soldering  tool. 
The  proct'ss  will  be  best  understood  by 
referring  to  the  illustration  on  this  page, 
which  was  taken  during  the  eri'ction  of 
the  tirst  generator.  A  tr.insformer, 
supplied  with  alternating  current  at  a 
potential  of  about  150  volts,  is  so  wound 
as  to  deliver  a  current  of  very  large 
quantity  but  low  ])ressnre.  This  cur- 
rent is  coveyed  through  hea\'y  jaws,  or 
terminals,  of  copjjcr  to  the  poiiu  of 
junction  between  the  armatun.'  bar  and 


\ 

! 

>  ■ 


i  ■      ,1 


'!■ 

•      1 

T 

:  1     ;    , 

4  ■■ ' 

h     , 

!l: 

_,t,,t 


■J 

■  ti 

ii'' 
1  •■' 


KI.KCTKICAI.I.V   SOI.DI.KlNr,    Till;   1. 1  i\N  |;i:TInNS   ill     AN    MtMMI   Ki;    WlNlilNd 


■!-  !  !i 


'  r 


270 


CASS/IiR '  S  A/A  GAZINE. 


its  connector,  and  in  a  few  seconds  this 
point  is  iieatcd  to  a  lii^h  temperature. 
The  joint  is  then  readily  flooded  with 
solder.  This  is  afterwards  dressed  up 
by  a  file,  and  the  joint  is  thoroui,dily 
insulated. 

In  the  illustration  tiie  solderini,^  trans- 
former and  one  of  the  operatives  are 


page  266,  the  conductors  are  so  con- 
nected as  to  form  two  complete  circuits, 
each  tiiorouifhly  insulated  from  the 
other  antl  from  the  steel  core,  and  so 
related  to  each  other  that  the  electro- 
motive forces  induced  in  them  by  the 
revolving,''  niat,nietic  field  are  ninety  de- 
grees apart. 


Till-;  <;i;.Ni'.i<AT()i<  siimt. 


«■«! 


seen  carried  at  one  end  of  an  oak  frame, 
supported  upon  the  shaft  of  the  genera- 
tor and  counter- weighted  at  its  opposite 
end.  In  soldering  the  connections  the 
operative  slowly  revolves  the  frame 
about  the  armature.  The  seat  which 
carries  him  is  adjustable,  so  that  the 
connections  at  the  bottoni  of  the  arma- 
ture,  as   well   as    at   the   top,    can    be 


Coming  now  to  the  revolving  jiarts  of 
the  generator,  we  begin  with  the  shaft, 
which  is  shown  on  this  page.  It  is  of 
open-hearth  steel,  and  was  forged  and 
rough-turned  by  the  Cleveland  City 
Forge  and  Iron  Company  of  Cleveland, 
Ohio.  The  diameter  of  the  shaft  in  the 
bearings  is  \2\\  in.  It  is  tapered  at  the 
upper  end  to  receive  the  driver,  and  a 


m 


tin;  iiRivKR  KOR  Till-:  rii;Li>  ri.N(. 


reached,  and  it  is  provided  with  rails 
upon  which  the  transformer  is  pushed 
forward  until  the  copper  jaws  grasp  the 
connection,  or  withdrawn  after  the  sold- 
ering is  completed. 

When  the    armature   is   completely 
wound,  as  shown  in  the  illustration  on 


flange,  27  in.  in  diameter,  is  forged  at 
the  lower  end  to  provide  means  for  con- 
nection to  the  flange  at  the  top  of  the 
turbine  shaft.  These  flanges  are  bolted 
together  by  eight  tapered  steel  bolts. 
At  its  extreme  upper  end  the  shaft  is 
threaded  to  provide  means  for  securing 


:  ;, 


I     1 


JilJiL  IKIC   POWER    .//'  .\7.I(,.IA'.I. 


in  place  the  revolvini,^  parts  which  \n-n- 
ject  above  the  chiver  and  curry  the  col- 
lecting rinjL;s. 

For  the  pur[)ose  of  secnrini>'  informa- 
tion as  to  tile  pliysical  properties  of  the 
steel  used  for  the  shaft,  it  wasorij^inally 
forjjed  of  extra  lengtli  ;  an  end,  several 
inches  in  length,  was  then  cut  off,  and 
from  this  five  samples  were  taken,  two 
being  cut  from  the  periphery  of  the  shaft 
atopposite  ends  ofa  diameter;  one,  from 
the  centre  of  tlie  shaft;  and  two,  from 
points  midway  between  the  periphery 
and  the  centre,  as  illustrated  in  the  cut 
on  this  page,  where  the  mimljers  i, 
2,  3,  4  and  5  indicate  the  places  in  the 
section  of  the  shaft  from  which  the  test 
samples  were  taken.  These  samples 
were  tested  by  the  Pittsburgh  Testing 
Laboratory  at  Pittsburgh,  and  the  fact 
that  forged  shafts  are  stronger  near  their 
outer  surface  than  elsewhere  is  shown 
in  an  interesting  manner  by  the  results, 
which  are  set  forth  in  the  following 
table  : 


Sample 
No. 


Tensile 
StreiiRth 
in  Pounds 
Per  sq.  in. 


63,cxx) 
Sqooo 
56.000 
51^,500 
62,^00 


Klii«tic 

Limit  in 

Pounds 

I'LT  sq.  in. 


.15.5"° 
2g.50o 

2S,500 
3,5, OoO 


KediKtiDn  Klongn- 
()(  .\rca      tion  in 


iM  I'er- 
ccnUiKe 
ofAr'a 
Before 
Test. 

.=;3 

51 

375 

4"..=; 

53.5 


I'crcenl- 
Hjfc  of 

I.engtli 
Hefore 
Tisl. 


3' 

,18 


A  view  of  the  driver  is  given  on  ])age 
270.  It  is  II  ft.  8  in.  in  diameter.  As 
has  been  noted  in  describing  the  shaft, 
the  latter  is  tapered  at  its  upper  end, 
and  by  referring  to  tlie  illustration  on 
page  270  it  will  be  seen  that  a  heavy 
key-way  is  cut  into  the  tapered  portion. 
The  bearing  in  the  driver  which  fits 
over  this  tapered  end  of  the  shaft  is  also 
provided  with  a  key  way,  and  the 
driver  and  shaft  are  held  together  bv  a 
long  and  massive  steel  key.  The 
driver  is  of  mild  cast  steel,  and  was 
turned  out  by  the  Midvale  Steel  Com- 
pany, of  Philadelphia.  It  was  guar- 
anteed to  have  a  tensile  strength  of 
about  60,000  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  but  the 
tests  of  samples  of  steel,  taken  from  the 
casting  near  the  periphery  of  the  first 
driver,    showed   a   tensile    strength    of 


74,701)  ll)s.  ])er  s(i.  in.,  an  ilaslic  limit 
of  44,590  lbs.  per  St],  in.,  an  elongation 
of  30  ])cr  cent,  in  3  in.,  and  a  reduction 
of  area  of  43  per  cent.  The  surfue  of 
the  fracture  w.is  silky  and  fine-grained. 
The  drivers  are  turned  on  their  outside 
surfaces  and  are  strengthened  bv  ."^i.v 
deep  ribs  on  the  iiisiile, 

Periiaps  the  most  interesting  part  of 
each  generator  is  the  field  magnet  ring, 
which  not  only  illustrates  the  wonderlul 
|)hysical  pro|)erties  of  nickel  steel,  Ixit 
demonstrates  in  a  most  striking  manner 
the   perfection   of  modern   forging  ma- 


(^ ,1- ; 

Ti:sT  riKCiv.s  FROM  Tin;  (.i.m;k.\t<>k  sii.m  r. 

chinery  and  the  skill  of  those  who  use 
it  in  the  great  plant  of  the  Bethlehem 
Iron  Company,  at  South  Bethlehem, 
Pa.  The  ring  is  forged  in  one  j)iece 
without  wekl,  and  is  shown  in  the 
photographic  reproduction  on  the  follow- 
ing page.  The  Bethlehem  Iron  Company 
guaranteed  that  the  rings  for  the 
first  tiiree  generators  should  have  a 
tensile  strength  of  not  less  than  70,000 
lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  an  elastic  limit  of 
38,000  ll)s.  per  sq.  in.,  and  an  elonga- 
tion of  about  25  per  cent,  in  2  in.;  but 
they  have  done  much  better.  Three 
samples,  cut  from  the  first  ring  before 


it 


41 


TWI^f* 


CASSJJiR  •  S  MA  GA/.lNIi, 


NICKi.r.  STicici.  lii.i.i)  KIM.,  loRiiioi)  WITIIoiT  A  W1;1.I)    iiv  Till;    iu:riii.i:ii];M   ikhn  udmi'anv. 

DIAMICTI.H,    I  1    I'l'.    7I  «    IN. 


turniiij;'  WLTi;  Icstcil  wiih  tlic   lollowinj. 
rL'sulls  : 


Sample 

No. 


'rtiisile 

Strt-iiylli 

Mrasnrfil  in 

Pounds 

W  r  sii.  in. 


S2,yi5 
Si,i  111 
8.-.. 40 


Wa-itic  Limit 

Mea->iiri<l  in 

I'miml-. 

I'cr  .-q.  ill 


•17. iV 
.(9.2  50 


I'^Ioil^Mtioll 

111  J 

Mca>iiii\il 

ill  I'cnc  iit- 

aiL'f  cil 

Original 

i.'-.'igtli. 


I      -idcnt  of 

iipany.        A 

cs  in.dianicter 


\V.  iJiUL-iipurt,  sccoii'l 
llio     Ik'tlik'licm     III 
nickel  .slecl  ingot,  54 
;it  tiiL-   Ijottom,    197    .      lies   Im  ^,   and 
wcii^hing  about    i2o,ouu   lbs.,   a, is  cast 
solid,    and    compressed    by  Iraulic 

l)ressui'e  when  tUiid  and  tku-iiii;  solidifi- 
cation. This  ingot  is  shown  in  the 
illustration  on  ])age  274.  A  hole  was 
bored  through  its  longitudinal  a.xis,  as 
The    following   brief  account  of  the      shownon  j)age  275,  andablock  ofjjfoper 

method    of  making  the    field    rings  is      weight  was   then    cut  from   the  ingot. 

based  upon  notes  furnished  by  Mr.  R.      The  cylinder  thus  formed  was  brought 


(   !; 


/■:/./■:(  7 h'/(   lu >  // 7;a'  .  /  /■  xi.ic,. \r.  i. 


-V3 


to  a  fortfinjr  heat,  and  cxpaiulcd  on  a 
niaiulril  uiuIlt  a  i4,(joo  ton  hydranlir 
press.  'I'lic  liij^h  (k'j^riL-  of  skill,  and 
tlic  perfection  of  nieclianir.d  appliances 
recpiired  to  expanil  part  ot  the  lylinder, 
shown  on  J'aj^e  275,  to  the  rin^,  illus- 
trated on  |)aye  .'yj,  are  evidi'nt,  and  re- 
Hect  much  credit  u|)on  the  IJelhleheui 
Iron  Company.  After  for^^inJ,^  the  rinj^ 
was  carefully  treated  to  ohtaiu  the  phy- 
sical qualities  desired,  and  was  then 
bored  and  rouy;h-turned  on  a  larj^e 
borintj  mill.  It  was  finally  turned  trui' 
in  the  shojjs  of  the  \\'estini,diouse 
Electric  iSc  Slanufacturinjj  Company,  at 
Pittsburj^,  Pa. 

Not  only  are  the  physical  pro])crties 
of  the  rintf  extraordinary  ;  in  size  it  is 
without  precedent,  and  to  those  inter- 
ested in  the  recent  remarkable  im])rove- 
ment  in  the  quality  of  steel,  and  in  the 
methods  of  workinjr  it,  the  interest 
which  attaches  to  this  ring,  as  an  ex- 
ample of  the  finished  jiroduct  of  the 
Bethlehem  Iron  Company,  is  not  less 
than  that  which  it  derives  from  the  im- 
portant part  which  it  sustains  in  the 
Niagara  installation. 

Why  it  is  necessary  that  these  rings 
should  be  so  strong,  and  that  they 
should  be  so  forged  as  to  eliminate  the 
possibility  of  weakness  in  any  part,  will 
be  better  understood  when  we  consider 
the  speed  at  which  they  revolve,  and 
the  weight  of  the  pole  pieces  and  field 
bobbins  which  they  carry.  The  illus- 
trations on  page  276  show  one  of 
the  field  poles  without  its  winding,  and 
one  of  tlie  field  poles  with  bobbin  in 
place.  The  poles  are  of  mild  open- 
hearth  steel,  and  were  cast  by  the  Mid- 
vale  Steel  Company.  Their  magnetic 
ciualities  have  been  carefully  tested  by- 
sample,  and  are  excellent. 

The  field  winding,  which  consists  of 
copper  conductor  of  rectangular  section, 
thoroughly  insulated,  is  contained  in 
ribbed  brass  boxes  or  covers,  one  of 
which  is  well  illustrated  on  page  276. 
The  weight  of  each  pole  piece  with  its 
bobbin  is  2800  lbs.  The  relation  of  the 
pole  pieces  and  bobbins  to  the  ring  is 
shown  in  the  illustration  on  page  277. 
The  speed  of  the  ring  at  its  periphery 
is  9300  ft.  per  minute  when  making  250 

S-3 


revolutions  i)er  minute,  and  at  this 
speed  the  centrifiigal  force,  due  to  each 
field  ])ole  .md  jjobbin,  is  2727  lbs.  The 
strain  is,  of  course,  a  maximum  at  a 
point  in  the  ring  midway  between  each 
pair  of  adjacent  poles.  The  strain  due 
to  tin-  mass  of  the  ring  itself  is  2325  lbs. 
The  total  maximum  stn''  <-\  the  ring 
at  250  revoh'tions  per  >  te  is,  there- 
fore, by  calculation,  5(152  lbs. 

It  is  not  sufficient  that  the  ring  should 
be  simply  strong  enough  to  withstand 
the  centrifugal  force  due  to  the  field 
|)oles,  l)ol)i)ins  and  its  own  mass  when 
revolving  at  250  revolutions  per  minute; 
it  must  be  able  to  run  safely  at  a  much 
higher  speed,  for  it  is  conceivable  that, 
should  anything  happen  to  the  a[)pa- 
ratus  which  governs  the  turbines,  a 
much  higher  speed  may  be  attained. 
It  was  judged  necessary,  therefore,  to 
so  design  the  machine  that  itshoukl  be 
safe  when  running  at  a  speed  of  400 
revolutions  per  minute,  and  at  this 
speed  the  centrifiigal  force  due  to  each 
pole  jiiece  anil  bobbin  becomes  6500 
lbs.  The  strains  in  the  ring  have  been, 
as  may  be  snp|)o.sed,  calculated  with 
great  care,  and  even  at  400  revolutions 
per  minute,  ecjuivalent  to  241  feet  per 
second  at  the  periphery,  the  total  strain 
will  not  exceed  13,000  lbs.  per  sq.  in. 
As  the  elastic  limit  of  the  material  used 
in  the  rings  is  48,000  pounds,  the  factor 
of  safety  at  this  speed,  which  will  prob- 
ably never  be  realised  in  practice,  is 
nearly  four.  At  a  speed  of  800  revolu- 
tions per  minute,  which  means  482  feet 
per  second,  or  nearly  six  miles  per 
minute  at  the  periphery,  the  ring  would 
burst.  But  it  is,  of  course,  impossible 
that  any  such  speed  could,  under  any 
circumstances,  be  attained  ;  in  fact,  the 
calculations  of  the  designers  of  the 
hydraulic  machinery  show  that  the 
speed  could  in  no  case  exceed  400 
revolutions  per  minute. 

Above  the  driver  in  the  illustration 
on  page  254  are  the  collector  and 
brushes  by  which  the  current  is  con- 
veyed from  the  exciters  to  the  revoh-ing 
field  of  the  generator.  The  conductor 
conveying  the  field  current  comes  from 
the  exciters  through  covered  conduits 
beneath  the  level  of  the  floor,   passes 


i 


I* 


» ,1 


'il' 


'i-;l 

m 


.•I 


H        4 


w 


-P-    t' 


274 


CASSJER '  S  MA  GA  ZINE. 


III. II)  IMAIT  oi'  I'l.ru)  C()Mi'Ki:ssi:i>  STi'.i:i,  rsi;ii  ini<   makinc.    iiii-:  i(iuc.i:ii  i-ii:i.ii  kinc 
i.i;.NC.Tii,  197  IN.       i>iAMi:ri;K,  51  in.       \vi:u-,iit,  1211  ocj  i.ms. 


IM  if  i  :'fl 


throut:;h  an  iron  j)ipe  concealed  in  tlie 
capstone  of  the  foundation,  uj)  one  of 
the  hollow  iron  columns  sup|Jortint;'  the 
bridge  or  jilatforni  across  the  machine, 
and  thence,  along  the  bridge,  to  the 
brushes.  From  the  collector  rings  it 
])asses  under  the  driver  through  the 
shaft,  and  thence,  along  one  of  the  ribs 
inside  of  the  driver,  to  the  field  boljbins. 
The  collector  rings  are  built  upon  a 
separate  cylindrical  casting  placed  above 
the  driver,  and  securely  fixed  to  the 
hub  of  the  latterby  heavy  screws  through 
a  flange  at  its  base.  The  brush-holder 
rods  are  held  in  place  by  a  heavy  iron 
bracket  encircling  the  casting  below  the 
collector  rings.  This  bracket  rests  upon 
the  bridge  which  spans  the  machine. 

Balancing  the  Revolving  Field. 

The  longitudinal  and  transverse  sec- 
tions of  the  power  house  and  wheel-pit, 


showing  turl)ines,  shafts  and  genera- 
tors in  j)lace,  reproduced  on  pages 
262  and  263,  illustrate  the  relation 
of  these  elements  in  the  plant  more 
graphically  and  exactly  than  is  pos- 
sible in  a  mere  verbal  description. 
The  turbines  are  so  designed  that 
they  and  the  shaft  and  the  revolv- 
ing part  of  the  dynamo  above  them  are 
sui)ported  u])on  the  water  passing 
through  the  wheels.  By  calculation,  the 
force  of  the  water  tending  to  lift  the  shaft 
and  generator  varies  from  about  149,000 
lbs.  to  about  155,000  lbs.,  depending 
upon  the  amount  of  water  passing 
through  the  turbines,  which,  in  turn, 
depends  upon  the  amount  of  current 
which  the  generator  is  delivering  to  the 
circuits.  The  weight  of  the  shaft  and 
revolving  part  of  the  generator  is  very 
nearly  152,000  lbs.  The  diflierence 
between   this   weight  and  the   upward 


gi  1' 


if 


ELECTRJC  POWER  AT  NIAGARA. 


275 


.,a! 


S 


thrust  of  tlic  water  is  taken  care  of  by 
the  thrust  beariuir  locateil  on  tlie  third 
gallery  above  the  turbines.  When  the 
ujjwarcl  thrust  of  the  water  exceeds 
152,000  lbs.,  tlie  collars  on  the  steel 
shaft  are  jjressed  upward  against  the 
t^rooves  in  the  bearinj.^-  in  which  they 
revolve,  and  when  the  ujiward  pressure 
is  less  than  152,000  lbs.  the  collars  are 
drawn  downward  by  ji^ravity  against 
the  grooves  in  the  bearing.  This  ])ress- 
ure,  however,  whether  upward  or  down- 
ward, in  direction,  never  exceeds  3500 
lbs.  in  amount,  and  this,  of  course,  puts 
very  little  work  u])on  tlie  bearing. 

The  entire  revolving  parts  of  each 
unit  of  the  plant,  therefore,  consist- 
ing of  the  turbines,  the  dynamo  iield 
and  the  .shaft,  166  feet  in  length, 
constitute  a  huge  top,  the  weight 
of  which  is  j^ractically  carried  upon 
the  water  in  the  turbines.  The  bear- 
ings on  the  first  and  second  galleries 
of  the  wheel  ]>it,  and  the  upper  and 
lower   bearings    in    the   generator,   are 


simply  guides  for  the  shaft,  to  kee|)  it 
in  a  vertical  ])ositi()n,  while  the  thrust 
bearing  on  the  third  gallery  acts  as  a 
guide,  and  also  carries  the  relativelv 
small  difference  between  the  weight  of 
the  revolving  mechanism  and  the  U])- 
ward  thrust  of  the  water.  The  turl)ines, 
shaft,  and  generator  field  revohe  at  the 
high  sjieed  of  250  revolutions  per  min- 
ute, and  it  is  obvious  that  all  of  the 
revolving  i)arts,  es])eci;illy  the  heavy 
generator  field,  weighing  al)()ut  70,000 
ll)s.  and  measuring  nearly  12  feet  in 
t'.iameter,  must  be  balanced  with  the 
utmost  accuracy  to  prevent  vibrations 
which  might  l)ecome  dangerous. 

The  method  employed  in  balancing 
the  revolving  element  of  the  generators 
is  illustrated  on  page  278.  A  special 
shaft  was  placed  in  tlie  bearings  of  the 
machine,  and  sujiported  at  its  lower  end 
by  a  thiust  bearing  into  which  oil  was 
jjumped  at  a  pressure  of  about  1000  lbs. 
per  s(|.  in.  This  pressure  was  sufficient 
to  lift  the  weight  of  the  revolving  j)arts, 


C(i.MrRi;ssi;i)  STi;i;i.  i.nt.ot  with  iloi.i;  riiRouiiii  ci;.nti  r,  rKiii'AR.vTouv  to  i  ()R(a.N<i 


4* 


^ 


!!■ 


'Tm 


276 


GASSIER' S  MAGAZINE. 


y      \     '■''    i 


I!  I 


|i"    i: 


1       ,    I 


.»! 


and  the  collars  on  the  shaft  were  sepa- 
rated from  tlie  grooves  of  the  thrust 
bearing  by  a  thin  layer  or  film  of  oil.  A 
small  |)iece  of  tool  steel  was  set  into  the 
upper  end  of  the  shaft,  a  half  sphere  or 
cup  being  cut  in  its  upper  surface,  and 
in  this  was  placed  a  tempered  steel  ball. 


matter  of  fact,  in  the  case  of  the  first 
generator  the  driver  at  first  assumed  the 
position  indicated  by  the  dotted  lines. 
This  was  corrected  by  riveting  to  the 
driver  a  wrought  iron  jjlate,  the  weight 
of  this  plate  and  the  distance  from  the 
axle  of  rotation  being  experimentally 
determined  to  obtain  not  only  exact 
static  balance,  but  also  exact  running 
balance. 

The  driver  was  first  balanced  in  this 
manner,  independently.  The  ring  was 
then  bolted  to  the  driver,  and  the  two 
were  balanced  together  as  shown  in  the 
illustration.  It  was  uimecessary  to 
balance  the  combination  of  the  driver, 
ring  and  field  poles  since  the  field  poles 
and  bobbins  were  separately  weighed, 
and  their  weights  adjusted  to  exact 
equality,  while  the  positions  in  which 
they  are  bolted  to  the  ring  are  exactly 
symmetrical  with  reference  to  each  other 
and  to  the  axis  of  rotation. 

Organization    of     Apparatus    in 
THK  Power  House. 
The  organization  of  apparatus  con- 
stituting the  system  adopted,  that  is. 


A  riiiLU  roi-i:  WITH  wimmno  in  place. 
wiiiGUX,  aSoo  LUS. 

^8  in.  in  diameter.  A  large  eyebolt 
with  a  similar  piece  of  tool  steel,  having 
in  its  lower  surface  a  cup  bearing  similar 
to  that  at  the  top  of  the  shaft,  was 
secured  in  the  tapered  bearing  of  the 
umbrella-shaped  driver,  to  the  periph- 
ery of  which  the  field  ring  is  bolted. 
The  entire  weight  of  the  driver  and  the 
ring  was  thus  supported  uj;on  the  small 
steel  ball. 

A  casting,  clamped  to  the  shaft, 
served  to  rotate  the  driver  and  ring 
with  the  shaft.  A  section  of  this  cast- 
ing and  of  one  of  the  ribs  of  tiie  driver 
is  shown  in  the  illustration.  The  steel 
ball,  as  will  be  noted,  was  placed  a  very 
short  distance  above  the  centre  of  grav- 
ity of  the  field  and  driver,  and  under 
the.se  conditions,  the  driver  and  ring 
being  free  to  rock  while  rotated,  a  defect 
in  balance   was  quickly  shown.      As  a 


A  FIELD  POLE. 


the  inter-relation  and  the  functions  of 
the    generators,   step-up  transformers, 
step-down  transformers,  motors,  com- 
mutating   machines    and    other   appa- 


iMl 


ELECTRIC  POWER   AT  MAC, IRA. 


27J 


ratus,  has  been  described  in  a  general 
way  in  the  early  part  of  tiiis  article.  I 
have  also  explained  the  construction  of 
the  generators, — the  most  important 
unit  of  apparatus  in  the  plant.  It  re- 
mains now  to  describe  the  means 
adopted  for  controlling  the  heavy  cur- 
rents delivered  by  the  generators,  and 
for  delivering  these  currents  to  the 
supply  circuits  which  convey  them  from 
the  power  house  to  the  premises  of  the 
users  of  power. 


number  of  generators  shall  have  in- 
creased from  three  to  thirty  or  twice 
thirty,  the  organization  and  means 
provided  for  operating  them  must  still 
be  synmietrical  and  consistent  in  all 
its  parts.  The  plan  adojited  con- 
templates an  arrangement  in  groups 
of  five  generators  each.  The  switching 
and  regulating  apparatus,  and  the  in- 
dicating and  measuring  instruments, 
are  concentrated  in  a  swithboard  cen- 
trally located  with   reference   to   each 


l-im.I)    KI.N'C.    WITH     I'OI.i:S    ASM!    r.OllllINS    IN    I'l.ACi;, 


In  deciding  upon  a  plan  of  station 
organization,  we  face,  at  the  outstart, 
two  very  serious  conditions  : — First  : — 
The  forces  with  which  we  are  dealing 
are,  in  amount,  far  beyond  the  range 
of  experience.  Second  : — The  plan 
adopted  must  be  ca|)able  of  almost  in- 
definite extension  without  radical  modi- 
fication, and  without  involving  loss  of 
symmetry. 

We  are  dealing  with  energy  in  units 
of  5000  horse-power,  developed  under 
conditions  which  are,  in  many  respects, 
without  ]irecedent  ;  and  while,  at  the 
outstart,  there  are  to  be  installed  but 
three  generators,  the  fact  must  be  kept 
in  mind  that  others  will  be  added  to 
the    installation,    and   that,    when    the 


group.  Provision  is  made  for  cross- 
connecting  the  several  groups  to  be 
ultimately  installed  in  this  power  house 
and  in  other  i)t)wer  houses  which  may 
be  erected  on  both  the  American  and 
Canadian  sides  of  the  river  in  order 
that  continuity  of  service  may  be  doubly 
assured. 

The  switchboard  is  the  centre  from 
which  the  brain  and  hand  of  the  op- 
erator control  the  mighty  forces  of 
Nature  which  are  here  compelled  to  do 
work, — it  is  the  bridge  of  the  shi[). 
From  it,  imprisoned  energ)',  aggregat- 
ing 25,000  horse-power, — electric  en- 
ergy, eager  to  esca|)e,  seeking  for  the 
smallest  pinhole  in  insulation,  and  con- 
centrating instantly  at  that  pinhole,  if 


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CASS/IiR'S  MAGAZINE. 


found, — must  uc  controlled,  combined, 
subdivided  and  directed.  It  is  evidently 
desirable  to  operate  the  generators  i.i 
parallel,  this  method  tending  to  im- 
prove regulation  of  speed  and  poten- 
tial, insuring  continuity  in  the  delivery 
of  current  to  the  users  of  power,  and 

BALANCING 

FOR  DRIVER 


house,  and  the  latter  referring  to  the 
service  which  will  supply  consumers  in 
Buffalo  and  other  distant  places.  This 
consideration  makes  it  probable  that  it 
will  prove  convenient  and  desirable  to 
operate  the  generators  in  two  sets,  for 
the  following  reason  : — 


ARRANGEMENT — 

5000  H,P.  ALTERNATOR 


CENTER  OF  GRAVITY 


Mi.Tiion  or  ii.\i..\NLi\(; 


Till-;  iikivi:r  and  in. in  kim 


minimizing  the  necessity  of  oiiening 
switches  conveying  heavy  currents  of 
high  potential  in  circuits  of  very  con- 
sideraljJe  inductance  and  capacity.  But 
it  is  also  evident  that  the  service  will, 
in  the  near  future,  divide  itself  into  two 
classes,  which  we  may  call  "  local  serv- 
ice "  and  "longdistance  service," 
the  former  referring  to  the  service 
which  will  supply  consumers  within  a 
radius  of  a  icw  miles  from   the  power 


Distribution  of  electricity  at  constant 
potential  is  strictly  analogous  to  the 
methods  commonly  employed  in  sup- 
plying gas  and  water.  Each  consumer 
has  a  small,  indei)endent  circuit  through 
which  he  draws  his  supply  from  the 
distril)uting  mains,  and  he  may  open  or 
close  this  circuit  without  in  any  way 
interfering  with  thesup])ly  to  his  neigh- 
bours, provitled  tiie  potential  or  press- 
ure in  the   network  of  mains  is  kept 


m 


RLECTRIC  POWER   AT  NIACARA. 


279 


TiRNiM'.  Till:  Mi:i.i)  KIN(.  IN"  Till:  \vi:STi N( . iioisi:  SHOPS. 


constant.  For  satisfactory  service,  this 
last  ])rovision  is  a  necessity, — the  po- 
tential in  the  distributing  mains  must 
be  constant.  The  local  circuits  at 
Niagara  are  supplied  direct  from  the 
power  house,  through  feeder  or  supply 
circuits  of  comparatively  short  length, 
and,  consequently,  the  los!  of  potential, 
or  drop,  as  it  is  technicall)  called,  will, 
in  these  circuits,  not  exceed  one  or  two 
per  cent. 

The  distributing  mains  in  Buffalo, 
however,  will  be  necessarily  supplied 
from  feeders  extending  from  the  power 
house,  a  distance  of  al)()ut  twenty  miles, 
and  in  these  feeders,  unless  a  very  higli 
])otential  be  used,  the  drop  will  vary 
from  a  maximum  of,  say,  five  or  possibly 
ten  per  cent.,  depending  upon  the 
amount  of  copper  in  the  circuits,  down 
to  one-half,  one-fourth  or  one-tenth 
of  these  percentages,  depending  ui)on 
whether  the  current  transmitted  along 
tlie  feeders  is  the  full  load  current  for 
which  these  feeders  are  designed,  or 
one  half,  one-fourth  or  one- tenth  of  the 


full  load  current.  It  follows  that  at 
certain  times  during  each  day  the  poten- 
tial delivered  to  the  long-distance 
feeders  must  exceed  that  delivered  to 
the  local  feeders  by  a  not  inconsider- 
able percentage,  and  the  readiest  means 
to  meet  this  condition  is  to  operate  the 
generators  in  two  sets  or  groups,  the 
units  constituting  each  set  working  in 
parallel. 

When  two  or  more  generators  work 
"  in  jiarallel,"  they  are  so  connected 
that  their  currents  are  delivered  to  a  set 
of  large  conductors,  called  "  bus  bars,  " 
just  as  two  engines,  belted  to  the  same 
line  shaft,  deliver  the  power  which  they 
develop  to  that  shaft.  Hy  suitable 
devices,  such  as  friction  clutches  or  fast 
and  loose  pulleys,  either  engine  may  be 
put  into  service,  or  shut  down  without 
stopping  the  line  shaft  ;  and,  in  a  simi- 
lar manner,  any  electric  generator  of  a 
group  may  be  made  to  add  its  current 
to  that  of  an<  ler  generator  or  group 
operating  in  p.u-allel  with  it,  or  may  be 
slu't  down  without  interfering  with  the 


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CASS  I/:  R  'S  MAG  A  ZINE. 


ONi;   <11'    TIIK    (',KNl;U.\T(lK    lot   NDATION'S. 


IJ  1     1 


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continuity  of  the  supply  of  energy  de- 
livered by  the  group. 

As  an  alternative  to  the  plan  of 
operating  the  generators  in  two  groups, 
they  may  all  be  operated  in  one  group, 
provision  being  made  for  adjusting  the 
potential  in  either  the  local  mains  at 
Niagara,  or  the  distant  mains  in  liutifalo, 
by  special  regulating  devices.  For  a 
limited  number  of  generators  this  latter 
plan  offers  some  advantages,  but,  look- 
ing forward  to  the  time  when  a  dozen 
or  a  score  of  generators  will  be  installed, 
the  method  of  operating  in  two  groups 
ap])ears  preferable. 

In  the  case  of  transmission  to  places 
more  remote  than  Buffalo,  it  will  be 
necessary  to  adopt  special  means  for 
regulating  jjotential  in  the  distributing 
mains,  at  least  until  the  time  when  im- 
proved methods  of  insulating  circuits 
shall  make  it  jiracticable  to  employ  very 
high  potentials.  When  that  time  comes, 
the  drop  in  the  circuits  between  the 
power  house  and  the  city  of  Buffalo  will 
become  so  small  that  we  may  treat  the 


Buffalo  feeders  as  local  circuits  and  can 
supply  them  with  current  from  the  same 
bus  bars  that  are  used  in  supplying 
power  in  the  'iimediate  vicinity  of  the 
power  house  ;  and  when  the  practica- 
bility of  commercially  employing  these 
very  high  patentials,  c.  q-.  25,000  or 
even  50.000  volts,  is  demonstrated, 
transmission  to  places  more  distant  than 
Buffalo  will  naturally  be  undertaken. 
Here  again  the  second  set  of  bus  bars 
will  be  useful.  The  diagram  on  page  282 
illustrates  the  connections  of  generators, 
generator  switches,  bus  bars,  feeder 
switches  and  local  and  long-distance 
feeder  or  supply  circuits.  To  avoid 
complication  but  two  generators  and 
one  long-distance  and  one  local  feeder 
are  shown.  The  currents  are  conveyed 
from  the  generators  i  and  2,  to  the 
generator  switches,  S,  .S",  through  in- 
sulated cables,  each  made  up  of  427 
tinned  wires.  The  aggregate  section  of 
copper  in  each  cable  is  i  sq.  in.  Through 
the  generator  switches  the  currents  from 
the   respective  generators  pass  at   the 


r, 


ELECTRIC  POWER   AT  XIAC.ARA. 


281 


will  of  the  engineer  in  charge,  to  either 
of  the  two  sets  of  bus  bars  A,  H.  Each 
set  consists  of  four  thoroughly  insulated 
copper  conductors,  the  construction  of 
which  will  be  again  referred  to.  The 
switches  are  operated  by  compressed 
air,  controlled  by  levers  mounted  on 
iron  stands  placed  upon  the  platform 
above  the  switchboard  structure  within 
which  the  switches  are  located.  By 
them  any  one  of  the  generators,  or  any 
combination  of  the  five  generators  con- 


the  other  end,  establishing  metallic 
connection  between  the  four  terminals 
in  the  row  c,  and  the  four  terminals  in 
the  row  d.  If  the  two  sets  of  bus 
bars  are  to  be  ch;irged  with  the  same 
potential  we  may  supply  both  from  the 
generator,  i,  by  closing  both  ends  of  the 
switch  simultaneously.  Similar  con- 
nections are,  of  course,  possible  in  the 
case  of  the  other  generators  and  the 
bus  bars. 

The   feeder  switch    .S'  is   similar   in 


Till:    S\\  ITL'llllOAKIl    STRICTrRi;. 


stituting  the  group,  may  be  connected 
to  either  set  of  bus  bars. 

Each  switch  has  two  separate  and  in- 
dependent air  cylinders,  lay  which  the 
two  ends  of  the  switch  are  indepen- 
dently controlled.  The  construction 
of  the  switch  is  shown  in  the  illustra- 
tion on  page  292.  To  charge  the 
bus  bars  A  with  current  from  the 
dynamo,  i,  the  switch  is  closed  at  one 
end,  establishing  connections  between 
four  points  in  the  horizontal  row  of 
terminals,  marked  a,  and  the  four 
points  b.  To  connect  the  dynamo  to 
the  bus  bars  B,  the  switch  is  closed  at 


construction  to  the  dynamo  switches, 
but  the  connections  are  different.  So 
far  as  the  feeders  are  concerned,  it  is 
not  necessary  that  we  should  be  able 
to  connect  them  to  more  than  one  set  of 
bus  bars.  Until  long-distance  trans- 
mission is  begun,  either  set  of  bus  bars 
may  be  used,  or  both  may  be  charged 
from  the  same  generator  or  generators, 
in  which  case  they  will,  of  course,  be 
charged  with  the  same  potential.  When 
additional  generators  are  installed,  and 
long-distance  as  well  as  local  service  is 
undertaken,  as  I  have  said,  it  will  prob- 
ably be  advantageous  to  operate    the 


r-    ; 


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282 


C.ISSJB/^ '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


iIAGRAM    SHOWING   Till'  COXXIX'TIONS   OK   Tin;   C,  !■  NIvKATORS   WITH 
LOCAL   AND   I.ONC- DIST  ANC  K    I-i;i:l  >i:iiS. 


ELECTRR  •    P(  >  11'/-:  A'  A  /'  \/.l(,.  I  A'. J. 


'■^^ 


generators  in  two  sets  to  permit  adjust- 
ment of  potential  to  com])ensate  for 
losses  in  transmission.  Tiie  respective 
local  and  long-distance  supply  circuits 
will  then  be  simply  arranged  for  con- 
nection througli  their  switches  to  the 
local  or  long-distance  bus  bars,  as  de- 
sired. 

In  the  diagram  on  page  2S2,  L  rep- 


" — u — ^4J 


TRANSFORMER  HOUSE 


of  circuits  in  the  case  of  simjjle  two- 
phase  transmission  by  four  wires.  The 
diagram  on  page  2^2  shows  an  arrange- 
ment of  transformers  by  which  the 
two-])hase  currents,  delivered  by  the 
generators,  are  changeil  t(j  three-phase 
currents  in  the  transmitting  circuits, 
and  then  changed  back  to  tw(!-|)hase 
currents  in  the  local  distributing  cir- 
cuits at  a  distance.  This  method  effects 
a  consideral)le  economy  in  the  amount 
of  copper  recjuired  for  transmission. 

The  potential  that  will  be  used  in  the 
transmission  circuits  for  long-distance 
work  has  not  been  determined.  For 
transmission  to  Buffalo  it  will  probably 


CANAL 


COHPANV'ti        •    OFFICEt 
/         / 

iniJtj 


I  INLET  ; 
I  NO.  2    I 


I  INLET  I 

I  No.  3    I 


i%[E]n"i" 


POWER 


HOUSE 


r_T  SWITCH  GOARD  STHUCTURE    ^,     Tlv       "    "       I  I 


il    i    III 


■'  » 
1 


lu 


h 


I'l.AX  (U-  rowi-.K  AND  TUAN.si  ukmi;k  I1c)1S|:S. 


resents  a  sui:)ply  circuit  used  for  long- 
distance service,  and  L'  represents  a 
similar  circuit  used  for  local  service. 
In  the  diagruii  of  the  long-distance 
circuit,  T  and  T'  are  step- up  trans- 
formers, used  to  increase  the  ])otential 
for  transmission,  while  T"  and  T'" 
are  step-down  transformers,  located  at 
the  tlistant  end  of  the  transmission  cir- 
cuit, for  example,  at  Huftalo  or  Tona- 
wanda.  In  the  gi-neral  diagram  on 
page  256  is  illustrated  the  arrangement 


not  be  k'ss  than  10,000  \-olts,  antl  not 
more  than  25,000  volts.  For  trans- 
mission to  greater  distances,  still  higher 
potentials  are  contemplated. 

The  illustration  on  page  2Sr  shows 
the  structure  erected  for  the  switchlioard 
ajiparalus.  It  is  of  white  enameled 
brick,  and  is  57  ft.  10  in.  long,  13  ft. 
wide  and  a  little  less  than  8  ft.  in  height. 
It  is  erected  directly  o\er  the  sub-wav, 
as  shown  in  the  floor  ])lan  on  page  2S3. 
The  to;)  of  the  structure  is  of  slate  sup- 


384 


CASSIER '  S  MA GAZINE. 


:l  i  I 


M  ' 


j)(>rtc(l  upon  iron  I-l)caiiis,  and  thL'])lat- 
fonn'tlius  foniR(l  is  siiri'ouiulL'cl  by  a 
neat  brass  hand-rail,  Tlic  sub-way  be- 
neath tlio  s\vil(hl)()ard  is  spanned  at 
suilal)lL'  distances  l)y  iron  I-I)fanis,  to 
vvliicii  tlie  dynamo  and  feeder  switclies 
are  bolted  in  place.  The  cal^les  passinj^; 
from  the  generators  through  ducts  be- 
neath the  iloor  line  are  connected  to  the 
jjenerator  switches,  while  the  outpoint;- 
cables,  constitutinir  the  feeder  or  supply 
circuits,  dro])  direi  lly  from  the  feeder 
switches  into  the  subway.  Iron  stand- 
anla  are  secured  to  each  side  of  the  sub- 
way by  exi)ausion  bolts.  They  ari' 
placed  at  intervals  of  al)out  4  ft.,  and 
adjustable  iron  brackets  set  into  these 
standards  supi)ort  thelead-sheatlied  ca- 
bles passintj  throus^h  the  sub-way  and 
brids^e  to  the  translbrmer  house  on  the 
cast  bank  of  the  canal. 

The  drawiujLj  on  {lajre  2.S3,  showing' 
thei]oor])lan  of  the  power  house,  bridtje 
and  the  transformer  house,  will  make 
clear  the  position  of  the  switchboard 
structure  with  n'ference  to  the  first  three 
generators  and  the  sub-way.  Additional 
generators  will,  in  due  time,  be  erected 
in  line  beyond  the  generator  marked 
"Dynamo,  No.  3,"  and  the  switch- 
boartl  structure  is  designed  to  accom- 
modate all  instruments  and  switches 
needed  in  connection  with  the  tlrst  five 
generators. 

The  organization  of  the  switchboard 
apparatus  and  the  general  features  of 
the  construction  of  the  essential  elements 
will  be  best  understood  l)y  reference  to 
tlie  illustration  on  page  2iS6,  which  is  re- 
produced from  the  official  drawing.  The 
upper  ])art  of  the  illustration  at  the  read- 
er's right  hand  isa  front  elevation  of  the 
stands  which  carry  the  instruments  for 
the  several  generators  and  for  the  ex- 
citers, and  also  shows  one  of  the  U'ver 
stands  for  the  feeder  circuits.  Beneatli 
the  floor  line  of  the  switchlujard  platform 
is  seen  one  set  of  bus  bars  in  connec- 
tion with  an  end  elevation  of  the  gener- 
ator and  feeder  switches.  A  i)lan  of 
the  switchI)oard  platform  is  also  given 
in  the  illustration  on  ]xige  2SS,  a  j)art  of 
the])latform  being  cut  away  to  show  a 
plan  of  one  generator  switch  and  one 
feeder  switch.     On  page  2S6,  again,  is 


shown  a  plan  of  the  rheostat  chamber 
and  sub-way  for  the  cables,  and  just 
above  this,  a  section  through  the  switch- 
board, sub- way  and  rheostat  cliamber, 
at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  the 
sub-way,  is  given. 

The  essential  elements  of  the  switch- 
board apparatusare, — the  generator  and 
feeder  switches,  the  bus  bars,  the 
switching'  and  safety  devices  for  the  ex- 
citing currents,  the  rheostats  fov  con- 
trolling the  generator  fields,  and  the 
indicating  and  measuring  instruments. 
As  shown  by  the  plans,  the  switches 
and  bus  bars  are  located  within  the 
switchboard  structure.  Upon  the 
switchboard  i)latform  are  erected  the 
instrument  stands,  one  for  each  gen- 
erator, two  for  the  rotary  transformers, 
and  one  forthe  engine-driven  generator, 
tem])orarily  used  as  an  exciter,  and  in 
front  of  each  instrument  stand  is  placed 
a  cast-iron  stand,  about  30  inches  in 
height,  carrying  the  levers  which  con- 
trol the  admission  of  air  to  the  switch 
cylinders,  and  a  wheel  by  means  of 
which  the  rheostats  are  controlled. 

Each  of  the  lever  stands  used  for  con- 
trolling the  large  generator  switches 
carries  also  levers  for  ojiening  and  clos- 
ing the  field  circuit  of  the  correspond- 
ing generator,  and  a  hand  wheel  by 
which  the  rheostat  resistance  in  the 
field  of  the  generator  is  adjusted.  The 
rheostats  are  located  in  a  special  cham- 
ber below  the  floor  line  of  power  hou.se, 
the  face-plates  beingf  located  in  the  bases 
of  the  instrument  stands.  Connection 
between  the  face-plates  and  resistance 
coils  of  the  rheostats  is  secured  by  insu- 
lated cables  of  suitable  section.  The 
compressed  air  used  in  ojjerating  the 
switches  comes  from  a  compressor  direct, 
driven  b)'  a  Worth ington  water  motor. 
This  compressor  is  located  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  wheel  pit,  and  supplies  air  to 
a  large  cylindrical  reservoir  from  which 
pipes  are  led  to  the  various  switches. 
The  jiressure  used  is  125  pounds  per 
square  inch. 

Engineers,  not  familiar  with  the  i)Ossi- 
bilitics  of  electricity,  will  be  impressed 
by  the  fact  that  the  currents  actually 
measured  are  not  the  heavy  currents 
traversing  tlie  cables  within  the  switch- 


1, 


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r.LFATRU    /'Oil  7- A'  .1  V  .\7.  /  (/.  I  A'.  /. 


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286 


C/iSS/JiA"S  MAGAZINE. 


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jSr 


hoard  structure,  Imt  art-  diTivcd  cur- 
rcuts,  hi'ariu);  a  kuowu  relation  to  tlio 
lieavy  curri'iUs  dL-livcred  l)y  the  j^i'uc- 
rators.  Tliey  arc  .small  in  (|uaiitity  and 
absolutely  harudess,  Tlir  o|)crator, 
staudiu)^  upon  the  swit(hl)oar<l  plat- 
form, cannot  |)ossil)ly  touch  a  circuit 
which  is  in  the  sli,i;htL'st  cK']L,'r('e  danger- 
ous. The  currints  measured  are  ob- 
tained by  means  of  transformi'rs  located 
inside  the  switchboard  structure,  tiie 
ratio  of  their  windinj:,^  bein^-  such  that 
lor  e\iry  50  amptres  ilowiiiL,''  in  the 
main  circuit,  a  current  of  i  ampere  is 
supjilied  from  the  secondary  of  the 
transfornu'r  to  the  measurintr  instru- 
ments. Currents  to  the  respective  volt- 
meters arc  supplied  from  transformers, 
the  primaries  of  which  are  connected 
across  the  generator  circuits.  ]'"or  the 
wattmeters  both  series  and  shunt  con- 
nections from  the  genenitor  circuits  are 
needed,  and  these  are  obtained  from  the 
transformers  used  for  the  voltmeters  and 
ammeters. 

To  measure  energy,  current  and  |)o- 
teiuial  in  each  i)hase  of  each  generator, 
two  converters,  an  indicating  watt- 
meter, an  ammeter  and  a  voltmeter  are 
employeil.  The  energy  recjuiretl  by 
these  devices  amounts,  as  a  maxinunu, 
to  about  30  watts — that  is,  ^'3  horse- 
]iower.  It  is  an  extraordinary  illustra- 
tion of  the  ficility  with  which  electricity 
is  accurately  measured  that  we  should 
be  able  thus  to  determine  energy  vary- . 
ing  from  25  horse-])ower  to  25(.)0  horsc- 
j)ower  by  means  of  measuring  devices, 
accurate  throughout  their  range  within 
one  j)er  cent.,  and  requiring  for  their 
operation  not  more  than  im,  horse- 
power. 

The  instrument  stands  are  boxes  or 
cabinets,  constructed  of  iron  and  mar- 
ble, the  front  of  each,  above  the  pedes- 
tal, being  formed  of  a  single  slab  of 
])olished  Italian  marble,  i-'^  inches 
thick,  30  inches  in  width  and  45  inches 
in  height.  Each  stand  occupies  a  floor 
sj)ace  of  38  inches  by  20  inches  and  is 
7  feet  in  height.  Sliding  doors  at  the 
back  give  access  to  the  measuring  in- 
struments. The  marble  front  of  the 
stand    is   pierced    by    six    rectangular 


o|ienin)k;s,  and  the  mslrunuiUs  are  st'- 
cured  to  the  m.irble  in  such  a  way  that 
the  front  of  each,  with  its  sc.ile  and  in- 
(K\,  projicts  through  the  marble  to  the 
front  of  the  stand. 

The  ingra\ing  on  page  ^Sij  illus- 
trates out'  of  tile  alternating  i-nrrent 
ammeti'rs,  as  \ii'wed  iVom  the  front. 
The  indicating  wattnuter  and  the  volt- 
meter are  similar  in  appearance.  The 
fronts  are  tinished  in  oxidised  brass. 
These  instnmieiUs,  and  the  integrating 
wattmeters,  used  in  coimection  with 
feeder  circuits  (not  localeil  ii|)on  the 
switchboard  platform  ),  comprise  a  re- 
markable grou|)  of  measuring  instru- 
ments ri'cently  inxeiUid  and  designed 
by  Mr.  Oliver  ]i.  .Shallenbi'rger,  Con- 
sulting Electrician  of  the  Westinghouse 
Company.  As  they  were  |)rimarily  de- 
signed with  spi'cial  reference  to  the 
Niagara  installation,  they  are  desig- 
nated the  "Niagara  type"  by  the 
Westinghouse  Company.  Their  sphere 
ot  usefulness,  however,  will  be  as  wide 
as  the  ap])lications  of  alternating  cur- 
rents. They  depend  for  their  action 
u])on  the  induction  of  currents  in  a 
movable  closed  secondary  circuit,  and 
all  operate  to  a  certain  extent  upon  the 
same  general  ])rinci])les,  specifically  de- 
veloped in  each  case  to  iittain  the  ob- 
ject desired.  They  are  extiemcly  sim- 
])lc  in  construction,  the  ])arts  are  (l'w 
and  comparatively  massive,  and  yet 
the  instruments  are  capable  of  giving 
very  accurate  results.  They  are  guar- 
anteed by  the  Westinghouse  C\)iupany 
to  be  correct  within  one  per  cent. 

In  each  instrument  a  thin  aluminium 
disc,  stiffened  by  a  flange  around  its 
edge,  constitutes  the  movable  element, 
in  which  eddy  currents  are  induced  by 
currents  traversing  coils  placed  above 
and  below  it.  The  relation  of  the  in- 
duced currents  in  the  disc  and  the  in- 
ducing currents  in  the  coils  is  such  that 
the  disc  tends  to  rotate.  In  the  watt- 
meter the  tendency  is  proportional  to  a 
function  of  the  energy  traversing  the 
inducing  circuits,  and  these  currents 
come  from  a  converter  located  beneath 
the  platform,  and,  in  turn,  are  propor- 
tional to  the  energy  in  one  of  the  gen- 


#1 


1  I 


(         1      r 


u 


n 


288 


CASS/JiR  ' S    M.I GAZINE. 


^4i,i , 


ill 


i| 


feiplU 

nysa 


I'.l.FA'rRU     /•( )  1/  y-.A'    .  /  /•  AY.  I(,.  I  A'.  I. 


JS( 


'J 


cralor  circuits,  wliicli  is  llic  cncii^y  In 
lie  measured.  Tlie  toiulciuy  to  rotate' 
is  usisti'tl  l)\'  a  loisiou  spring;,  and  llic 
cuncii's  luni  tlic  disc,  ovcrcoiniui;-  tin- 
resistance  of  the  sprinjjf  tliroii^ii  a  cer- 
tain aiii^ie.  This  angle  depeiuls  \\\>im 
tlie  n'iative  slrennlii  of  the  twisliiij^ 
nionieiit,  (hie  to  the  ciineiUs  and  the 
resistini^'  loice  of  liie  sprint;',  and  tiie 
position  of  tile  disc,  with  reference  to 
its  position  wiieii  no  enrreiit  traxtrses 
the  coils,  l)ecoine.s  a  measure  of  the 
eneri^v.  The  scale  is  attached  to  the 
circiimterence  of  the  disc,  and  de|)eiids 
from  it  much  as  the  fu'ld  rini;'  of  the 
generator  (k'|)ends  from  the  dii\er. 
This  scale  is  carried  with  the  disc,  from 
its  ziMO  positi(jn,  throui^h  an  an^le  cle- 
pendint;-  u])on  the  current  measund, 
and  th<!  instrument  bciniioncc-  earefully 
compr.recl  with  a  standard  ami  the  .scale 
pro|)eiiv  marked,  the  eners^N^  can  l)e 
determined  i)y  taking;'  the  re;;(lin<r  c)f 
this  scale  o|)])osile  the  index,  wliich  is 
alwiivs  fixed  in  ])osition.  In  the  illus- 
tration 'Ml  this  pat^e  the  index  will  ]k- 
seen  in  the  ceiure  of  the  rectangular 
L;'ass  window,  and,  immediatelx'  behind 
it,  au  arc  of  the  circular  scak-. 

The  ammeter,  which  measures  the 
streui^th  of  the  current,  and  tlie  volt- 
meter, which  measures  the  ])otential, 
resemble  the  indicating'  wattmeter  in 
the  fact  that  they  are  based  upon  the 
same  principles,  and  they  are  also  sim- 
ilar in  jL^eneral  features  of  construction. 
The  methods  employecl  to  obtain  the 
proper  phase  relations  of  the  currents 
in  the  inducing,''  circuits  and  in  the  disc 
are  very  in>:;enious  and,  to  the  elec- 
trician, interestint;.  l^ut  this  i.s  not  the 
place  to  describe  them  in  detail. 

The  ammeters,  which  nu'asure  the 
currents  in  the  fields  of  the  tjenerators, 
were  furnished  by  the  Weston  Instru- 
ment Company,  of  Newark,  N.  J.,  and 
are  of  their  well-known  type,  in  whii  h 
the  current  actually  measured  by  the 
instrument  is  that  which  flows  tiiroujt^h 
a  circuit  connected  in  shunt  to  a  resist- 
ance which  is  placed  in  the  circuit  trav- 
ersed by  the  current  to  be  measured. 

All  of  the  currents  measured  by  the 
instruments  located  in  the  instrument 
stand   are   supplied    through    insulated 

9-3 


conductors  o(  small  section,  which  coii- 
\ey  the  small  derived  currents  i'roin 
coiu'erlers  or  iVom  the  terminals  of  re- 
sistances ])lacetl  beneath  the  .swilcii- 
board  ])latforin.  h.ach  geiurator  in- 
strument stand  carries,  in  addition  to 
the  instruments  already  described,  a 
phase  indicator,  by  means  of  which  the 
attendant  or  the  engineir  in  cliari;e, 
who  desires  to  connect  a  generator  in 
|)aralk"l  w  ilh  anollu'r  generator  or  group 
of  generators,  deti'rmines  the  j)r()per 
lime  for  closing  the  switch. 

The  instruments  provided  for  the 
stands  belonging  to  the  rotarv  trans- 
formers used   as  exciters,   are    not  the 


^    |- 1  iiiiiiMiin  M ji,i;i.i.M|<ivi.a!|,'Pfi !, 


AN    Al.I'l.UNA  IIM 


(.luuivr  A.MMi;n;u,  .macaka 
tyim;. 


same  as  those  jirovided  for  the  gener- 
ator instrument  stands,  and  thev  also 
diller  Irom  the  instruments  ])ro\ided  for 
the  stand  belonging  to  the  temporary 
engine-driven  exciter.  They  com])rise 
two  .Shallenberger  alternating  curnnt 
ammeters  of  the  Niagara  type  and  a 
direct-cunent  ammeter  and  voltmeter 
made  by  the  Weston  Instrument  Com- 
pany. A  number  of  ])lug  contacts  are 
pro\i(K'd,  by  means  of  which  the  ratio 
of  coinersion  of  the  static  transformers 
which  supply  current  to  the  rotary 
transformers  mav  be  adjusted. 

The  construction  of  tlu,'  bus  bars  is, 
in  se\'er;d  respects,  remarkable,  the 
magnitude  of  the  quantities  dealt  with 
again  making  it  necessary  to  devise 
methods  of  construction  outside  the 
range  of  experience.  As  has  been  said, 
two  sets  of  bus  bars  are  provided,  but  it 


•rlion,  wliii'h  cdii- 
i<l  ciinx'iits  iVoin 
H-  tfrminals  <if  ic- 
cath  tlie  .switcli- 
cli  j^encrator  in- 
-•s,  in  addition  to 
:Kly  dc.srril)c'(l,  a 
t'ans  (if  wliich  the 
nincia-  in  cliaRM', 
i-'t  a  generator  in 
;cntral'ir()rqr(iii|) 
niiu's  tlie  propir 
vitcli. 

)r()vidc'(l  for  tlic 
tlif  rotary  trans- 
Icrs,   are    not  the 


A.MMl.Tl:u,    M  \(,AKA 

1   for  tlie  _t;(ner- 
,  and  tliey  also 

nts  ]>ro\  i(icd  for 
o  the  temporary 

Tliey  comprise 
crnatini;  cm-rent 

ra   type  and  a 

and  voltmeter 

istrunient  Com- 

1114-  contacts  are 
uliicli  the  ratio 

tic  transformers 

to    the    rotary 

n-ited. 

the  bus  bars  is, 
eniarkabic,  the 
ities  dealt  with 
sary  to  devise 
in  outside  the 
s  has  been  said, 

)rovided,  but  it 


<• 


:u 


]■« 


:li 


i^ti, 


r  ^4 


■¥■.. 


1 


!1  ■  l! 


fi 


290 


( :  /.s-.svA"A'  ■  .V  J/,  k;.  \/.i\'e. 


is,  of  course,  conceivable  that  under 
certain  circumstances  it  may  l)e  desir- 
able to  cut  one  set  out  of  service  and 
control  the  outjiut  of  five  generators 
through  the  other  set.  By  arrant!;-ing- 
the  JL^enerator  switches  a.'d  feeder 
switches  as  sjiown  in  the  illustration,  in 
such  a  way  that  the  former,  through 
which  current  is  delivered  to  the  bus 
bars,  alternate  with  the  latter,  through 
which  current  is  drawn  from  the  bus 
bars,  the  maximum  current  which  it  is 
necessary  to  convey  through  any  sec- 
tion of  the  bus  bars  becomes  that  auj)- 
])lietl  bv  tin-ee  generators.  This  is 
e(iuivalent  in  each  bar  to  about  3000 
;unp(  res,  and,  assuming  a  current  den- 
sity of  KJoo  amperes  jjer  sip  in.,  would 
recpiire  a  section  of  aliout  3  S(i.  in.  in 
the  bus  bar.  The  ])otential  of  the  cir- 
rents  may  be  as  high  as  2400  volts. 

A  slv.irtcircuit  might  obviously  be 
very  dangiTous,  and  this  fact,  in  con- 
nection with  the  fact  that  at  certain 
times  the  atmospliere  of  the  ])ower 
house  is  liable  to  carry  a  considerable 
amount  of  moisture,  ready  to  be  pre- 
cipitated upon  metallic  surfices,  jjoints 
to  the  tlesirability  of  insulating  the 
bars.  To  insulate  them  in  the  most 
satisfactory  maimer,  rountled  surfices 
are  necessary,  but  in  a  round  soliil 
conductor.  3  scpiare  inches  in  section, 
nearly  2  inchis  in  diameter,  two 
other  difticulties  nmst  l)e  fued  :  ]'"irst, 
the  surf  ice  from  which  the  heat,  due  to 
resistance,  must  be  radiated,  is  small 
as  comi>arcd  with  that  obtained  In'  us- 
ing Hat  bars  or  stra])S  of  ecpial  section  ; 
and,  second,  an  alternating  current  in 
such  a  conductor  will  not  distribute  it- 
self miiformly,  but  will  seek  the  surtaci', 
leaving  the  copper  at  the  centre  re- 
lativelv  idle  and.  ineffective. 

These  diffv  ulties  have  been  success- 
fullv  overcome  by  the  construction 
adopted.  From  the  middle  each  bar 
tajjcrs  toward  the  ends.  The  middle 
section  consists  of  a  copper  tube 
of  about  3  inches  outside  diameter 
and  2  inches  inside  diameter.  Into 
this,  at  either  end  is  screwed  a  tube, 
the  outside  diameter  of  which  is  ap- 
])ro.\imatelv  2  inches,  while  its  inside 
diameter  is  al)ont  1 1,  in.     Into  the  other 


ends   ot    each   of   these    tubes,    in   like 


manner,    a    co])per 


rod 


I  '  ,3     met 


ni 


diameter  is  sere  .ed.  The  offsets  or 
connections  from  which  short  lengths 
of  cable  convey  current  to  or  from  the 
several  .switches,  are  clamped  to  the 
bar  thus  formed,  all  surfices  being 
rounded.  The  entire  bar  with  offsets 
is  then  insulated  with  very  high- class 
rubber  insulation.  These  bars  were  con- 
structed by  the  Brown  cS:  Sharpe  Manu- 
facturing Company,  of  Providence,  R. 
I.,  U.  S.  A.,  according  to  the  designs 
of  the  Westinghouse  C'omi)any,  ami 
were  insulated  by  the  India  Rubl)i  r  immt) 
Gntta-I'ercha  Insulating  Comj)aii\  ,  of 
New  York,  the  method  employed  being 
that  cov(.'red  by  the  Habirsha\v])atents. 
The  insulation  consi.sts  of  alternate 
layers  of  ])ure  Para  gum  and  vulcanized 
rubber,  two  layers  of  each  being  used, 
and  the  outer  layer  of  vulcanized  rubber 
protected  bv  a  special  braided  covering 
chemically  treated  to  make  it  non-coin- 
bustible.  .Similar  insulation  is  used  for 
the  cables  between  the  generators  and 
the  switches  and  for  the  connections 
between  the  bus  bars  and  .sw  itches. 

A  .s'^ction  of  the  Habirshaw  cable  is  re- 
l^roduced  on  the  opposite  ])age.  The 
illustration  is  very  nearly  the  exact  size 
of  the  cable.  The  maki'rs  guarantee  th.'t 
the  insulation  of  cables  and  bus  bars, 
erected  in  place,  shall  stand  an  alternat- 
ing current  ])otential  of  10,000  effective 
v  Its  between  coi)|)erand  earth.  Samples 
submitted  and  tested  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  Westinghouse  Company  suc- 
cessfully resisted  the  application  of 
potentials  exceeding  40,000  volts. 

The  calculated  losses  in  a  set  of  four 
bus  bars  con\-eying  the  full  output  of 
five  generators.  25,000  electrical  horse- 
power, are  lc;^s  th.m  10  horse-pow^T. 
The  rad.iatingsnrfa.ce  is,  of  course,  con- 
siderably greater  tlian  it  would  be  in 
the  case  of  solid  circular  bars  of  equal 
section.  At  the  ends  of  the  bars, 
where  the  section  is  about  i  .scp  in., 
the  current  is  that  coming  from  one 
generator  only,  and  in  ,1  bar  of  this 
section  the  tendency  of  the  current  to 
seek  the  surface  is  negligil)le.  In  that 
|)art  of  the  bar  which  has  an  outside 
diameter  of  2    inches  the  current  con- 


'^'k.-H'. 


:(i' 


> ; 

I  ■ 


j' 


ii  I 


290 


C  •.  /.S\SVA'A' '  .V    J/.  /  CA/.IXE. 


is,  of  course,  conceivable  that  under 
certain  circumstances  it  may  be  desir- 
able to  cut  one  set  out  of  service  and 
control  tiie  output  of  five  generators 
through  tiie  other  st.'t.  By  arrant^ing 
the  generator  switrhes  a.'d  feeder 
switches  as  siiown  in  the  illustration,  in 
such  a  way  that  the  former,  through 
which  current  is  delivered  to  the  bus 
bars,  alternate  with  the  latter,  through 
which  current  is  drawn  from  the  bus 
bars,  the  maximum  current  which  it  is 
necessary  to  convey  through  any  sec- 
tion of  the  bus  bars  becomes  that  suj)- 
l)lied  by  tiU'ee  generators.  This  is 
equivalent  in  each  bar  to  about  3000 
lunpi'res,  and,  assuming  a  current  den- 
sitv  of  1000  amperes  i)er  s(j.  in.,  -would 
recjuire  a  section  of  about  3  sq.  in.  in 
the  bus  bar.  The  f)otential  of  the  car- 
rents  mav  be  as  high  as  2400  voUs. 

A  sh.)rt-circuit  might  obviously  be 
very  dangerous,  and  this  fact,  in  con- 
nection with  the  fact  tliat  at  certain 
times  the  atmosphere  ot  the  ])ower 
house  is  liable  to  carry  a  considerable 
amount  of  moisture,  ready  to  l)e  pre- 
cii)itated  U|)()n  metallic  surfices,  ])oinls 
to  the  desirai)ility  of  insulating  the 
bars.  To  insulate  them  in  the  most 
satisfactory  manner,  rountled  surfaces 
are  necessary,  but  in  a  round  solitl 
conductor,  3  square  inches  in  section, 
nearlv  2  inches  in  diameter,  two 
other  difficultii'S  must  be  fared  :  I'irst, 
the  surtiue  from  which  the  heat,  due  to 
resistance,  must  be  radiated,  is  small 
as  compared  with  that  obtained  by  us- 
ing flat  bars  or  strajjs  of  equal  section  ; 
and,  second,  an  alternating  current  in 
such  a  conductor  will  not  distribute  it- 
self imiformly,  but  will  seek  the  surface, 
leaving  the  cojtpi'r  at  the  centre  re- 
latively idle  and  ineftective. 

The.se  difficulties  have  been  success- 
fullv  overcome  by  the  construction 
adopted.  From  the  middle  each  bar 
tapers  toward  the  ends.  The  middle 
section  consists  of  a  cop|)er  \.\\\w 
of  about  3  inches  nutside  diameter 
and  2  inches  inside  diameter.  Into 
this,  at  either  end  is  screwed  a  tube, 
the  outside  diameter  of  which  is  ap- 
|)ro.\imatelv  2  inches,  while  its  inside 
diameter  is  about  li  in.     Into  the  other 


ends  ot  each  of  these  tubes,  in  like 
manner,  a  cop|)er  rod  i  ',3  inch  in 
diameter  is  sere  ,ed.  Tlie  offsi-ts  or 
connections  from  which  short  lengths 
of  cable  convey  current  to  or  from  the 
se\'eral  switches,  are  clamped  to  the 
l)ar  thus  formed,  all  surfaces  being 
rounded.  The  entire  bar  with  offsets 
is  then  insulated  with,  very  high- class 
rubber  insulation.  These!  bars  were  con- 
structed by  the  Brown  iS:  Shar])e  Manu- 
facturing Company,  of  Providence,  R. 
I.,  U.  S.  A.,  according  to  the  designs 
of  the  Westinghouse  Company,  and 
were  insulated  bv  the  India  Rubbi  i 
Gutta-Percha  Insulating  Comj)any,  of 
New  York,  the  method  em])loyed  being 
that  cov(.'red  by  the  Habirshaw])atents. 
The  insulation  consists  of  alternate 
layers  of  ])ure  Para  gum  and  vulcanized 
rubber,  two  lavers  of  each  being  used, 
and  the  outer  layer  of  vulcanized  rubber 
protected  bv  a  s])ecial  braided  covering 
chemically  treated  \.o  make  it  non-com- 
l)ustible.  .Similar  insulation  is  used  for 
the  cables  between  the  generators  and 
the  switches  and  for  the  connections 
between  the  bus  bars  anil  suitclu's. 

A  sf-ction  of  the  Haiiirshaw  cable  is  re- 
produced on  the  opposite  page.  The 
illustration  is  very  nearly  the  exact  size 
of  the  cable.  The  maki'rs  guarantee  th.'t 
the  insulation  of  cables  and  bus  bars, 
erected  in  ])lace,  shall  stand  an  alternat- 
ing current  potential  of  10,000  effective 
v'llts between co])|)crand earth.  Samples 
.submitted  and  tested  in  the  laboratory 
of  the  Westinghouse  Company  suc- 
cessfully resisted  the  application  of 
l)otentials  exceeding  40,000  volts. 

The  calculated  losses  in  a  set  of  four 
bus  bars  con\-eying  the  full  out|nit  of 
'(wi^:  generators.  25,000  electrical  horse- 
power, are  less  than  10  horse-powLT. 
The  radiating  surfj'.ce  is,  of  course,  con- 
sider.iblv  greater  than  it  would  be  in 
the  case  of  solid  circular  bars  of  equal 
section.  At  the  ends  of  the  bars, 
where  the  section  is  about  i  s(|.  in., 
the  current  is  that  coming  from  one 
generator  only,  and  in  .1  bar  of  this 
section  the  tendency  of  the  current  to 
seek  the  surface  is  negligible.  In  that 
])art  of  the  bar  which  has  an  oiUside 
diameter  of  2   inches  the  cnrrcnt  con- 


!  i 


I 


ic- 
of 

)ur 
of 


II.  < 

ilU' 

liis 
to 

Kit 

licle 
on- 


l-J.F.CI'RU  ■  J'OW'ER  .  I  '/'  .\7.  IC.  IR.l. 


391 


veyed  may  be  that  comiiit,^  from  two 
j;l'iu  rators,  aiKi  llie  teiulcncy  to  seek 
the  surtace  would  l)e  ai)i)rL'ciable  in  a 
solid  circular  coiidiictt)r  of  e([ual  section, 
while  in  that  ])art  of  the  bar  which  is  3 
inches  in  dianuter  and  which  may 
be  called  upon  to  convey  current  ironi 
three  <lynamos,  it  would  be  verv  con- 
siderable. The  use  of  the  tubes  in- 
stead of  solid  bars  j;cts  rid  of  the  idle 
cojjper  at  the  centre  of  the  latter,  and 
at  the  same  time  increases  the  ratio  of 
radiating  surface  to  section  of  con- 
ductor. 

The  construction  of  suitable  switch- 
ing devices  for  circuits  conveving  5000 
horse-power  at  a  potential  of  2000  volts 
is  a  serious  problem.  To  be  sure,  the 
tlynainos  will  be  operatetl  in  parallel, 
and  by  projier  adjustment  of  the  field 
charges  of  the  generators  and  the  gates 
controlling  the  turbines,  the  current 
traversing  the  dynamo  switch  at  the 
moment  of  opening  or  closing  the  cir- 
cuit can  be  reduced  within  moderate 
limits.  But  there  is  always  the  chance 
that  something-  may  go  wrong  ;  the 
operative  may  make  a  mistake,  or 
something  else  may  hapjK'n,  and  it  was, 
therefore,  deemed  necessary  to  con- 
struct a  switch  caj)able  of  opening  with- 
out damage  to  itself  or  other  apparatus, 
circuits  conveying  5000  horse-power. 
The  Westinghouse  Comjiany  accord- 
ingly inaugurated  a  series  of  experi- 
ments, and  detailed  several  expert 
enoinecrs  to  thoroughly  study  the 
subject.  The  result  of  their  work  is 
illustrated  on  i)age  292.  The  op|jor- 
tunity  has  not  yet  been  atforded  to 
tlu)rouiLihly  test  this  switch  in  comnu'r- 
cial  serxice,  but  shop  tests,  carried  out 
under  conditions  approximating  to  those 
which  will  be  met  in  practical  operati(Mi 
of  the  jjlant  at  Niagara,  indicate  that  it 
is  capable  of  switching  very  heavy  cur- 
rents without  damage  to  itself  and 
without  dangerous  rise  of  ])otential. 

Current  for  exciting  the  fields  of  the 
generators  is  obtained  <lirectlv  from 
rotarv  transformers,  which,  in  turn,  are 
su])plied  with  alternating  current  from 
the  generators,  static  transformers  being 
interposed  to  reduce  the  potential. 
During  the  period  of  construction  ex- 


citing current  is  also  derived,  when 
necessary,  from  a  75  kilowatt  direct 
current  generator  driven  direct  by  a 
Westinghouse  compound  engine.  This 
generator  and  engine,  together  with  the 
lioiler  plant  for  the  lattt'r,  are  located  in 
;i  small  temporary  building  atadistance 
of  al)out  200  yards  from  the  power 
house.  The  engraving  on  page  293 
illustrates  one  of  the  two  rotary  trans- 
formers instalk'd,  and  their  location  in 
the  power  house  is  indicated  in  the 
lloor  ])lan  on  ])age  2S3.  These  trans- 
formers are  of  200  kilowatts  output 
e.ich. 

As  will  be  seen  in  the  illustration  of 


A   SIXTION-   (l|-   Tin-;   IIAIIIRSIIAW    CAIlI.n. 

the  comi)lete  machine,  on  page  259, 
the  shaft  carries  a  commutator  at 
one  end  of  the  armature  and  a 
four-ring  collector  at  the  opposite 
end.  Alternating  current,  at  about  1 25 
volts  potential,  is  delivered  to  the  col- 
lector from  the  secondary  terminals  of 
the  static  transformers,  one  of  which  is 
illustrati'd  on  Jiage  294.  From  the 
commutator  en;l  of  the  rotary  trans- 
former, direct  current,  at  a  ])Otcntial 
approximating  175  volts,  is  delivered 
to  the  fields  of  the  generators,  the  field 
rheostats  being  interposed  in  these  cir- 
cuits to  ])ermit  adjustment  of  the  current 
flowing  in  each  field. 

The  armature  winding  is  of  the 
closed  circuit  type,  and  each  of  the  ring 
collectors  is  connected  to  a  certain 
point  in  the  same  winding  from  which 
current  is  delivered  to  the  commutator. 
The   machine,   in  operation,  runs  as  a 


,  i 


-, 


■I 


."-mm. 


2'.)  2 


c. iss/Zi/rs  .]/.!(,. \/.i.\i-:. 


synchronous  motor,  driven  1)\'  the  two- 
phase  altcrnatinjr  current,  and  dehvers 
from  tlie  commutator  continuous  cur- 
rcMit,  just  as  it  wouUl  do  were  it  ch-iven 
as  a  i^eneraror  by  a  turl)ine  or  an  en- 
jrjue.  Tlie  lly-wlieel  at  the  i^w(\.  of  the 
shaft  is  used  to  j^ive  steadiness  of  s|)eed 
and  to  ijrevent  wliat  is  sonietimt's  called 
"  pumpinjT- ;  "  that  is  to  say,  uiie([ual 
an<;u!ar  velocity  at  successive  stai^es  in 
a  revolution  of  the  armature,  caused  by 
the  i1ow  of  idle  current  between  the 
j;-enerator  and  the  rotary  transformer. 


which    the  water   circulates   are  shown 
on  ])a,t;e  2i;5. 

before  the  generators  were  erected  in 
the  sho|)s  of  the  Westini^diouse  Electiic 
and  Manufacturin!L>f  Comi)any,  at  Pitts- 
l)ur!:^h,  careful  tests  were  made  of  the 
materials  used  in  tlie  construction  of 
the  various  elements  of  the  machines. 
()l  these,  the  tests  of  the  phvsical  jjrop- 
erties  of  the  shaft,  field  riiii^'  antl  driver 
h.ive  been  referred  to.  The  s|)ecial 
means  adopted  for  balancinj^-  the  re- 
volvini^  parts  of  the  i^enerator  liave  also 


II     riii:  MAIN  sui  reins. 


Two  Static  transformers,  each  capable 
of  deliverin_^'  loo  kilowatts  each,  are 
used  to  sup])ly  alternating-  current 
to  each  rotary  transformer.  They  are 
placed  in  cyliiulrical  boxes  of  boiler 
iron,  and  are  immersed  m  oil.  This 
secures  an  extremely  thoroui;h  insula- 
tion. The  oil  is  kept  cool  by  water, 
which  circulates  throut;h  a  spiral  of  gal- 
vanized iron  pipe,  fitting  closely  to  the 
inside  of  the  cylindrical  box.  Each  box 
is  j)ro\'i(-led  with  .-ui  oil  gauge  by  which 
th(.'  height  of  oil  may  be  determined. 
Prov  ision  is  made  for  readily  drawing 
off  the  oil  at  the  bottom  of  the  liox  in 
case  of  necessity.  The  transformer, 
the  box,  and  the  spiral  of  pipe  through 


bet'n   describeil.       Among    (ither  tests, 
the  following  are  of  es|)ecial  interest  : 

Tksts  oi'  Till':  M.\(;xi:ric  Oi  Ai.nii'.s 

OK    THK    P'iKI.I)    Rl.\(i. 

Two  samples  of  stcl,  cut  from  the 
<ti\'ii^Q  of  the  rough-forged  ring  before  it 
was  turned,  were  tested  by  the  j)er- 
meameter  method  to  obtain  what  is 
technically  known  as  the  P-H  cur\e  ; 
that  is,  the  ratio  of  induction  to  mag- 
netizing force  for  various  values  of  the 
latter.  The  IMI  curve  was  also  deter- 
mined by  a  modification  of  the  so-called 
"  ring  method,"  the  entire  fiekl  ring 
Ijeing  used  for  this  pur])ose.  This  \ery 
beautiful    and    interesting    experiment 


J\  ■  ill  ;• 


ELRCTRIC   POWER   AT  XIAC.lR.l. 


2( 


93 


K  I  I.nw  \  I   r    Knl\R\      I  U  A  N'il  '  M;  M  r  K     ISIM    AS    AN     IXLTI'i:!*. 


was  sut^nx'stcd  l>v  Mr.  ("has.  F.  Scott, 
electrician  of  tlie  Westiii.nhouse  Klectric 
and  Mannfacturiny  Coni[)any,  and  car- 
rietl  out  under  his  direction. 

All  the  measurements  are  illustrated 
i.jra|)hically  in  the  chart  on  pai^e  297. 
Curxes  A  and  W  are  res])ecti\ely  the 
1^-11  cur\es  lor  \vr()U|q;ht-iron  and  cast- 
iron,  as  determined  hvDr.  John  lloi)- 


The  tests  l)y  the  rin^-  method  indi- 
cate hii^ln'r  \'alues  of  the  induction  for 
moderate  niaiinelizin,L;f  forces  than  were 
obtained  bvthepermeameter.  The  for- 
mer is  the  more  reli;ible  method,  and 
curxe  II  undoubtedly  n'presents  ^•ery 
closely  the  true  relation  of  induction 
ami  mai^netizint;-  force  in  the  t'leld  rinjr 
I  if  the  hrst  ^eiierator.    The  ])ermeability 


If 


'    \ 


^tS, 


ler- 
:  is 
ve  ; 

the 
ter- 
led 
ini>' 
t'ry 
ent 


\K  M   \  ITKi: 


klnson  c'  London,  and  are  here  tj^iven 
for  puri'.'^es  of  comparison.  Curve  C 
is  the  K-  H  curve  for  nickel,  as  deter- 
mined l>v  Prof.  j.  A.  Ewing.  Curves  D 
and  E  are  determineil  by  permeameter 
from  samples  cut  from  the  edv^e  of  the 
rin;4.  Cur\  e  K  was  determined  by  the 
rini^'  method,  usini^  the  entire  field  rini;. 
The  very  hii^h  values  of  the  induction, 
for  all  e.Kcept  very  low  magnetizing 
forces,  are  remarkable. 


■  r  m;\     1  K  \\<l  i)l.'Ml  u. 


(if  the  field  ring  is,  therefore,  considcr- 
ablv  higher  than  that  of  standard 
wrought  iron, 

l'"or  the  ])ur|)ose  of  bahuuing  the 
driver  and  fiekl  ring,  and  to  make 
mech.uui  al  and  electrical  tests  as  com- 
plete as  was  practicable  in  the  shops 
where  no  5000  horse-poi'cr  engine  was 
available  to  drive  the  general'  .sunder 
lull  li>ad,  each  machine  was  erected  in 
such  a  manner  that  tlu!  wiMght  ot  the 


^ 

o 
1; 


:<J! 


r ' 


i 


294 


r. /XV/AA".V    MA(,.\/.I\I-:. 


r('\(>l\ini4'  clenicnt  was  carried  ii|i(in  a 
collar  or  thrust  ijcarint,^  at  the  bottom  ol' 
the  shatt.  Into  tiiis  bearing-  oil  was 
forced  by  a  pump,  at  a  ])ressiire  ajjproxi- 
iiiatiiii;'  looo  pounds  j)er  S(|iiare'in(h,  the 
resulr.  l)cin_tf  tiiat  the  collars  on  the  shall 
and  the  corresponding'  yroovis  in  the 
liearinLj'  were  thoroughly  lubricated. 
The  oil  was  kept  in  circulation  so  thai 
it  mij^ht  not  bi'come  excessively  heated. 
That  the  friction  in  the  bt'arinj^  was 
reduced  within  \'er3'  moderate  limits 
was  demonstrated  during;'  some  of  the 
later  tests,  when,  the  driving'  belt 
coming-  off  the  pulUy  suddenly  when 
the  machintf  was  rumiiu"'  at   ai)out  2^0 


A    ICH)   KILOWATT   TK.ANSl  (lUMKU. 

revolutions  per  minute,  the  field  con- 
tinued to  revolve  for  thirty-nine  min- 
utes by  reason  of  its  own  inertia. 

I)i:'n;KMix.\  riox  of  thk  Potential 
Ct'Rvi:. 

As  is  now  ])retty  well    understood  i)\' 
those  who  are  in  any  way  interested  in 
enji^ineering,   the   potential  at   the  ter- 
niinali-    of  an  alternating'  current  t>-ener 
ator  varies  from  zerij  to  a  jjositive  ma.\- 


innnn  value,  then  to  zero,  then  to  a 
nti^alive  ma.ximum  vahu',  and  ttun  t<i 
zero  attain,  this  cycle  beinjj^  continu- 
ouslv  and  rapidly  repeated,  in  the  case 
of  tlie  Niagara  i^enerators  twenty-live 
times  ])er  second.  One  half  of  such  a 
cv<le  is  graphically  ri'presented  by  the 
chart  on  pa,<;e  2yS,  in  which  the  solid 
line  is  the  curve  of  ])otenlial  at  the  ter- 
minals of  the  first  t^enerator,  as  e.\|)eri- 
mentally  determined.  The  dotted  lini' 
is  a  sine  cnr\e,  representing;'  an  electro- 
motive force  of  ecjual  ellectixe  value. 
Horizontal  distances,  nieasiu'ed  alonjL^' 
the  base  or  zero  line,  re])resent  time, 
while  the-  vertical  distances,  measured 
from  the  base  line  to  the  ])otential  curve 
1),  re|)resent  dilference  of  potential  at 
the  generator  tt'rminals.  At  any  t;iven 
instant,  represented  by  a  certain  jxiint 
on  the  base  line,  the  difference  of  po- 
tential is  proportional  to  the  \ertical 
distance  from  that  ])oint  to  the  cm've. 

In  the  determination  of  the  form  of 
the  potential  curve  at  tin;  tern-inals  of 
ihii  iir.t  Niagara  y'enerator,  a  method, 
su^'u^ested  by  Mr.  15.  O.  Lannne,  of  the 
(HiijineerinL,^  staff  of  the  Westinghouse 
IClectric  and  Mannficturin"'  Company, 
was  adopted,  and  carried  out  as  follows: 
The  machine  beinuf  set  U|),  as  above 
described,  a  steel  cable  was  secured  to 
the  outside  of  the  field  ring,  about 
which  it  was  wound  to  the  extent  of  a 
half-dozen  turns.  The  free  end  of  the 
cable  was  then  secured  to  a  vertical 
shaft  ])laced  in  a  boring  mill.  The  lat- 
ter, being  rex'oKed  at  slow  S|)eed,  the 
cable  was  wountl  u])on  the  shaft,  and 
the  fii'kl  of  the  generator  was  slowlv 
revolved  as  the  cable  unwound  from 
the  field  ring.  In  this  way  an  ex- 
trenu'ly  slow  speed  (about  one  revolu- 
tion in  five  minutes,  or  one  cycle  in 
fifty  seconds)  was  obtained. 

A  field  charge  which,  at  250  revolu- 
tions jier  niinute,  would  induce  an  elec- 
tro-moti\e  force  of  2500  ^'olts  in  the 
armature,  would,  at  this  si)eed,  induce 
about  2  volts  in  the  armature  circuits. 
\'.>ltmeters,  capable  of  reading  accur- 
ately to  tmit  of  a  volt,  were  connected 
direct! V  across  the  terminals  of  the  .ar- 
mature, and,  as  the  field  ri'\'ol\'ed, 
readini's  wire  taken  at  intervals  of  three 


P' 


/■:/. I'A  •  iRn  •  ni)\\ 'i-:r  a  r  m.ic.ira. 


^w5 


seconds,  tliese  iiuurvals  hfiiii;-  timed  1)\- 
;in  observer,  wliile  two  otlurs  re;ul  tlic 
voltmeters,  aiul  two  assistanls  recorded 
tlie  readinj4S.  This  test  was  repeated 
many  times  with  very  close  agreement 
ill  the  rt'sults.  It  is  due  to  Mr.  Scott, 
Mr.  l.amme  and  Mr.  Mcl.ari'n,  of  the 
technical  staff  of  the  Westini^honse 
Coni|)any,  to  say  tliat  the  results,  when 
V)lotte(t   to    the   same  scale  as  the  theo- 


aturi'  conductors,  tlu'  excitint;'  current 
in  the  field  wiiulin|i,'-,  and  eddy  currents 
which  may  he  set  up  in  the  armat'.;re 
conductors,  in  the  core  of  the  armature, 
in  the  field  po'.es  and  in  the  field  hoh- 
hins.  The  niajnietic  losses  are  those  k\\\u. 
to  the  ma}4neti/ation  of  the  core  of  the 
armature,  which  is,  of  course,  alti'rnal- 
injL>'  in  si,nn,  and  to  fluctuations  in  the 
ina,i,nietization  of  the  field.      Not   all   of 


hi 


1)i;taii,s  ()1-  Tin;  mci  kii.ouai  i' 


1 1  1 ;  1 '- 1  III  \\  \     1  K  A  N  S  I-  o  1<  M  )■.  K . 


retical  curve  which  tlu-y  calculated  be- 
fore the  test  was  made,  can  scarcely 
be  distinguished  from  the  actual  curve 
determined  by  experiment. 

By  the  efiticiency  of  the  ji^enerator  we 
me.m  the  ratio  of  electrical  output  to 
nu'chanical  input  ;  that  is  to  say,  the 
quotient  obtained  by  dividing-  the 
amount  of  energy  delivered  to  the  cir- 
cuits by  the  generator,  by  the  energy 
delivered  to  the  shaft  of  the  generator 
at  the  top  of  the  long  shaft  which  con- 
nects the  generator  and  tiie  turbine.  This 
quotient  is  expressed  as  a  percentage  of 
the  ini)Ut.  The  difiereiice  between  the 
input  and  output  of  energy  is  repre- 
sented bv  the  various  losses  in  the 
generator. 

These  losses  are  mechanical,  elec- 
trical and  magnetic.  The  mechanical 
losses  are  those  due  to  air  friction  of  the 
revolving  parts  of  the  generator,  and 
the  friction  of  the  two  bearings  which 
guide  the  generator  shaft.  The  elec- 
trical losses  are  those  due  to  the  main 
or  primary  current   traversing  the  arni- 


these  various  losses  can  with  conveni- 
ence or  accuracy  lie  segregated ,  Ijut  fbrtu- 
natelv,  practically  all  that  are  of  special 
importance  can  be  measured.  Tests 
were,  therefore,  made  at  the  Westing- 
house  fictorv  which  determined  the 
efficiency  of  each  machine  with  a  very 
fair  degree  of  accuracy.  The\'  were 
made  with  great  can;,  and  in  the 
case  of  the  first  generator  all  important 
measurements  were  repeated  many 
times.  This  is  not  the  |)lace  for  a  com- 
plete statement  and  discussion  of  the 
tests  made,  which,  in  itself  would  be  as 
long  as  this  entire  article,  but  the 
methods  employed  and  the  results  oi)- 
tained  may  be  briefly  summarized. 

As  the  generator  was  erected  in  the 
shops,  the  revolving  element  was  sus- 
tained, as  already  stated,  by  a  collar  or 
tlirust  bearing.  A  direct  current  motor, 
ca]7al)le  of  delivering  200  horse-power, 
was  used  to  dri\e  the  generator,  the 
motor  being  turned  u])on  its  side,  st) 
that  the  shaft,  supjiorted  upon  a  thrust 
bearing,    was    vertical,    and,    therefore, 


Mt-J 


vHjss 


<* 


i 


fifi 


r 

il 


'.  f4' 


■     ! 


nm ; : 


21)6 


(.iss//':a"s  m.\(;.\/.i.\i-:. 


Tin-    A^ri: RICAX    IWM.S    AT    XIAr.ARA. 


l-l.l'Al'RIC    POWI'R    .//'  .\I.\(,.\R.\. 


-V7 


i| 


parallel  to  the  sh.ilt  nf  the  m'licTator. 
The  tirld  of  tin-  dimt  currnil  motor 
was  iii(K'|)(iiil('ntl\'  oxcitt'd,  and  irail- 
inms  of  the  ciirri'iit  and  imiiiuial,  de- 
livered to  its  armature  lioin  a  ilirect 
current  i^enerator,  drivx'n  liy  an  en;^ine, 
were  t.iki-n  in  a  series  of  tests,  which 
were  repeated  sever.il  times  durini^  a 
period  of  about  two  weeks.  The  results 
show  that  when  the  tield  of  the  eene- 
rator  w.is  not  c-hariLjed  by  excitinL^  cur- 
rent, it  was  necx'ssary  to  deli\-er  to  the 
motor    76    horse-|)ower     to    tlri\e    tlu' 


what  this  hell  iViction,  and  the  increa^nl 
iriction  in  tin.' iH'arin^s,  due  totii^hlue^> 
ofllH.'heJt,  amounted  to  t'ould  not  he 
easily  determined,  nor  was  any  attt'injit 
mad(!  to  se^reiL^ate  the  loss  in  the  thrust 
hearinsj^  from  the  other  losses. 

This  loss  in  the  thrust  hearinj^-  is  not 
])ropi'rIs'  charnciMe  to  the  t^eniMMtoi'. 
since  the  machines,  as  erected  at 
NiaiLjara,  have  no  thrust  hearing;'  above 
the  point  in  the  sli alt  where  the  jiouer 
is  delivereil  to  tlie  mauMMlor.  It  can 
safely  be  said,  tlu'refore,  that  at  Xia'^.ira 


30    M   10    50    CO    TO    SO    ',10  100  ]10  r,'0  laO  110  liO  IliO  IVO  180  lUO  :J00  aiU  :JiO  liW  :;10  350 '.'liO  UTO  360  :;W  ^00  310  J^o  3ao  ;ilO    0 
CHART   SlIOWINii    Till,    M\c,N|,:tIC    yCA  MTl  1:S   III'    Tin:    lll.I.H    HINC, 


generator  field  at  a  sjji'ed  of  250  revolu- 
tions j)er  minute.  The  belt  connectini>' 
motor  and  generator  bcinq;  taken  ott,  26 
electrical  horse-power  were  required  to 
drive  the  motor  at  the  same  speed  as 
before.  The  difference  between  these 
two  (juantities,  or  50  horse-power, 
represents  the  mechanical  friction  in  the 
s^eiierator,  made  \\\>  of  air  friction,  the 
Iriction  of  the  two  bearins^s  which  i^uide 
the  shaft,  the  friction  of  the  step-uj)  or 
thrust  bearing  at  the  bottom  of  the 
shaft,  and  ;ilso  the  loss  in  the  belt,  which 
was  necessarily   kept  very  tight.      Just 


the  total  mechanic, il  losses  in  tlu'  gene- 
rator will  be  less  than  50  horse-power, 
— that  is,  less  than  one  per  cent,  of  the 
power  recpiired  to  drive  them. 

The  determination  of  the  amount  of 
energy  represented  bv  tlu;  current 
which  excites  the  fkkl  of  the  generator 
is  easily  made.  The  method  emi)loved 
was  to  charge  the  tield,  beginning  with 
a  very  small  current,  and  increase 
this  by  successive  ste|)s  until  the  jioten- 
tial  at  the  terminals  of  the  armature,  at 
a  sjieed  of  250  revolutions  per  minute, 
approximated  3000  volts,  takuig  at  each 


J! 


1 

\ 

1 

»! 

1 

4o 

r 

♦1 

• 

ti' 


l! 


r'l; 


I         ill.     ' 


■^' 


,, 


Mm 


if 


Jy,S 


C.ISS//:A"S    .]/.!(,.  I /J.yj:. 


stt'p  siimiltancoiis  rcachiniLjs  of  tlu'  ciir- 
rc'Mt  ill  the  licltl,  the  ixitL-iitial  at  tliu 
tk'Id  tcnuiiials,  and  tliu  jxiti'iuial  at  tlio 
anuatiin!  tcnninals,  Tlic  tidil  ciincnt 
was  thru  t^radually  reduced,  sinuiltaiK'- 
oiis  iiUMsiircmciits  luiiiii;'  taken  as 
l)er(irc'  of  the  eiirn  nt  in  the  lield,  the 
poU'ntial  at  the  fK-Id  terminals,  ami  the 
potential  at  the  arniatnre  terminals.  In 
this  w.iy  the  WcVX  current  re<|nired  to 
induce  in  the  arm.iture,  without  load, 
.my  juiveit  electromotive  force  not  less 
than  300  volts  and  not  i^n-ater  th.m  ^uoo 


the  field  current  in  c.ich  j^enerator  under 
full  load  will  in  no  case  exceed  i5liorse- 
l)ower. 

The  next  loss  to  be  determined  is 
that  due  to  the  iiianneti/alion  of  the 
armature  core.  This  is  made  up  of  two 
factors,  but  for  our  jjiirpose,  these  need 
not  l)e  dilferciUi.ited  from  each  other. 
The  test  was  made  as  follows  :  The 
^eiu'iator  being-  driven  at  a  speed  of 
25(j  revolutions  ])er  minute  by  the  di- 
rect current  motor,  me.isiirinunls  of 
the    electric    energy    delivi'red    to   the 


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au '  IJ-  (iu  ;.i  w  lo."j  i-Jo  i:ri  i:.u  iil.l  l»o' 

iin;  roll. Nil. M,  cruvi;  iiiu  (iM.  m     iin:  i,i.\i;i<  \  inns. 


volts,  was  determined.  I'rom  this  the 
field  current  which  corres])on(ls  to  any 
armature  potential  when  the  generator 
is  loaded, — that  is,  when  the  armature 
is  di'livering  current, — can  be  deter- 
mined with  close  accuracy  by  calcula- 
tion. 

With  some  types  of  machines  this 
would  not  be  so  easily  done,  but  in  these 
generators  the  relations  existing  be- 
tween the  armature  and  field  are  similar 
to  those  which  exist  in  many  of  the 
large  generators  em])loyed  in  street  rail- 
way service,  and  in  making  the  calcula- 
tion, therefore,  we  are  not  far  removed 
from  the  .safe  basis  of  exi^erimental  fact. 
In  this  way  it  was  determined  that  under 
conditions  which  will  exist  at  Niagara, 


latter  were  made  coinciilently  with 
measurements  of  the  ])otentiaI  at  the 
terminals  of  tlu;  generator  armaturi".  As 
the  current  in  the  field  of  the  generator 
is  varied,  by  adjusting  resistance  in  its 
circuit,  the  magnetization  of  the  aim- 
ature,  of  course,  varies,  and  the  jxiteii- 
tial  at  its  terminals  is  a  measure  of  the 
magnetization,  or,  more  strictly,  induc- 
tion in  the  armature  core. 

As  the  magneti.viatiGn  incr  ases,  more 
power  is  required  to  revolve  the  field, 
the  ditference  in  the  ])ower  delivered  bv 
the  motor  to  the  generator  for  any 
given  ])otential  at  the  armature  termi- 
nals (that  is,  for  any  given  degree  of 
magnetization),  and  the  po^ver  required 
to  tlrive  the  iiekl  at  the  same  .sjieed  with 


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Dk.   Coi.KMAN  Si;i.LEKS,  oiie   o(  the  best 


known  engineers  on 


both   sides  of  the  At- 


lantic, is  the  cousnltin^  engineer  ol  the 
Cataract  Constrnclion  Company,  and  is  also 
president  an<l  chief  engineer  of  the  Niagara 
I'alls  rower  Company. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 

(Corporation 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMET 

WEBSTIR.N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  872-4503 


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1)1  Cdiki.  \  M\v  was  till-  iiiKiiict-r  ami 
(teiicral  supcriiitciicKiit  of  tlic  Cntaract  Con- 
stnictioii  Coiiit>aii\  <liiriiig  the  iiislullatiun 
nf  tlic  wheclpil  iiiaclniirry. 


'ifi' 


1 

111 

1 W  l- 

iii 


i:i.i-nrRic  ro\\i-:R  .\  r  m.ic.ira. 


lu)  inajfiK'tizalioii  biinjr  iiccovintcd  for 
l)y  tin.'  CDrc  loss.  As  alix'ady  statid, 
tliL-  fiUTny  ni|iiiic'(l  t<>  diivc  motor  ami 
yc-iK'rator,  as  dctcrmiiud  in  tlie  case  of 
the  first  inatliiiK',  is  76  liorsc-powfr, 
ami  by  suhtraitiiijj;'  tliis  ainoimt  from 
the  amounts  rc<niiri(l  to  drive  the  ijcm- 
rator  with  any  j^iven  maj^iietization  in 
the  core,  we  have  a  closely  accurate 
measure  of  the  loss. 

In  this  way  it  was  dcti'rmined  that 
the  ann)unts  of  jxtwir  deliveri'd  to  the 
motor,  correspondint;'  to  potentials  at 
the  armature  terminals  \aryin)L,''  from 
jotK)  to  2.^00  volts,  wi're  as  follows  : 

2iioi>  volts 121  —  T(t   -  45  lionie-ii(H%-cr 

■ii^yi    "  I  VI  -  -.''      M 

•(■l""     "     1(1  -  7"       ''5 

Were  the  armature  in  service,  dc- 
liverinif  currents  repri'sentini!;'  the  full 
output  of  the  machine,  the  distrilmtion 
of  the  magnetic  lines  in  the  armature 
core  would  he  .somewhat,  l)Ut  not  vcrv 
radically  ditferi'nt,  and  consi-(puntly 
tlu-se  nieasurc-ments  do  not  tell  us  ex- 
actly what  the  loss  in  the  core  will  W- 
under  conditions  of  actual  sei\ice. 
Hut,  niakini"'  a  fair  allowance  for  an  in- 
creased loss  due  to  this  and  other 
minor  causes  which  may  makif  them- 
seKes  felt  in  the  coninuTcial  opi'ration 
t)f  the  ]L;eneralor,  it  would  .seem  safe  to 
say  that  the  loss  in  the  arm.iture  core, 
operatini,^  at  2100  volts,  which  is  alioul 
the  voltaije  at  which  those  jreiierators 
su|)pl\in}^  local  si-rviie  willl)e  opera.ted, 
will  not  exceed  60  horse-power. 

The  loss  due  tt)  the  current  in  the 
armature  conductors  could  not  '>e  ;tc- 
cnrately  determined  from  tests  in  the 
shop.  This  loss,  ho\ve\i'r,  is  easi!\- 
calculated  with  close  accuracy  from 
measurements  of  the  resistance.'  of  tin; 
armature  conductors  and  the  known 
value  of  the  full  load  currents  whidi 
they  will  caiT"  in  .service.  Disre^jard- 
iiii^  possible  eddy  currents  in  the  con- 
ductors, which,  fioin  the  construction, 
should  he  almost  ne^lijLjihle,  calcul.i- 
tions  show  that  the  loss  in  the  armature 
conductors  under  full  load  will  not  ex- 
ceed 30  horse-power.  Theory  indicates 
that  other  losses,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  cdily  currents  in  the  field 
poles,  will  he  so   small  as  to  be  practi- 


cally nei;li)^ible,  and  inclndiniij  the  loss 
in  the  field  poles,  which  could  not  be 
readily  determined,  their  amount  will 
not  he  snlli(  icnt  to  materially  affect  the 
efficiency  t>f  the  jfenerator. 

To  sum  up  till-  mech.mical,  electric 
and  maj;netic  losses,  when  the  Liemra- 
tor  is  dtliverinjLj  current  at  2100  \olts, 
w<-  have  ronj;hIy  the  tollowinL;: 

Mnxliniiiii  Iii'i'*  ill  ficM  CDppcr is  limsr  power 

I.ii'.s  111  iirmaluri' con- fri 

l,os<i  ill  arnialiirc  coiiiluctors ^^o 

Tolal 105  " 

To  arrive  at  the  actual  efficiency  of 
the  generator  we  nnist  aiUl  to  this  the 
losses  due  to  air  friction  and  frii  lion  ot 
the  bearinj^s,  hut  tlie  tists  do  not  in- 
dicate to  what  these  amount,  except 
that  with  the  loss  in  the  thrust  be.irinjn 
used  duriniLj  the  shop  tests  ihev  did  not 
exceed  50  horse-|)o\\(r.  \Vith  the 
losses  in  the  thrust  he.irini,'  cliarjL;iil 
aijainst  the  j^enerator  (whi(h  is,  ol 
course,  uiifiir  to  the  m  ichinc)  we  h.ive 
tor  the  tot.il  nu'ch.inii  al,  eli(  trie  and 
majLjiHlic  losses  155  horse-power.  In 
order  that  the  ireiierator  shall  deliver 
5(MK>  hoise-jjower  to  the  ciicuits  it  is, 
therefore,  neces.sary  that  5 1 55  horse- 
power be  transmitted  to  it  through  the 
shaft.  l)i\idinij  5<"hj  horse-power,  the 
output,  by  5155  horse-] )o\\tr,  the  as- 
sumed input,  we  ha\e  almost  ex.ictlv 
97  jier  cent.  l'"rom  all  i, lis  it  appears 
pertectlv  saft;  to  sav  l!iat  the, generators, 
uiuler  the  conditions  of  commercial 
ser\ice,  will,  at  full  load,  operate  at  an 
efficiency  exceeding;'  97  jier  cent.  At 
the  time  of  writinif  this,  the-  tests  of  the 
Hemralors  as  erected  in  the  ])ower 
house  at  .Nias^ara  are  not  yet  completed. 

The  description  of  the  electric  }.;en- 
eratiniLr  plant  in  the  foreiiioinjLf  j)aj,n's 
is  necessarily  incomplete.  Much  that 
would  interest  .scientific  specialists  ; 
omitted  or  merely  glanced  at,  and  on 
the  other  hand,  .spaie  and  time  h.ive 
not  permitted  the  attempt  to  elucid.ite 
statements  which,  to  those  not  fimiliar 
with  electric  work,  must  appear  more 
or  less  obscured  by  technical  phrase- 
olojjjy.      This  I  cannot  hope  to  amend. 

The  tests  of  the  first  5<x)0  horse- 
power unit  are  now  in  projrress,  and 
success    is    assureil.       When,     on    the 


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(  ASSIF.R ' S  AM GA/JNE. 


iiioniiiij;-  (if  April  4tii,  1.S95,  Mi.  Ku- 
(lolplu;  Ii.imniiiiM,  tlic  Swixs  ciiiL^inccr, 
who  li.is  lor  sivinil  years  (k-votid  his 
skill  iind  iiicrgy  to  ]nrk'(t  the  hydr.ui 
lie  pi. lilt,  j^fiitly  iiiovid  the  'laiid  wliccl 
whii  h  controls  the  fust  tiirhini.',  tlu- 
titlil  of tiie  jii'iHTiitor  l)iL;aii  to  rcvolvi-, 
ni)i-<ili'ssly,  irii  ^islil)ly,  (»-stifvini,Mo  tlu- 
skill  and  painslakinif  i  tfort  of  the  civil, 
hyilraiilic,  nicclianical  and  ck'ctrical 
fiiiLiinccrs,  \\  Iio-,e  conil)iiicd  I'tlorts,  di- 
rected liv  the  s|)lcndid  c'iitiri)rist'  of  the 
Cataract  Conslrnctioii  ("oni|)any,  have 
united  in  producinif  ;i5<i<)i>  Imrst  power 
unit  of  inachinerv,  ca|)alileof  transforni- 
ini,''  the  energy  of  fallinir  water  to  elec- 
tric i'iicri;y,  live,  vibrant,  needini^  only 
siiitalile  conductors  to  j^uide  it  across 
miles  ofcountry,  to  places  where  it  may 
turn  the  wheels  of  a  thousand  mills  and 
factorivs. 

The  Niagara  ycnerators  wen-  (on- 
stnnted  by  the  Westing  house  Com- 
])any,  following,  as  rei^ards  mechanical 
ibrni,  the  ty|)e  of  machine  ])roposed  by 
the  eiiiL^ineers  of  the  Cataract  Construc- 
tion Coni])any.  This  was  fully  de- 
scribed by  I'rof  (ieoitje  l-'orbes  in  a 
j)apcr  read  in  Xoveniber,  i.'^o,^.  before 
the     Hritish     Institution    of    b.lectrical 


I'ji.nineers.  The  au.xiliary  electric  ap- 
])aratus.  includin)Lj  e.xciters,  .switchinj^ 
devices,  me.isurinuf  instruments,  etc., 
were  designed  and  constructed  by  the 
West ini; house  Company,  assisted,  as 
to  the  bus  bars,  by  the  IJrown  iS:  .Sharpe 
.Maiiufii  turinij^  Company,  of  Provi- 
dence, R.  ].,  V .  S.  A.,  and  the  India 
Rubber  and  (iutta  I'ercha  Insulalinm; 
Company,   of  Niw  York. 

Amoiij^j  those  who  have  been  i>ar- 
ticularly  ])rominent  in  the  work  are  : 
Mr.  .\ll)ert  Schmid,  licneral  .superin- 
tendent ;  Mr.  C.  ]•".  vScott,  electrician  ; 
Mr.  I'hilip  I.anije,  ,sii])erinteiulent  ;  Mr. 
'  >.  li.  Shallenberi|t'r,  consultinjj  elec- 
trician ;  Mr.  1{.  C.  Lamme,  Mr.  V..  C. 
Means,  Mr.  II.  V.  Davis;  Messrs. 
.Sij;fried,  Wrii^ht,  Hoe.nel,  \V.  I-". 
Lamme,  Beinitz,  Alberi^er,  Mirault. 
Friedlander,  .Strauss,  Mould  and  Parks. 
To  Dr.  Coh man  .Sellers,  ])resident  and 
chief  eiij^iiicer  of  the  Niagara  I-'alls 
I'ower  Company,  and  Mr.  De  Con  rev 
May,  late  su|)erintendent  and  enijineer 
of  the  Cataract  Construction  Companv, 
who,  in  consultation  with  Mr.  Schmid 
and  his  assistants,  made  many  ^■aluable 
sui;!L,a'stions,  the  thanks  of  the  \\'e,'^tinj;- 
house  Company  are  also  due. 


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Jons  IloOART  i-  iiie  of  tlie  coiisiilltng 
euKiiiteis  If"  '1"'  Catatiict  Coiislnution  Co., 
ami, ns  siu'li.  has  taken  a  ))riiiiiiiii.'iit  part  in 
most  ol  the  work  pertaining  In  the 'great 
Niagain  enterprise. 


p 


i  I 


Till      M  MS    SI  HI. IT 


THE    INDUSTRIAL    VILLAGE    OF    ECHOTA    AT   NIAGARA. 

/t'y  /ii/t/i   /•(ii;<ir/,    M.   Am.   .Wn .    ( '.    /■'. 


Till",  lands  of  iIk-  N'i,in;aia  I'owtr 
Company  t'Xtciul  about  two  anil 
onr-iiiiaitt-r  niilfs  alony  the  riijlit 
hank  of  the  Niagara  river.  The  enor- 
mous mechanical  power  there  available, 
lither  by  the  direct  use  of  water  or  by 
electrical  transmission,  will  brinij  to 
these  lands  very  lari;e  industrial  estab- 
lishments, some  of  which  have  been,  in 
fact,  already  built,  even  before  the 
ixnver  wliich  they  recjuire  could  be  fur- 
nished to  them. 

With  such  industries  must  come  a 
larvae  population  of  skilled  labour  op- 
eratives, mechanics,  experts,  foremen, 
clerks,  accountants,  su[)erintendents 
and  proprietors.  1 1  is  in  all  respects 
tlesiral)le  that  the  homes  for  these  men 
and  their  families  should  not  be  too  far 
from  their  work,  and,  therefore,  the 
company  ownin<;  the  lands  determined 
lo  create  a  residence  neitjhbourhood 
which  should  have  comfortable  houses, 
with  all  practicable  conveniences,  with 
:ittractive  sui  ■■■.undines,  and  which 
could  be  rented  at  \ery  reasonable 
rates.  A  location  was  chosen  near  the 
centre  of  the  lands  of  the  com])any, 
and    upon   eighty-four   acres,  thus   se- 


lecti'd  less  than   two  years  ai^o,  there  is 
now  a  very  complete  villajife. 

The  story  of  so  spei'ily  a  devi'lop- 
meut  of  an  industrial  village,  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  |)lans  adojited  and  of  the 
methods  of  executiniL;'  the  constructions 
demanded  by  those  |)lans  should  not 
be,  under  any  circumstances,  unintei- 
estins^-.  Hut  m  the  case  of  this  villai^e 
of  Mchota,  tlu-re  wt're  a  luunber  of 
special  conditions  which  |)resented  pe- 
culiar tlifrtculties  in  determining'  the  best 
solution  of  the  v.irious  problems  inci- 
dent to  a  successful  result. 

The  lanil  upon  which  the  impnne- 
ments  have  been  made  is  of  oblong,  but 
not  exactly  rectangular,  shape,  about 
,Vxio  feet  long  in  a  <lirection  parallel 
with  the  Niagara  river,  and  about  1500 
feet  in  width.  The  river  bank  is  dis- 
tant about  loQO  feet  from  the  nearer 
line  of  the  village.  The  whole  area, 
bof'i  of  the  village  and  of  the  land  be- 
tween it  and  the  river,  is  very  flat, 
sloping  very  slightly  to  the  bank. 
Over  the  whole  eighty-four  acres  of 
meadow  on  which  the  village  has  now 
been  laid  out,  there  was  an  e.xtreme 
variation  of  surface  of  four  feet.     The 

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general  avoratrc  lovi'l  of  tlic  rivi-r,  s'>-' 
left  ahovf  tiili'wattr  at  Niw  N'oik,  is 
al)<)iit  thit'L'  ffL't  luwcr  tliaii  tlio  lower 
|)arts  oftlu'  village,  l)iittlio  water  ol  tlie 
ri\er  Dicasioiially  rises  to  very  marly 
the  ilevation  of  this  villaj^e  surliice.  It 
was,  tliereforc,  iin|)ractical)le  to  carrv 
the  (Iraiiia^,^.'  of  these  j^roiiiuls  to  the 
river,  with  suflficieiu  fall  in  pipes  or 
jjtitters  tu  (juickly  relieve   tlie  siirfice 


the  villaije  was  coveretj  with  water  of 
coiisiderahle  depth  soon  after  the  !><■- 
j^iniiin^;  of  the  works  of  iniprovcineiit. 

I'liiier  a  few  iiiclu-s  of  loam  whieh 
covers  these  ]L;roiintls,  there  is  a  stratum 
of  ahoiit  eiijht  or  nine  li-et  of  liiiie  rlav, 
then  a  red  clay,  and  then  a  comp.ict 
j^ravel  and  clay  overlies  tin-  rock,  which 
is  found  at  depths  of  not  less  than  foin- 
teen  feet.      In  their  n.itnnil  st.ite   these 


!   I' 


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AXtlTllI   l< 


^0<l    I    I     \  11   \\     IN     I  >  Mil 


from  the  water  of  rainfalls,  while  to 
carry  the  rcipiisitc  sub-drainage  directly 
to  the  river  was  simply  impossible. 

The  western  boundary  of  the  village 
is  a  stream  of  very  moderate  and  sluij- 
jfish  flow  in  ordinary  seasons,  but  sud- 
denly expanding;  and  overllowinjr  with 
an  enormous  volume  of  water  at  times 
of  heavy  rainfall  or  sudden  thaw.  A 
branch  of  this  stream,  with  the  same 
characteristics,  runs  just  north  of  the 
villaije  line.  The  i)lace  is  thus  exposed 
on  two  sides  to  the  overflow  of  these 
streams,  and,  in  fact,  the  whole  area  of 


fields  were  in  very  b.id  condition  for 
lon^'  jxriods  after  every  rainlall,  and 
durini^  the  gradual  meltinj^  of  the  win- 
ter snow.  The  water  ^;athered  in  shal- 
low pools.  There  was  not  sufficient 
^'ner.il  snrliicc  slopi-  to  carry  it  awav, 
and  it  coulil  not  pass  through  the 
tenacious  underlyiny^  clay.  It  disaji- 
peared  only  by  evaporation.  Iv\i)eri- 
nienlal  excavations  for  cellars  of  houses 
retained  water  as  timaciously  as  well- 
cemented  cisterns.  The  land  durinjr 
these  seasons  was  wet,  sticky  and 
heavy,  and  when  the  water  did  evajx)- 


3"<' 


CASS/K/^  'S  A/AaAZ/N/i. 


^ 


H.     I 


Mil      SI    WAi.l      IMSI'IISM      UiiKk" 


rato,  the  j;roiiiul  became  baked  and 
seamed  with  wide  and  narrow  cracks  in 
tile  hard  clay  soil.  The  roads  in  the 
vicinity  were  either  very  dusty  or  very 
muddy. 

One  of  the  features  of  the  dcsij^n  is 
that  every  house  shall  be  provided  with 
a  dry  cellar  and  shall  have  a  fair  j^'arden 
area.      The    plans   for  the    streets  also 


contemplate  considc  ..ole  ^Tassy  sur- 
faces and  ample  provision  of  shade  trees. 
It  was,  therefore,  essential  that  the  soil 
should  !)e  always  in  fit  condition  to 
maintain  {.jrass,  lawns,  trees,  gardens 
and  llowers. 

Streets  and  roads  cannot  be  kept  in 
^oo(.\  order  nor  taken  care  of  economi- 
cally unless  thoroughly  under-drained. 


Ill 


_^_. 


.1 


m^-m:^  n 


g-?' 


SKCTIOX  AND   KLKVATIOX  OF  TIIK   SK\VAc;k   UISI'OSAI.  IHILDING. 


ruH  /.\7> I 'STRi.  \L   I 'II. I. .  I (,/■:  ( )/■'  /A  //( ) '/:  i. 


.^" 


I'lirthcrmorc,  iiiid  of  >lill  ^riMtcr  mu- 
imnt,  it  would  liavi-  hitn  nimiiial  to 
li.ivo  iiuiti'd  liimiliis  to  t.ikr  up  tluii 
.iIkxIc  in  lioiisrs  l)iiilt  iii>on  ^^roiiiid  in 
siu'h  condition.  M.ilaiia  and  kindred 
diseases  would  have  had  a  liitile  tiild. 
Uiit  tlie  waters,  Imth  of  tlie  small  stre.ini 
l)oun»lin>i  the  village,  and  of  the  Nia,L;ara 
river,  some  distant  e  away,  were  at  too 
y;reat  an  elevation  to  receive  even  tije 
rainfall  rnntiinj;  over  the  sinface,  to  say 
nothinjj;  of  the  water  taken  from  the 
subsoil  tU(|)ly  i-noii^h  to  .ijive  tlii'  Ir-e 
tlrainairo  retiuired. 

It  was  necessary  also  to  |)i-o\'ide  an 
outlet  for  the  sewajreof  the  houses,  and 
the  elevation  of  the  streams  mach-  a 
direct  dischary;e  into  them  im|)racti- 
cahle.  A  discharije  of  this  drainage 
anil  sewage  into  the  lower  river  helow 
the  I'alls,  would  have  heen  possihli-,  but 
it  would  Iiave  involved  the  construction 
of  a  conduit  of  ^reat  len.i;th,  which,  to 
secure  the  necessary  j^jradit-nt,  would 
h.ive  been  mostly  in  dei  p  rock  excava- 
tion and  would  have  necessarily  been 
of  considerable  si/.e  to  provide,  in 
addition,  for  the  sewage  of  all  the  dis- 
trict lyinjf  between  I'.chota  and  the 
lower  river.  The  authoritii's  of  the  city 
of  Niagara  Falls  did  not  feel  that  it  was 
necessary,  at  present,  to  extend  their 
sewer  system  to  I'.chota  and  the  con- 
sultinij  engineer  of  the  iN'iaijara  I  )evelop- 
nient  Company  found  a  much  less  e.\- 
])ensive  method  of  ])rovidinij  fully  for  its 
needs.  It  will,  howiver,  be  practicable 
to  directly  connect  both  the  drainaj>e 
and  sewera}:je  systems  with  the  extended 
trunk  lini'S  of  t''e  city  sewers  when 
they  reach  Echota.  The  ncei\  in_v;  well 
and  the  disposal  house  have  been 
located  particularly  with  this  in  view. 

A  complete  system  of  under-drainaj|e 
was  designed  and  executed  just  as 
desiji^ned.  The  street  j)lan  of  Echota, 
as  shown  in  the  illustration  on  page  313, 
includes  alleys  in  the  rear  of  the  resi- 
dence lots.  Advantage  was  taken  of 
this  fact  to  separate  the  lines  of  drain- 
age conduits,  and  those  of  the  sewerage 
.system,  the  latter  carrying  only  house 
wastes.  The  principal  i?ipes  of  the 
drainage  system  follow  the  .streets ; 
those    to    convey   sewage   are    in    the 


I 

I 


IIMMIttMIIII    IIH 


MOmiiii  e 

j  f      PLAMnnnf 


1  i 


■    "^. ,'.  V'.;.,  of  rt^F^   ;■ 


ri.AN  cii   ST  \ri"N  lou  wn  i.s  ,\si>  immps, 

SI    WAl.l,    mSIMISM.    .\N1>    I    I.IA   lUll. 

i.K.iniM.. 


/3 


t 


iKiiss  SI  I  Tinv  111'  S'WAiii:  si:ttiin<'.  t.vvks. 

alleys.  The  latter  are  at  a  higher 
elevation  than  the  drain  tiles,  and,  thus, 
house  connections  for  sewage  can  be 
made  without  danger  of  disturbance  of 
the  drainage  system. 

The  basis  of  the  drainage   plan  is  a 


I! 


<4 


il' 


I-. 


,,  I 


312 


C.ISS//-:A'  '  S   A/.  I  C.A/.INE. 


system  of  tiU's  of  two  inclics  iiitcriml 
diameter,  and  laid,  .is  a  rule,  forty  feet 
apart  Their  dejith  is,  generally,  from 
fonr  to  six  feet  below  the  surfaee.  They 
have  open  joints,  no  cement  or  mortar 
bcinjj  used,  hut  around  the  joints  was 
\vra])|)cd  a  (h)iil)le  thickness  of  cheese 
cloth.  Where  strata  of  (juicksantl  oc- 
casionally occurred,  the  tik's  were  laid 
on  a  hoard.  The  exterior  of  the  tiles 
was  octagonal.    The  minimum  gradient 


of  tiles  with  otluT  lines  were  made  i)v 
special  Y  and  T  pieces,  no  cutting  (if 
tiles  being  allowed.  The  three-inch 
tiles  led,  at  freciuent  intervals,  to  receiv- 
ing basins  in  the  centre  of  the  streets, 
and  the  ettluent  from  these  basins  is 
conducted  by  lines  of  vitrified  pipe  to  a 
large  masonry  well,  l)uilt  near  the  north- 
western angle  of  the  village  in  connec- 
tion with  the  sewage  disposal  works. 
This  well  is  oval  in   form,  15  feet  by 


I  M  I.    IN  II    KlilU 


rin:  si  u m.i;   ihspusai.  \mikks. 


M 


i^  U 


\: 


was  three-tenths  of  one  per  cent,  antl 
very  great  care  was  taken  l)y  the 
engineers  in  charge  of  construction  to 
secure  perfect  alignment. 

The  excellent  working  of  the  system 
proves  this  to  have  been  accomi)lished. 
The  two-inch  tiles  deliver  into  lines  of 
three-inch  tiles,  laid  in  the  same  way 
and  placed,  generally,  in  the  streets, 
under  the  grass  surfaces,  but  so  dis- 
posed as  to  draw  the  water  fully  froiu 
the  ground  uniler  and  on  both  sides  of 
the  paved  parts.     All  junctions  of  lines 


20  feet  in  diameter,  and  of  sufficient 
de|)th  to  provide  for  the  suction  pii)es 
leading  to  the  jiumps  It  is  divided,  by 
a  brick  wall,  into  two  compartments, 
one  of  which  receives  th.e  sewage  and 
the  other,  the  drainage  water.  The 
latter  is  pumped  directly  into  the  outlet 
chamber  of  the  disposal  works,  whence 
it  i)asses  with  the  jiurified  sewage  etHu- 
ent  into  the  small  stream  al)Ove  referred 
to  and,  thence,  to  the  Niagara  river. 
The  illustration  on  the  ojjposite  page 
shows,  by  the  line  dotted  lines,  that  the 


THE   IXDCS IRIAL     llLLACl-.    OF  /■\//<U.I. 


.■>'>•» 


a 


■»)'•• 


314 


I  ASSI/iR '  S  AfA  GA/.INE. 


eKiiss  sixrio.N  or  an  kuiiota  STRi;i,r  with  ikliord-macauam  i-avlmunt. 


wholu  village  is  uiulcTlaid  by  this  tlrain- 
age  system. 

These  open  jointed  small  tiles  have 
utterly  changed  the  physical  and  sani- 
tary conditions  of  the  ground  on  which 
the  village  is  built.  It  is  no  longer 
heavy  or  muddy  after  rains,  neither  is 
it  dusty  nor  dry  during  the  warm 
season.  The  hard  clay  has  become 
friable  ;  the  water  of  rains  sinks  quickly 
into  the  ground  and  disapi)ears,  grasses 
flourish,  the  lawns  are  in  excellent  con- 
dition, the  trees  which  have  been  set 
out  are  healthy,  and  the  cellars  are 
pe-fectly  dry.  In  fact,  the  level  of  the 
ground  water  has  been  lowered  fully 
four  feet,  which  is  virtually,  and  for  all 
horticultural  and  sanitary  j)ur])oses,  ex- 
actly the  same  as  though  the  whole 
surface  had  been  lifted  four  feet.  The 
place  no  longer  suggests  dampness 
and  discomfort,  and  the  difference  in 
the  feel  of  the  air  is  very  perceptible 
to   those   who   have  spent  much   time 


there  before  and  after  the  introduction 
of  this  drainage. 

As  every  house  to  be  built  in  the 
village  is  to  be  provided  with  running 
water,  with  closets  and  with  kitchen 
sinks,  a  system  of  sewerage  was  re- 
(piired  which  would  convey  all  house 
wastes  (juickly  and  certainly  to  their 
ultimate  disjiosal.  A  separate  svstem 
was  designed,  which  takes  no  storm  or 
drainage  water.  Its  conduits  are  vitri- 
fied pi]K'S,  with  a  minimum  interior 
diameter  of  six  inches.  These  are  laiil 
generally  in  the  alleys,  at  an  elevation 
above  the  drain  tiles.  House  connec- 
tions will  thus  be  made  without  disturb- 
ing the  street  surfaces.  The  pi])es  have 
cemented  joints  and  are  automatically 
flushed  at  regular  periods.  They  con- 
duct the  sewage  to  one  compartment  of 
the  well  above  described.  From  this 
well  the  sewage  might  be  pumped  to 
the  small  stream  near  at  hand,  or 
through  a  pipe  of  projjcr  size,  directly 


i  ■ 

I;: 

1  ]1 ' 

^H  1 ' 

■  h- 

DRAIN 


QSEWEH 

CROSS  SKCTiiiv  i>r  Tin:  iKiri.i-.VAHi)  at  iaiiota 


^^^ii^/^vjfc4^%a^>f  oti^ 


O  WATER 


THE  IXDCSTRIAL     \  II. I. AGE   OE  ECIIOTA. 


.V5 


into  the  Niagara  river.  While  the 
dihition  would  he  great,  it  was  not 
tleenieci  advisahle,  nor  desirable,  to 
thus  deliver  untreated  sewage  into  the 
river,  and  a  system  was,  therefore, 
ado|)ted  which  secures  the  separation  of 
all  solids,  the  purification  of  the  liciuid 
and  the  delivery  of  an  efthunt  deprived 
of  all  unsightly  and  unwholesome  char- 
acteristics. 

This  is  effected  in  the  sewage  dis- 
posal works  of  which  the  location  is 
seen  in  the  drawing.  The  details  of 
ct)nstruction  of  these  works  are  also 
illustrated.  There  is  a  double  set  of 
elongated  tanks  or  deposition  chambers, 
so  arrangeil  in  section  and  in  length  as 
to  ensure  a  very  slow  ])assage  of  the 
sewage  undergoing  treatment.  It  is 
pum|)ed  from  the  well  directly  to  the 
end  of  one  of  these  elongated  cham- 
bers, and  is  there  treated  automatically, 
by  the  action  of  float  valves,  with  milk 
of  lime  and  a  solution  of  perchloride  of 
iron. 

Sedimentation  and  i)reci])itation  of 
the  solids  follow,  and  any  floating  sub- 
stances are  intercepted  by  screens. 
Chlorine  is  delivered  through  perforated 
pipes  su|)ported  on  brackets  near  the 
bottom  of  the  chambers.  When  a  cer 
tain  quantity  of  the  purified  lluid  has 
pass'.'d  over  a  weir  into  the  terminal 
tank,  it  flows,  by  syphonage,  into  the 
ePiluent  chamber  and,  thence,  with  the 
pure  drainage  water,  pumped  from  the 
other  compartment  of  the  well,  it  en- 
ters the  stream.  While  one  s'?t  of 
tanks  is  in  use,  tiie  deposited  materia! 
is  removed  by  traveling  buckets  from 
the  other  tank,  and  is  used  U])on  the 
cultivated  grounds  of  the  com|)any. 
The  effluent  is  clear  and  clean.  These 
works  were  constructed  by  Mr.  James  J. 
Powers,  an  exjjcrt  in  the  treatment  of 
sewage.  The  building  which  shelters 
the  well,  the  pum]is  and  the  disposal 
tanks  is  of  an  exterior  construction  in 
harmony  with  the  architecture  of  the 
dwellings  in  the  village.  This  building 
has  also  the  dynamo  for  the  electric 
light  service  of  the  place. 

The  occasional  sudden  engorgement 
and  overflow  of  the  small  streams  at 
the   site   of  Echota    has  been    alreadv 


spoken  of  While  the  .system  of  drain- 
age will  take  care  of  all  ortlinary  rain- 
fall, e.\])erience  on  two  occasions  has 
given  reason  to  feel  that  special  meas- 
ures were  desirable  to  prevent  the  dam- 
age and  discomfort  which  m'ght  fi)llow 
the  erratic  action  of  these  streams.  At 
such  times  they  overflow  their  banks. 
Hut  observation  has  shown  that  a  con- 
siderable e\|)anse  of  country  surround- 
ing I'Lchota  ma\'  then  also  bi'  under 
water.      A"  elevation    of  the    bank    of 


^^^ 


■UWTTTTUW"  Utli 


ON-K  111-  Tllli  C.VrCIl   IIASIXS  l-OK  TlIK  UKAINAGB 
SVSI'I'.M. 


tlie  Stream  immediately  adjacent  to  the 
village  wouitlnot  suffice. 

In  order  to  protect  the  whole  area  of 
tl'  .' improved  district,  it  must  be  guarded 
on  every  side.  This  has  been  accom- 
plished by  the  construction  of  a  bank  or 
dyke  along  the  boundary  liii)-  and  en- 
tirely surrounding  the  village.  This 
dyke  is  eight  feet  wide  on  top,  has  side 
slopes  of  one  and  a  half  to  one  and  is 
com])actly  l)uilt  so  as  to  resist  the  pass- 
age of  water,  (^n  the  east  boundary 
of  the  grounds  it  is  supplemented  by  a 
ditch  on  the  outer  side,  ten  feet  in 
width,  so  placed  as  to  intercept  and 
carry  to  the  Niagara  river  any  volume 
of  water  that  mav  come  towards  Echota 


til  3 


:i 


•i 


\     1 


u 


il':' 


i^ 

m 

,1 

ft 

■ 

'  iiiB'' 

^K 

1  iHm 

If 

iflH   i  :- 

1 

i 

K  V>; 

1, 

B  ii 

,  1 

li 
[1 

1 

316 


cass//:r  '  s  a/.i(;a zine. 


'WW.  scmnM.  A  r  itnoi-.v. 


from  tlu' liiijIiorjLjrouiuls  above.  Wlurc 
the  small  .stifam  above  alluiled  to  is  ad- 
jacent to  the  village,  the  dyke  is 
widened  to  fifty  feet  and  becomes  an 
exterior  street. 

As  an  additional  ])recaution,  and 
especially  to  ])revent  any  possible  dam- 
age in  the  event  of  a  temporary  stop- 
l>ai;e  of  the  pinni)s,  a  relief  condnit  has 
i)cen  laid  to  the  river,  arranged  with  a 
check  valve  so  as  to  open  whenever 
the  level  of  the  ground  water  should 
rise  higher  than  the  water  in  the  river. 
These  combineil  measures  have  not 
only  brought  the  land  included  within 
the  boundaries  of  Kchota  to  the  .satis- 
factory condition  described  above,  but 
they  have  secured  them  from  all  danger 
of  overHow. 


The  study  of  a  design  for  the  ground 
plan  of  streets  was  ])rimarily  affected 
by  some  existing  conditions.  The 
village  was  bounded  on  the  west  by  the 
small  stream,  on  the  soutii  by  straight 
lines  of  raiiro.ul  and  on  the  north  and 
east  by  detintil  pro|)erty  lines.  There 
was  one  street,  sixty-si.x  feet  wide, 
passing  through  the  property,  which 
couiil  not,  for  legal  reasons,  be  changed. 
Necessarily  accepting  these  conditions, 
the  plan  adopted  is  shown  on  page  313. 

The  system  of  streets  and  alleys  was 
based  mainly  on  parallelism  with  the 
longer  siile  of  the  village.  The  streets 
are,  generally,  fifty  feet  in  widlh,  but 
all  houses  are  placed  twenty  feet  back 
from  the  street  line.  The  fifty  feet 
street  thus  becomes  virtually  ninety  feet 


77//;  i\/>is7h'/.u.   Mi.i.Aci-:  OF  i-:ciior.\. 


:>'7 


wi<iL',  ^ivin^  to  tacb  house  a  front  yard      on  lacli  side  of,  and  outside,  tlie   road- 


and  lawn.  The  lots  are,  j^cnerallv, 
about  ll.S  feet  deej),  some  bcinLj  still 
deeper  iind  only  a  few  heinij  !<«)  feet. 
There  is,  thus,  ample  s])a(i'  for  j^ankns 
and  yards.  A  s\'stem  inciudini;  alleys 
was  adopted  afti-r  careful   consultation 


way,  hut  near  the  curb  and  runnini;' 
between  a  double  line  of  trees.  The 
houses  are  to  be,  tniiforinly,  twenty 
tct't  back  from  the  stri-et  line,  as  is 
shown  on  jjai^e  ,ii4- 

The  streets  of  liftv  feet  in  width  have 


I    KilN  r    J    II    V  \  I  IIIN. 


SlKl:    I'.I.l  VATICIN. 


IIKSI     M.llllK.  SIAIINII    ll.iiiiu. 

I    I.I    V  \  riil.NO    AMI    I'l.  \.\S    111     1  INI.    CM       111)      ?.M  \l   I.     Uill-il  -i    .\  r     I  i   llcil  A. 


with  the  officers  of  the  comi)anv. 
Under  the  strict  sanitary  ret>ulations 
which  will  be  made  and  continued,  the 
objections  against  alleys,  found  to  exist 
in  some  places,  will  not  there  obtain. 
One  street,  to  meet  the  extension  of  a 
proposed  boulevard  to  lUiffalo,  is  loo 
feet  in  width.  It  has  a  roadway  of 
forty  feet,  a  ])rovision  for  electric   cars 


a  roadway  of  twenty- live  feet,  and  a 
siniLjIe  line  of  trees  on  each  side.  On 
the  drawinir  of  this  street  there  are,  in- 
cidentally, shown  the  lines  of  <)riiL,Mnal 
water  level  and  of  the  j)resent  level  to 
which  it  has  been  lowered.  The  road- 
ways have  a  Telford-Macadam  pave- 
ment. This  is  formed  by  brin.trinjj^  the 
earth  to  lines  parallel  with  the  proi)osed 


)      I 


'  * 


3'« 


CASS  I  I-: R '  S  MA  a  A  Z  INK 


IlKINT    l:i.l;\' A  IKIN', 


l_ 


RAWfNQ  ROOM 

2'iJ  X  17'0' 


I-IKSr    Mix  IK. 


SKCOND  FLOOR, 


1   I.IV.M  ION    AMI    I'I.\.\S    HI'    IIM.    Ill'     IIIK 

i.Am;i  K   mil  Ki>i  at  ioiicha. 


tinal  surfiicc  and  the  earth  is  then  well 
conipacti-d  by  rolling.  On  this  surface 
is  placed  the  Tillord  foundation  of 
quarried  limestone  blocks,  eij^ht  inches 
in  thickness.  L'pon  these  stones  is 
placed  a  small  (juantity  of  sandy  bindinjr 
material,  and  the  surface  is  rolled 
smooth.  Tlu  n  follows  trap  rock  broken 
into  pieces  not  to  exceed  two  inches  in 
si/e.  This  is  three  inches  in  (kpth  and, 
with  another  bindinj;'  coat  on  its  top,  is 
a!.^ain  well  rolK-d.  There  is  then  added 
another  layer,  two  inches  in  depth,  of 
tra|)  rock,  broken  into  pieces  not  to 
exceed  one  inch  in  size.  This  is  rolled, 
co\ered  with  screening's  from  the  broken 
trap  and  (inaily  broui^ht  to  the  reipiired 
lines  by  thorouj^h  rollintr,  usinij  water 
durini;  the  operation.  A  steam  roller 
is  used  for  this  work. 

Majile  and  elm  trees  have  been  set 
three  feet  within  the  lines  of  curb.  Tiie 
paved  surliices  liave  a  crown  of  four 
inches  in  the  width  of  twenty-five  feet, 
and  of  six  inclu'S  on  the  one  street, 
.Su^ar  strei't,  where  the  ])avement  is 
forty-two  'ct  in  wiilth.  The  grades  of 
streets  an  .  tjutters  are  necessarily  very 
li.U^ht,  but  the  lines  have  been  laid  so 
truly  that  no  trouljje  lias  been  ex])eri- 
enceil  from  sto|)pa_i;e  of  the  (low  of 
water.  Inlet  '.)asins,  of  which  the  con- 
struction is  shown  by  the  sketch  on  ])aiL^e 
,:;  15  are  placed  at  the  corners  of  streets 
and  at  other  points,  so  that  they  are 
never  farther  apart  than  440  feet  and 
(generally  not  more  than  300  feet. 
These  receive  the  water  from  the  street 
surfaces  and  gutters  and  are  connected 
by  tra])ped  inlets  with  the  drainage 
conduits.  They  have  a  large  depressed 
chamber  beK)w  the  level  of  the  outlet 
])ipe,  in  which  any  solids  or  street 
detritus  are  ])recijMtatcd  by  gravity  and 
freciuently  removed  through  the  cover 
at  the  surface. 

The  same  jjrovision  of  a  settling  or 
silt  basin,  to  intercept  detritus,  is  made 
in  the  basins  receiving  drainage  from 
the  lines  of  sub-surface  tiles,  and 
wherever  more  than  two  lines  of  tiles 
met  at  one  point  there  was  placed  a  silt 
basin,  made  of  vitrified  i)ii)es,  fifteen 
inches  in  diameter,  extending  below  the 
inlet   and    outlet.       Connections    with 


THE  IXncSTRlAL    VIIJ.ACE    (>/•'  ECHOTA. 


;^'9 


tlu'so  hiisins  wiiv  iiiiuU'  l>y  s|)ccial  vilri- 
tii'd  pipe  witli  hraiiclu'S  to  tit  tlu-  iinijlcs 
(if  the  (Iniins. 

All  the  houses  in  thi'  villatje  are 
hiiilt  by  the  company.  Their  architec- 
ture coniliines  a  ^a-neral  uiiiforniity  of 
(Icsitjn  with  ninch  variety  in  form  and 
detail.  The  architects  were  Messrs. 
McKim,  Meade  i\:  White,  of  New 
York.  Tlie  general  appearance  of  the 
houses  is  well  indicated  in  the  se\eral 
illustrations    reproduced    from    jilioto- 


one  roof,  hut  with  I'litircly  separate 
entrances  in  »he  front  and  rear,  and 
each  with  its  own  yard  and  j^arden 
space.  The  l.irijer  house  has  ten  rooms, 
with  furnace,  hath  and  other  desirahli' 
arrangements.  The  rental  ior  the 
houses  runs  from  S>)  toS,V)  ( £\  i6s.  to 
_/,"6)  a  month  and  includes,  in  each  ca.se, 
water  and  I'lectric  li.uht.  It  is  the  in- 
tention of  the  company,  as  soon  as  the 
character  of  the  settlement  is  tirmly 
established,     to     j^ive     its     tenants     an 


ASSIMllI.V    RIMIM,   SKlRi:    .\M>    IllH  Sl:S    AT    IXllOTA. 


In 


graphs.  All  are  jiainted  in  the  cohjrs 
ado|)ted  by  the  company, — yellow  and 
white. 

Houses  for  al)out  fifty  funilies  have 
already  been  built.  These  vary  both  in 
exterior  appearance  and  interior  ar- 
ran,t(ement.  One  of  the  simpler  and 
smaller  houses  and  one  of  the  lartjer 
and  more  elaborate  ones  are  illustratetl 
by  elevations  and  plans  on  pajnes  317 
and  318.  The  .smaller  house  has  four 
rooms  of  good  size  and  also  a  large 
cellar.  It  has  electric  light,  running 
water,  closet  and  kitchen  sink.  vSome 
of  the  houses  with  this  ground  plan  and 
numl)er  of  rooms  are  detached,  others 
are  built  with  either  two   or  four  under 


opportunity  to  purchase  their  homes  on 
easy  term;;,  thus  avoiding  the  evils 
which  have  at  times  resulted  from  the 
too  positi\e  application  f)f  the  pro- 
prietary system.  The  general  ap|)ear- 
ance  of  the  parts  of  the  village  where 
houses  have  been  built  is  very  pleasing 
and  attractive. 

Water,  filtered  by  the  Morison  «!v: 
Jewell  gravity  system,  is  furnished  by 
the  Niagara  I^'alls  Water  Works  (.'om- 
])any,  one  of  the  allied  comjianies  of  the 
])Ower  company,  and  hydrants  are 
placed  at  convenient  distances.  Ample 
])rovision  of  hose  is  made  for  fire  j)n)- 
tcction.  The  streets  are  lighted  by  in- 
candescent lights  of  fifty  candle  power 


►  \ 


h,H 


1] 


\A 


' 


:. 


I 


i  (1 


i  i 

I.   ! 
f     ^1 


i^  I . ,! 


!1« 


1^!:' 


;j. 


320 


CASSI/iR ' S    MA  GAZINI-: 


'/•///;■  /.\7>  r  S  TRl.  1 1.    I  ILL.  \  CE   ( )/■'  ECHO  T.  I. 


321 


each.  A  l.ir^ff  l)iiil(liii,i;  lias  bcuii  |)l.ici.'cl 
at  one  of  tlie  promiiHiU  street  corners. 
The  lower  door  is  for  a  neiieral  store, 
ami  the  upper  tloor  h.is  a  haiulsoiiie 
hall,  with  (Iressinii;  and  toilet  rooms, 
which  is  put  at  the  service  of  the  resi 
ileiits  of  the  vill.ijLje.  A  couimodious 
brick  school-house,  also,  has  receiitiv 
hcen  built  at  ICchota  by  the  city  of 
Xiai^ara  l-"alls. 

All  the  works  of  constructi  m  have 
i)etMi  continuously  in  charge  of  the  resi- 
dent en,!.;ineer,  Mr.  \V.  A.  linicken- 
rid;^c,  who  has  also  i^iven  m.my  wiluable 
ori'^in.il  su,^j.;estions,  particularly  in  the 
development  of  the  ])rotection  dykes, 
the  construction  of  the  roads  ami  the 
arranj^ement  of  the  houses.  The  word 
ICchota  sii^nities,  in  the  Indian  lant,nia)4e, 
"  Place  of  Refuije."  It  w.is  sui^jijested 
as  an  a|)pr()priate  name  by  Mr.  ICdwanl 
1).  .\danis,  the  ])resi(lent  of  the  Cataract 
Construction  Company. 

ICchota  is  adjaient  to  the  principal 
lines  of  railroad,  the  company  haxini;- 
already  built  a  handsome  station  on  the 
New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River 
Railroad.  Two  principal  streets  of  the 
city  of  Niagara  halls  run  ])ast  and 
throui^h  the  village,  and  lines  of  electric 
cars  are  now  in  operation,  connecting 
with  all  parts  of  the  city.     At   the  foot 


of  one  of  the  main  streets  of  the  village 
is  the  wharf  from  which  a  daily  line  of 
steamers  runs  to  Mutfdo. 

The  \illageof  Ilcliot.i  has,  thus,  been 
evolved  in  accurd.mce  with  the  careful 
study  of  the  mill  to  whom  w.is  com- 
mitted the  re-^ponsibility  of  ihesolutioii 
of  a  complex  problem.  A  district,  not 
lit  for  C()mt()rtable  re->i;k'nce,  h,is  been 
transformed  int*  an  ideal,  healtliliil 
\ill.ige.  (iroiiiid  upon  which  no  vege- 
tation would  thri\e  has  been  cliangi'd 
to  a  region  of  vilvet  lawns  and  bloom- 
ing gardens.  Roads  which  were  adis- 
comtiirt  Irom  du>.t,  or  an  annoy.mce 
trom  mild,  h.ive  been  made  into  well- 
paved,  beautiful  streets.  An  unattrac- 
tive e\|)aiise  of  jxior  meadowland  has 
become  a  model  town,  witii  iiuiting 
ri'sideiices  at  very  moderate  e.\|)ense  for 
the  families  of  all  who  may  have  to  do 
with  the  busy  industries  calli'd  into 
action  bv  the  wondeihil  power  drawn 
from  the  halls.  The  ])rii(Ient  foresight 
ot  the  man.igers  of  ca|)ital,  the  artistic 
dtsign  of  the  architects  and  the  well- 
in, itiired  ])lans  of  the  engineers  have 
given  a  result  about  which  the  author 
does  not  hesitate  to  write,  because  that 
result  will  have  an  etiective  ])art  in  the 
great  story  of  the  succt'ssful  dex'eloji- 
meiit  of  the  forces  of  .Niagara. 


i    ' 


"-3 


!t  i^r 


'5' 


ij^:.:. 


II  ^1 


u 


NOTABLE    EUROPEAN    WATER    POWER   INSTALLATIONS. 


/>']■   (  III.   Til.    7'innUiiii. 


.WINCi  hceii  in- 
vited Ijv  llic  editor 
to  (•  on  tribute,  as 
iimMiltin^  i'iiiL,diU'er 
totiicCataract  Coii- 
striKtion  Company, 
an  article  to  this 
nunihir  of  Cass- 
ikk's  M  \(;.\/.ini,, 
it  si'iins  proper  to 
say  that  my  I'.njLjIisli 
.  and  American  col- 
v  I  e  a  ^  II  es,  wlio  are 
livin)L,f  closer  to  the 
.^         v<  ]L;reat  Niagara  work. 

speak  ot'this  ^i^antic  under- 
•^takinj:;,  and  to  descril)e  how 
tile  impetuous  Niai^ara  river 
was  mastered  and  iiow  the 
wonderful  machinery  was  installed, 
which,  1)\-  I'leclric  means,  will  spreail 
liilht  and  power  far  arcund  Xi;ii;ara 
Kails. 

Lea\in,!4,  theretore,  all  actount  of  the 
Niai^ara  plant  toothers,  I  will  endeaxour 
to  f^ive,  for  interesting  comparison,  a 
description  of  similar  works  which  have 
been,  or  are  beini;,  carritd  out  in 
lauope,  more  espcv:..'.!>  the  works 
whicli  the  city  of  (ieneva,  in  .Switzer- 
land, is  now  huildint^'  and  which  I  have 
the  honour  of  dirt'ctinjL;  as  president  of 
the  (ieneva  municipality  and  director 
of  its  public  works. 

In  com|>arison  with  the  installation  at 
Niat^ara  l'"alls  even  the  greatest  hairo- 
pean  works  for  the  utili/ation  of  water 
power  are  small  ;  they  are  to  the  Xiai^ara 
works  in  the  |)roporti()n  of  the  luiro- 
pean  to  the  American  continent,  in  the 
proportion  of  the  Rhone  or  the  Rhine 
to  the  Mississippi  and  tlu'  .St.  Lawrence. 
The  town  of  .Schatfhauseii,  on  the 
Rhine,  was  the  tirst  in  .Switzerland  to 
cndea\'our    to    use    the    ri\-er    passin_i> 


throuijh  it  to  procure  power  for  drivin^f 
the  machiner\  of  the  manulacturers  in 
its  neighbourhood.  Its  works  were 
established  twenty-one  years  aj;o 
throuj^h  the  generosity  of  one  of  its 
wealthy  citizens,  M.  Moser,  who,  to 
endow  his  native  city  with  this  impor- 
tant water  j)ower,  laid  out  larj^e  simis 
of  money.  At  that  time  no  otiier  means 
of  transmittin}4'  jiowerwas  known  than 
that  of  wire  ropes,  and  to  that  pur|)ose 
vi'ry  costly  appar.itus  was  set  up  in  the 
middle  of  the  river,  the  Rhine  beinj; 
dammed  up  .so  as  to  procure  a  fall  to 
drive  a  set  of  turbines.  About  1500 
horse-])ower  was  obtained  in  this  wav 
and  was  distributed  to  neiijhbourini,'^ 
workshops.  The  .system  of  wire  ropes 
necessarily  limited  the  ilevelopment  of 
the  works,  and  the  SchalThausen  plant 
remained  as  it  was  when  started,  until 
the  ])roj4ress  of  electrical  knowleds^e 
allowed  of  further  extension.  Three 
years  a^o,  three  new  turbines,  of  500 
horse-power  each,  were  added,  drivini> 
dynamos  which  distribute  electric  |)ower 
to  neighbouriiiJLj  tiictories. 

The  e\am])le  of  Schaffhausen  was 
followed  a  few  years  later  at  I^ellet^arde, 
on  the  Rhone.  The  little  town  of 
Helle^arde  is  situated  in  1"" ranee  close  to 
the  .Swiss  frontier.  There  the  Rhone, 
cased  in  between  high  cliffs  of  rock,  has 
pierced  for  itself  a  subterranean  channel 
in  which  it  disappears  entirely  in  winter 
when  the  waters  are  low  ;  for  this  reason 
the  ])lace  is  calleil  the  "  Perte  tlu 
Rhone."  An  ICnglish  company  ob- 
tained the  concession  to  establish  in 
this  |)lace  a  water-power  plant  amount- 
ing to  several  thousand  horse-power. 
The  company  formed  a  reservoir  to  re- 
ceive the  waters  of  the  Rhone  above 
the  "  I'erte  du  Rhone,"  cut  a  tunnel 
in  the  rock  aljout  1200  meters,  or 
nearly    4000   feet  long,   and    erectid  ;! 


o 


as 


■r 
n 
u 


i>t>4j^*  /yTt.* 


■  I 


V 


'i 


Coi,.  riiKoiK)KK  TrRKHTTiM  was  tint  of 
tlic  iiKinhiTS  cil'  the  IiiUriintiiiiiiil  Niamira 
I";ills  ConiiiiisKioii.  Hf  is  now  proidi  lit  of 
tlie  municipality  of  Cenfva,  Switzerland,  and 
ilircctor  nl  its  public  works. 


I 

I 

li  I 


II I  •  M 


i'lU 


:1  'I- 


11 


i    A : 


/: /  J^opj-:. i\  ii:i  ri:R  powi.k  issi all. i  //o.vs. 


i^s 


liuililin;^  liir  tin-  liuii^iii^j  of  ^ix  liirliiiu's 
of  Gy)  lioi-M'-pduir  r.'icli,  wurkiiij; 
under  a  IilsuI  of  water  of  14  im-tc-rs,  or 
aliinil  4^)  left.  Tlic  water- powiT  was 
used  to  |)iiin|)  wati'r  to  tlie  ii|i|)er  level 
of  the  town  above,  and  to  distrilmte 
|)ower  in  IJellemarde  l)y  means  of  tlie 
pnvionslv  inentioni'(l  wire  ropes. 
Tliere,  again,  tlie  cable  transmission  was 
a  cause  of  restraint  in  the  development 
of  tile  worlds  and  sevi  r.d  companies  suc- 
ceeded one  aniitlier  without  attaining 
tlie  utilization  of  all  the  availal)Ie  ])ower. 

In  1S7H,  tile  town  of  Zurich  tstab- 
lisiu'd  in  the  Linimat,  where  it  issues 
from  tin-  lake,  and  in  the  town  itsi'lf, 
works  of  1500  horse-power,  by  the  sue 
cessive  setlinif  up  of  seveial  turbines  of 
200  horse-powir,  working  under  a  fall 
of  water  varying  between  2  and  3 
meters,  or  about  6 ' ..  anil  10  leet.  These 
remarkable  works  were  constructed 
under  the  direction  of  M.  Hurkli,  then 
town-engineer  of  Zurich.  The  greater 
part  of  the  power  obtained  was  used  for 
providing  water  to  the  town  ;  what  re- 
mained was  distril)Uti'd  to  factories  for 
driving  small  private  turbines  up  to  5 
horse-power.  liesides  this,  from  about 
2(KJ  to  41 K)  horsepower  could  be  dis- 
tributed bv  wire  rope  to  an  industrial 
([uarter  in  the  immediate  neighbourhood 
of  the  water-works.  While  the  distri- 
l>uti()n  of  ])ower  through  water-pressure 
was  rapidiv  taken  u|),  the  distriliution  of 
power  through  cables  proved  a  failure 
just  as  it  had  been  at  Schaffhauscn  and 
Hellegarde. 

At  the  same  time  a  company  was 
formed  in  l''rii)ourg,  for  utilizing  the 
power  of  the  Sarine  in  the  immediate 
neightjourhood  of  the  town  of  l-ribourg. 
There  were  1  500  horse-power  to  Ijc  dis- 
posed of,  and  the  system  of  trans- 
mission was  again  that  of  wire  rope. 
The  use  of  this  system  o*'  transmission 
was  there  again  a  fiilure,  and  the  com- 
pany had  to  l)e  wound  u|).  Se\'eral 
years  ago  the  works  were  Ijought  up 
by  the  Fribourg  (iovernment,  and 
electric  transmission  was  introduced. 
This  transformation  has  given  the  works 
a  fresh  start  and  tliev  are  now  doing 
well. 

Ill  18S2,  I  was  elected  bv  mv    fellow- 


citizens  to  the  direction  of  the  i)ii''.'ic 
works  of  t..e  town  of  ( ieiieva  in  conse- 
(|uence  of  a  paper  uhicli  I  published  in 
support  of  the  idea  of  utilizing  the  wlmle 
power  of  tlu,"  Rhone  as  it  issiu's  from 
the  lake  of  ( lencva  and  passes  tlirougli 
till-  town.  The  studies  made  with  that 
oiiji'ct,  and  to  wliiili  several  distin- 
guished .Swi>s  engineers  contributed, 
such  as  .Messrs.  Merle  d'Aiibigne, 
I.igler,  A.  Achardaiid  Prof  I'estalozzi, 
proved  that  the  Rhone  affordeil,  at 
( ieiiesa,  al)out  6000  horsepower.  The 
system  to  be  adopted  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  powi'r  was  tlu'  subject  of  a 
special  study. 

Wire  rope  transmission  of  power  had 
been  condemned  i)y  experience,  for  it 
h.is  been  amply  jjrovcd  that  fictories 
will  not  come  to  the  source  of  jiower, 
liut,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  power 
must  be  transmitted  to  wlieri'ver  fac- 
tories are  established.  Transmission 
by  conii)ressed  air  gave  unsatisfactory 
results,  and  transmission  by  electricity 
had  not,  in  1SS2,  reached  the  degree  of 
perfection  which  it  li.is  attained  since 
then,  anil  could  not  be  thought  of 

The  only  system  which  remained  to 
be  considereil  was  that  of  water  under 
pressure,  and  this  was  the  means  of 
transmission  which  was  adopted.  I^x- 
perieiice  has  proved  that  the  choice  of 
that  system  was  a  good  one.  The 
efficiency  of  water-pressure  tr.msmission 
is  not  considerable,  but  this  dr.iwback 
was  counterbalanced  by  numerous  ad- 
vantages, some  of  which  result,  it  is  true, 
from  the  special  situation  of  (iiiieva. 
The  water  of  the  lake,  employed  for  the 
distribution  of  the  power,  is  absolutely 
pure.  It  could,  therefore,  be  utilized 
as  ilrinking  water,  as  well  as  for  general 
industrial  jjurposes  and  motive  ])ower. 
The  same  water  mains  could  also  be 
used  for  town  uses  and  for  working 
private  turbines.  The  water  employed, 
containing  no  sand  in  suspension,  does 
not  wear  out  machinery. 

The  studies  ])reliminary  to  undertak- 
ing the  new  works  were  completed  at 
the  end  of  18S3.  A  credit  of  two  mill- 
ion francs  was  voted  by  the  Municipal 
Council  of  (icneva  and  the  works  were 
begun  at  once.      The  plan  consisted  in 


1 


% 


':  T 


J 


326 


C^ SS/ER  •  S  A/A  c;.l ZINE. 


>'■■!' 


ErROPEAN    WATER   POWER    /NST.U./..1  77(K\S. 


^^7 


rill    MAN    iMiwi  K  iimsi;  .ni;\k 


.i;.Ni;\  A,    CilN  lAIMNi 


It    KIUNI.S    Ml     1_'0.      IIOUSI  -rilWIU     1     \1.H. 


the  setting  up  of  eijj^htecn  turbines,  of 
300  horse-power  eacli,  representing'  a 
total  of  5400  horse-power.  Tlie  avail- 
able fill  varied  between  i.So  meter 
(about  6  feet)  in  sununer,  and  4  meters 
(about  13  feet)  in  winter. 

The  first  credit  which  was  voted  con- 
templated the  carryinj^  out  of  all  the  con- 
struction work,  dams,  buiklini^s,  etc., 
and  the  establishment  of  five  ,t{;rou])s 
of  turbines  and  pumps.  The  reji;ulatiou 
of  the  level  of  the  Lake  of  Geneva 
formed  a  part  of  the  niiw  scheme.  For 
more  than  200  years  constant  quarrels 
had  arisen  between  the  inhabitants  of 
the  lake  shores  and  the  city  of  Oeneva 
because  of  a  supposed  raisiujLr  of  the 
level  of  the  lake  arisiny^  from  the  works 
carried  out  in  the  Geneva  estuary,  and 
it  was  hoped  that  the  carrvinjr  out  of 
the  new  scheme  for  utilizing  the  forces 
of  the  Rhone  would  allow  an  end  to  be 
put  to  these  dis])utes.  Geneva  obtained 
1, 100,000  francs  from  the  various  States 
bordering  on  the  lake  to  carry  out, 
simultaneously  with  its  water-works,  a 
movable  dam  which  would  permit 
keeping  the  lake  always  at  exactly  the 
same  level  in  all  seasons. 

The  works  were  actively  pushed  along 
and  on  June  16,  1886,  the  inauguration 


festivities  took  plact'.  Tlianks  to  the 
system  of  power  distribution  adoptetl, 
the  deveIo|)ment  was  faster  than  had 
l)een  anticij)ated,  and  to-day,  in  less 
than  nine  years  from  tiie  starting  of  the 
machinery,  seventeen  turbines,  out  of 
the  eighteen  contemplatetl,  have  been 
erected  and  the  eighteentli  is  now 
l)eing  constructed.  From  a  tinancial 
point  of  view,  the  town  of  (ieneva  has 
clone  well,  for,  in  tiie  year  1894,  the 
works  gave  a  net  profit  of  2  '  j  jkt  cent, 
after  deducting  3'..  per  cent,  for  the 
interest  on  the  capital  and  tlie  sinking 
fund  for  tlie  wear  and  tear  of  inachiner\-. 

Tiie  capital  engaged  in  tliis  uiiiler- 
taking  amounted,  on  Deci-mber  31, 
1894,  to  5, 5(51), 000  francs.  Tliis  com- 
prisetl  the  cost  of  the  system  of  water 
])ipes  for  distribution  whicli,  put  end  to 
end,  would  be  iJ[o  kilometers,  or  about 
87  miles  long. 

The  success  of  Geneva  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  water  motive  power  encour- 
aged otiier  towns  also  to  try  to  make 
use  of  the  natural  water  power  in  their 
neighbourhood.  At  Lyons,  in  I-" ranee, 
a  company  was  formed  to  construct  a 
diverting  canal  above  tiie  city  and 
create  a  fill  of  about  8  meters  (about 
26  feet )  at  a  place  called  Jonage,  about 


if    '1    I 


HI' 


;  i  ■ 


C.-l SSI/iR  '  S  MA  GA  '/J NIL 


5  kilometers  {},  luiles)  from  llu-  city. 
About  1 5,000  liorst'-powcr  is  a\Mil,il)k' 
tlu-rc  ;iml  t'lt'ctrical  transmission  will  br 
employed.  Tiu'  works  lia\e  just  been 
comincnccd. 

At  Rheinfelden  on  the  Rhine,  about 
15  miles  abo\e  I  lisle  a  company  has 
obtained  a  concession  for  12,000  horse- 
power, under  4  meters  (about  i^fi'et) 
fall.  The  works  are  to  be  commenced 
at  once.  In  the  canton  of  Xeuchatel, 
the  ri\er  Reuss,  which  comes  down  the 
\'al  de  Travers,  is  t^oint;'  to  be  com- 
pletely utilized  in  four  successive  i)l.ints, 


its  fu-st  venture,  decided  in  iSijj  to 
establish  on  the  Rhone,  about  6  kilo- 
meters (  ne.irly  4  miles)  down  stre.im. 
new  works,  \ery  much  more  powerful 
than  thohc  previously  built.  A  short 
descri|)tion  of  the  locality  will  render 
the  adopted  ])l.ms  clearer.  The  fir.-^t 
works,  mentioned  abo\e,  were  situated 
in  the  town  itself  !5ut,  at  a  i)omt  150,) 
meters  (5000  feet)  below  tlie  town,  the 
clear  blue  Rlione  recci\'es  the  river 
.-\rve  which  descends  from  Mont  Blanc. 
The  waters  of  this  river,  comin.u^  direct 
from    the    ijlacier,   are   as    troubled    as 


t  \\ 


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'f 

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, 

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Mill 


'■      !■ 


;iiiNi:v   ii\M    m;.\h   i,i:m;\a,  i.rn.i'  in    l^95. 


each  to  develop  1000  h(irsc-power. 
This  power  will  supply  the  wants  of  the 
towns  of  Neuchatel,  Chaux  de  Fonds 
and  Locle,  and  also  of  ail  the  \'al  de 
Travers.  In  the  canton  of  .Soleure  3000 
horse-power  will  be  obtained  in  a  short 
time  from  the  river  Aar  above  Soleure 
and  will  supply  that  town  and  its  nei,i;h- 
bourhood.  On  the  same  ri\er,  at 
X'iznau,  near  Langenthal,  the  fn-m  of 
Siemens  >.\;  I  lalske  is  constructing^  works 
to  obtain  about  2000  horse-power  ant! 
to  ilistribute  it  in  the  iieit;hl)ourhood. 

E.xamples  of  similar  imdertakings 
could  be  multiplied.  The  town  of 
( ieneva,  encouraged  by  the   success  of 


those  of  the  Rhone  are  lim[)id,  ISeyond 
the  junction  of  the  two  rivers,  their 
waters  run  side  by  side,  without  mi.xinjr, 
for  about  a  kilometer  (0.6  mile),  form- 
ing a  blue  and  a  white  riband.  Thanks 
to  (ieneva  Lake,  the  Rhone  has  a  How 
of  water  varying  from  120  to  700  cubic 
meters  (4230  to  24.675  cubic  feet)  per 
second,  whereas  the  (low  of  the  Arve 
varies  from  20  to  1200  cubic  meters 
(700  to  42,300  cubic  feet)  ])er  second. 
Helow  the  junction  of  the  two  rivers,  the 
Rhone  runs  deej^ly  cased  in  between  wild 
clitfs  (or  several  miles,  and  this  lias  al- 
lowed the  adoi)tion  of  a  very  simple  |)lan 
for  the  establishment  of  the  new  work.s. 


El  ROPE. \X    WATER   POWER   IXSIALLAIIOXS. 


:>-') 


:it^li>"f  i'  ill  1  '.^ 


f-l', 


hi 


■:l 


..  -il 


I; 

r 


yi 


330 


cass/j-:r's  magazine. 


Tlie  place  selected  for  settinjj;'  up  tlie 
dam  and  the  buildiiii^s  for  the  turbines, 
called  Ciievres,  is  al)out  (^  kihjnieter.s 
(nearly  4  miles )  below  the  former  works. 
The  width  of  the  river,  after  tlie  erection 
of  the  works,  will  be  130  meters,  or 
about  426  feet.  On  the  left  bank,  a 
Stoney  movable  dam,  the  .same  as  that 
adopted  for  the  Manchester  canal,  in 
Mngland,  allows  the  raising  of  the  level 
of  the  river.  The  dam,  which  is  go 
meters  (295  feet)  lon,i>-,  is  connected 
with  the  rij^ht  bank  by  the  building  con- 
tainintj  the  turbines.  Tliis  building  is 
pi  icetl  in  a  skew  position  along  the 
sujjply  chaiuiel,  and,  in  connection  with 
the  Stoney  dam,  forms  a  complete  dam 
across  the  river. 

The  dam  has  si.\  oi)enings,  each  10 
meters  (al)out  33  feet)  wide.  Each 
opening  can  be  closed  ad  libitum  by  a 
sluice,  8  meters  (about  26  feet)  high. 
The  sluices  are  in  one  piece,  hung  with 
counterweights,  and  slide  on  rollers. 
Thanks  to  this,  they  are  easily  lifted  or 
let  down  by  two  men,  in  spite  of  the 
enormous  pressure  of  water  which  they 
bear.  The  fall  produced  by  the  dam 
varies  with  the  seasons.  It  is  8  iiK  ..s, 
or  about  26  feet,  high  in  winter,  and 
diminishes  to  4.50  meters,  or  about  15 
feet,  in  summer. 

The  building  for  the  turbines  is  150 
meters  (492  feet)  long  and  will  eventu- 
ally contain  15  turbines  of  1200  horse- 
power each.  To  obtain  a  sufficient 
velocity  for  directly  working  the  dy- 
namos which  they  set  in  motion,  each 
turbine  is  comji'ised  really  of  two  tur- 
bines of  600  horse-power,  placed  one 
above  the  other  on  the  same  shaft.  In 
winter,  when  the  fall  is  highes',  the 
lower  tnrl)ine  alone  is  open  ;  in  summer, 
when  the  fall  is  less,  the  two  turbines 
work  sin  .iltaneously.  The  wheels  were 
constructed  by  the  Messrs.  Escher, 
Wyss  tS:  Co.,  of  Zurich. 


The  dynamos,  constructed  by  the 
Compagnie  de  1' Industrie  I'^lectrique  de 
Geneve,  are  on  the  two  phase  system. 
I*2ach  turbine-shaft  carries  two  dynamos 
of  600  horse  |)ower.  The  teeth  of  one 
of  the  wheels  are  displaced  by  a  quarter 
of  the  pitch  with  respect  to  those  of  the 
other  wheel  and  each  has  a  separate 
e.xciting  current  so  as  to  be  able  to  vary 
the  load  of  each  machine  without  in- 
convenience. The  weight  of  each  dy 
namo  is  about  70,000  kilog. ,  or  about 
154,000  lbs. 

The  armature  is  fi.xed,  and  the  re- 
volving part,  weighing  16,000  kilogs., 
or  about  35,200  lbs.,  contains  no  wire 
and  is  only  a  mass  of  revolving  steel. 
The  speed  of  rotation  is  80  revolutions 
per  minute.  All  the  dynamos  may  be 
coupled  in  parallel.  The  aerial  trans- 
mission, 6  kilometers,  about  3:*:|  miles, 
long,  mounted  on  iron  posts,  is  com- 
posed of  return  wires  concentric  with 
the  outgoing  wires,  so  as  to  reduce 
induction  as  much  as  possible.  The 
transmission  for  light  will  be  independ- 
ent of  the  ])ower  transmission.  The 
tension  is  2400  volts. 

These  new  works  of  the  town  of 
Geneva,  which  will  make  another 
18,000  horse-power  available,  are  nearly 
com|)leted.  The  tirst  three  turbines 
are  being  erected  and  the  dynamos  are 
ready,  so  that  the  machines  will  be 
started  during  this  sununer.  The  works 
have  been  carried  out  under  my  direc- 
tion by  M.  Butticaz,  chief  engineer  of 
the  Geneva  water  and  water-power 
works.  They  will  be  the  most  iiupor- 
tant  in  existence  after  those  at  Niagara 
Falls,  but  they  are  very  far  from  rival- 
ling them .  My  purpose  in  writing  these 
lines  has  been  to  furnish  a  point  of 
comparison  whir  h  would  allow  one  to 
gauge  the  immense  advantages  of  the 
gigantic  instrument  which  American 
industry  now  possesses. 


n 


Hi 


■\ 


,  >  ■ 


*'.  &  ■*■■ 


J 


1: 


■  I  I, 


i 


S  Dana  Greene  is  a  r.  S.  Naval  Academy 
graduate,  and  resigned  from  the  Navy  in  1887 
to  become  assistant,  and  later,  chief  engineer 
of  one  of  the  prominent  electric  establish- 
ments. He  is  now  assistant  general  manager 
of  the  General  Electric  Company. 


WIMIK    AT    llll-:    I'.M.I.S. 


DISTRIBUTION 


OF    THE     ELECTRICAL 
NIAGARA   FALLS. 

/)')'  .v.    nana   (irmi(\    i'.lrilrical  I'.iii^iiirir. 


ENERGY     FROM 


HE  utilization  tjfat  least  a 
portion  of  tlio  enormous 
amount  of  cnt-ryy  which, 
in  the  parlance  of  this 
practical  atje,  "  runs  to 
waste  "  annually  over  the 
Falls  of  Niagara,  has  been 
written  and  talked  of 
studied  and  su<;i^ested, 
for  the  jjast  hundred 
years.  It  has  been  re- 
served, however,  for  those 
of  us  who  will  see  the 
n  i  n  e  t  e  e  nth  c  e  n  t  n  r  y 
rounded  out  and  the 
twentieth  ushert'd  in,  to 
witness  the  practical  ac- 
complishment of  this 
great  undertaking. 

Other  articles  in  this  niagazine  tell 
of  the  engineering  skill,  perseverance 
and  ingenuity  which,  combined,  have 
helped  to  bring  about  tlie  harnessmg 
of  Niagara.  It  is  the  purpose  of  this 
article  to  ])oint  out  some  of  the  a|)|)li- 
citions    to    which    the   electric  energv 


is 


generated  at  the  h'alls  has  already  been 
]uit,  and  to  discuss  other  ap|)lications 
which  suggest  tlu'mseUes  as  ])robabili- 
ties  or  ])ossibilities.  These  applications 
can  be  broadb'  divided  into  two  classes  : 
(i)  Those  which  are  undertaken  near 
the  generating  station,  within  a  radius 
of,  sav,  ten  miles.  (2)  Those  which 
necessitate  a  transmission  ot  the  ]>o\ver 
f(jr  a  distance  of  more  than  ten  miles 
before  it  is  utilized. 

The  first  class  offers  a  tempting  field 
to  those  ])ractical  men  who  prefer  ]ires- 
ent  certainties  to  future  possibilities  ; 
while  the  second  class  preseiUs  an  array 
of  scientific  problems,  and  ot  theoretical 
and  empirical  studies  and  calculations 
which  are  attracting  the  attention  of  the 
whole  engineering  world.  Time  alone 
can  tell  how  many  of  these  problems 
will  be  solved,  and  how  far  ])ractical  re- 
sults will  verify  the  theoretical  figures. 
We  may,  however,  assume  with  reason- 
able certainty,  that  as  the  science  of 
electricitv,  which  is  yet  young,  ail- 
vances  from   year  to   year,  the  area  of 


,': 


:l!^ 


'^ 


334 


r.lSS//:A'S   M.  I (,.  \/.L\E. 


e!: 


,i;^i 


nil.  i:i.i;uii<ic  ri.AM' 


11'    nil    rni 


■illlKCIl     KlllilLllllN    COMl'ANV    A  1'    MAl.AUi. 


influence  of  the  Niagara  j)()\ver  will  be 
constantly  extended,  until  that  historic 
and  i)ictures(iue  spot  becomes  a  true 
electrical  Mecca.  When  tliis  result 
shall  have  been  accomplished,  the  far- 
seeinuf  business  sagacity  and  engineer- 
ing talent  of  those  who  have  launched 
the  present  enterprise  will  bear  their 
fruit,  while  the  capitalists  who  have 
boldly  invested  their  millions  will  have 
their  j)roper  reward  in  a  handsome  and 
ever-increasing  return  on  their  invest- 
ment. 

Hefore  discussing  in  detail  the  two 
classes  (it  aj)plication  already  mentioned, 
it  is  well  to  glance  at  some  of  the 
broader  (piestions  involved.  The  elec- 
tric motor  is  already  well-known  as  a 
piece  of  commercial  ap]Kiratus.  Thou- 
sands of  them  are  in  daily  use,  having 
displaced  steam  and  gas  engines  anil 
other  forms  of  ])ower  motors.  It  is 
compact,  easily  cared  for,  very  reliable, 
and,  with  a  continuous  rotary  motion, 
it  can  be  applied  to  its  work  with  a 
minimum  of  expense  and  complicatit>n. 
For  reliability,  simplicity  and  certainty 
of  operation,  it  stands  without  a  peer 
in  the  motor  field.  It  follows,  as  a 
matter  of  business,  that  industrial  power 
consumers  can,  with  profit,  substitute 
the  electric  motor  for  that  which  they 
now  use,  provided  the  electric  jiower 
can  be  delivered  to  the  motor  at  a  cost 


less  than  that  now  paid  for  other  jiower, 
inckuling  the  cost  of  operating  and 
maintaining  the  motor. 

Such  a  change  of  motive  power  has 
been,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  progressing 
actively  for  the  past  five  years,  es])e- 
cially  in  the  larger  cities,  where  a  net- 
work of  wires,  either  overhead  or  under- 
ground, has  gradually  covered  the  terri- 
tory like  a  system  of  gas  or  water  pipes, 
really  to  be  tap])ed  for  any  consumer  who 
drsires  to  use  the  electric  ])ower.  The 
extent  to  which  the  change  has  been 
effected  is  not  generally  realized.  Thus 
in  New  York,  it  is  estimated  that  not 
less  than  8000  horse-power  in  electric 
motors  are  at  jiresent  in  use,  the  motors 
\arying  in  size  from  ].'i  horse-])ower  to 
100  horse-power  ;  in  Brooklyn  about 
.;ooo  horse-power  are  employed,  while 
25.000  horse-power  additional  in  motors 
are  used  in  that  city  for  electric  traction 
pur|)oses. 

In  many  large  industrial  manufactur- 
ing establishments  it  has  been  found 
economical  to  generate  electric  power 
in  a  central  jiower  station,  and  then 
distribute  it  throughout  the  various 
shops,  electric  motors  being  utilized 
to  operate  the  lines  of  shafting,  heavy 
tools,  cranes,  rolling  mills,  etc.  In  all 
of  these  applications,  the  reason  for  the 
change  in  power  is  found,  first,  in  the 
ease  and  economy  with  which  the  elec- 


D/s 7 A' //.' cT/ox  OF  x/.i(;.i K. I  /■:.\ ■/;■  A' (,): 


3o5 


trie    jM)\vcr    can  lie   transmitted  ;    anil,  In  addition,   ilcctricity  has  a  lari^L-, 

secdnd.  in  the  high  ethciencv  and   h)\v  and    ever  widening    tield    in   lij^lilinL;, 

cost   of    maintenance    of    tlie    electric  heatiiijjf  and    cooking;'  ;   in   jjlatin^'  and 

motor.      Althonj^h    additional    conver-  electrotypini;  ;  in  the  smeltini;  and  re- 

sions  of  energy  are  involvi'd,  these  con-  dnction  of  refractory  ores  ;  and  in  sm'- 

V(.'rsions  are  accomplisheil  in  huge  imits,  gical  and  medical  work.      It  is,  intact. 


M, 


Mfc  V 


*;■ 


l»iRi-;c  r-t.M"Kw  IN  r  sii>i:  ny  nii:  i4orAk\'  k<iN"vi.i<Ti:us  Axn  Tin.  i.ow -ii  Nsitix  s\\  i  rciiiio.xKiis. 


iin^r 


under  the  most  economical  conditions, 
so  that  there  is  an  actnal  and  vcrj' 
important  .saving  to  an  estaljlishment 
using  electric  ])o\ver  throughout,  in- 
stead of  steam,  or  compressed  air,  or 
rope  transmission. 


becoming  more  and  more  a  part  and 
|)arcel  of  our  every-day  j)ractical  re- 
(luirements,  while  in  the  language  of 
the  patent  office,  "new  and  useful" 
applications  are  in  daily  process  of  in- 
vention and  development. 


■>:/> 


CASS/HR '  S  MA  GA/JNE. 


II     1111.  miTAKV  i.'iin\i;kii:i<s  ami  ai.si>  two  i>r    riii-:  siAiic    i  KAs-ii  humi  us  is    riii-; 

I'll  ISmUl.Il    KKIll'LTIllX   idMl'ANY'S    I'l.ANT. 


1  ■ "' 


Willi  such  ;i  field  of  uscfiiliu'ss  for 
c'luclric  power,  and  willi  the  assuraiue 
of  the  best  technical  advice  attainable 
that  tlie  work  was  feasii)le  from  an  en- 
i^ineerinjj;'  standpoint,  antl  that  the  cost 
was  not  at  all  jirohibitive,  one  can  realize 
why  it  has  been  possible  to  secnre 
capital  for  the  Niagara  power  ])lant  ; 
and  as  the  i)resent  power  house  stands 
ready  to  deliver  lifleen  thoiisaiul  horse- 
power in  electrical  energy,  with  an  ulti- 
mate capacity  of  fifty  thousand  horse- 
power (ihe  intake  canal  being  large 
enough  to  supply  two  power  houses  of 
this  capacity ),  we  can  consider  tiie  near- 
by applicaticjns  of  power  about  to  be 
made. 

The  Niagara  Falls  Power  Company 
owns  somewhat  more  than  a  siiuare 
mile  of  huul  around  the  jxiwer  house, 
and  it  jjinposes  to  rent  or  sell  this  land 
to  iiulustrial  establishments  desiring  to 
locate  tlu're,  ami  to  sell  them  electrical 
])ower,  available  for  twent\-four  hours 
a  day,  every  day  in  the  year,  at  a  price 
so  low  that  these  establishments  can 
afford  to  move  from  their  i)resent  loca- 
lions  and  sell  their  present  plants. 


The  power,  as  geni'rated,  is  an  aller- 
nating  two-phase  current  of  tw.nly  five 
cycles  i)er  second,  or  tline  thousand 
alternations  per  minute,  the  eleclro- 
moti\'e  force,  or  electrical  pressure,  be- 
ing about  two  thousand  volts.  At  this 
voltage,  and  with  the  short  distances 
invoked  in  local  distribution,  the  trans- 
mission invokes  no  engineering  difficul- 
ties, electrical  or  otherwise  ;  in  f  ict,  it  is 
similar  to  many  such  transmissions  in 
various  cities  and  towns.  Many  in- 
(jiiiries  have  been  receiveil  from  all 
p.u'ts  of  the  country  a.sking  for  inlorm  i- 
tion  as  to  the  character  and  cost  of  the 
])ower  service,  the  iimount  of  power 
a\'ailal)le,  etc. 

Two  maiuifacturing  establishments 
ha\e  already  closed  contracts,  ertfcted 
new  ])lants  on  the  ground,  and  are  about 
ready  to  .start  o|)erations,  viz. :  the  Pitts- 
burgh Reiluction  Company,  of  Pitts- 
burgh, manuficturers  of  aluminium,  re- 
tpiiring  2oi)o horse- power  ;  and  the  Car- 
borundum Company,  also  of  Pittsburgh, 
manufacturers  of  carborundum,  a  variety 
of  emery,  recpiiring  looo  horse-power. 
As  each  of  these  companies  will  utilize 


-r< r-f 


i 


'^' 


ll 


s  an  allci"- 
IwciUy  live 
iDUsaiid 
cleclro- 

11 IH",    1)0- 

At  this 
istaiux'S 
le  trans- 

(lifticul- 
fact,  it  is 
ssions  ill 

my  iii- 
roin  all 
intiiniia- 
st  ot"  tlic 
t"  power 

sliinL'iits 
(ji't'ctcd 
re  aliDiit 
lie  I'ills- 
>f   Pitts- 
ill  111,  re- 
the  ( "ar- 
isljiiryh, 
\ariety 
-power. 
|1  utilize 


lUSTRIIil  •■/'/(  KV  ( >/■    .\7.  IC.  I  A'.  I    /■."AV-.AV/  ): 


337 


the  electric  current  lor  a  s|)t'cial  |)iirpnsc, 
each  (lilflrin.n'  entinly  Iroin  the  other,  a 
hrict  description  of  the  two  plants  will 
l>e  of  interest. 

Tile  I'ittshnrjjjh  Rediiclion  Coinpaiiv 
produces  ])uiv  aluininium, — a  metal 
which  is  be.ijinninjL,''  to  attract  favourable 
attention — from  aliimin.i,  an  oxide  of 
aluminium,  by  smeltiii.tf  the  lalUr  with 
the  projier  tlux,  in  carbon-lined  ntoris 
or  crucibles,  the  mass  beiiii^  li(|uelie(l 
and  the  aluminium  reduced  by  an  elec- 
tric current,  passiny^  from  a  series  of 
carbon  rods  suspi'uded  over  the  top  of 
the  crucible  and  forminij  one  poleof  the 
circuit,  to  the  carbon  linini^^  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  crucible  which  forms  the 
other  pole.  The  current  re(|uired  is 
what  is  commonly  called  a  direct  cur- 
rent, the  voltatft',  or  jjressure,  at  the 
terminals  in  the  reduciniij  room  beini^' 
maintained  constant  at  k'io  volts,  and 
about  6o  retorts  beiiii:^  i)lacedanjund  the 
room  in  series  with  one  another. 

As  the  current,  delivered  to  the  Pitts- 
bury;h  Reduction  Com])any  by  the 
power  company,    is    of  the   two-jihase 


v.u'ietv,  allernatiiijL;,  at  jodo  volts  press- 
ure, it  is  lU'cessary  to  re<luce  this 
pressure  and  then  transform  the  current 
from  alternating  to  direct.  The  fust 
chanjLTe  is  ae(dm])lislu'd  by  passinij  the 
current  throiij^h  huiLje  "static  tr.ms- 
formers,"  buiU  on  the  principle  of  the 
Rhmnkorff  coil,  by  which  the  voltage 
is  reduced  from  ioiuj  to  115.  'l"he 
current  is  then  jiassed  tlirou.!L;h  a 
"  rotary  converter,"  where  it  is  changed 
from  a  two-phase  alu-riiatini;  current  at 
115  volts  to  a  direct,  or  continuous, 
current  at  160  volts.  The  rotary  con- 
verter is  a  direct-current  jrenerator, 
with  the  addition  of  ])ro|)i'r  collectinjr 
riniL;s  and  connections  on  the  rear  of  the 
armature,  by  which  the  alternatinij;'  cur- 
rent is  led  into  the  machine,  It  may 
be  considered,  in  tact,  as  a  motor  am! 
,i;enenilor  in  one  machine.  The  illustra- 
tions on  ])ai;es  3,^4  to  337  show  the 
])()wer  room  of  the  Pittsburj^di  Reduc- 
tion Comjiany's  plant,  with  the  aj)- 
paratus  installed  and  ready  to  operate. 
The  plant  has  a  capacity,  on  the  direct- 
current  side,  of  Kxooo  amperes  at  160 


■nri:  altkr.n,\ti.ng  cikki;.nt  sidj;  ok  tiii;  K(itakv  convicktkrs,  Tin;  ai.tkrnati.ni,  cikki;nt 

SWrrCIMlOAKDS   AND  THK   STATIC    TR A.NSI'ORMICKS. 


I  ' 


iii 


U' 


33« 


(■.iss//:a"s  m.\(;.\/.im-. 


1 


I  M 


"Ni;   TIKH  SAM)   IIDRSIM'OWI.R    STATIC    TK  ANSI'(  lU  M  I;K    AT    \\\V.    WORKS    OK    Till;    C  AUIIORINDIM 
Lll.MI'ANY.      lini.T    IIV    Tin;   C.liNlOUAl,    lU-KCTKIC    CO.     .Ni:\V    YORK. 


volts,  or  1600  kilowatts,*  or  about  2000 
electrical  horse-power. 

The  Carborundum  Company  utilizes 
electricity  in  a  different  way.  A  large 
core  of  carbon,  about  8  feet  hiij:!!  ancl  a 
scjuare  foot  in  cross  section,  is  placed 
vertically  in  a  large  smelting  furnace, 
and  around  this  core  is  packed  the 
carborundum  ore.      An  alternating  elec- 

*  A  kilowatt  (one  thousaml  watts)  is  the  electrical 
unit  of  power.  .\\\  electrical  horse-power,  746  watts, 
is  about  ^4  of  a  kilowatt. 


trie  current  is  then  passed  through  the 
core  from  end  to  end,  the  core  being 
gradually  brought  to  an  intense  (white) 
heat.  This  heat  is  kejjt  up  for  about 
twelve  hours,  the  carborundum  being 
gradually  reduced  from  the  ore,  in 
crystalline  form. 

The  crystals  are  taken  from  the  fur- 
nace, ground  to  a  powder  and  pressed 
and  moulded  in  x-arious  forms  for  use 
as  emery.      The    Carborundum    plant 


DlSTRlliUriON  OF  NIAGARA   KXliRGY. 


.VW 


consists  of  a  looo  Iiorsc  pouiT  static 
traiisloniUT,  by  wliiih  tlu  voltay;^  is 
reduced  lioin  2000  to  loo  and  2110 
volts,  and  a  special  njnul.ilor  of  aliut 
the  same  si/e,  l)y  which  the  voltaj;e  at 
tlie  C'le  of  tiic  furnace  is  v;  ried  as  the 
resislaiu'c  of  the  roi  c  changes,  owiiii,'  to 
its  cliauj^e  of  teuipcrature,  tlie  current 
bcinir  maintained  al)oiit constant.  Tiic 
illuslralions  on  pat^es  3;iS  to  341  and  on 
pa)j[e  ,^48,  show  this  ai)paratiis  in  com- 
pleti'tl  form.  The  Carijorunchnn  i)I.int 
is  imi(|ne,  both  on  account  of  tlie  way 
in  which  the  electric  pouiT  is  utilized 
and  also  on  account  of  the  si/e  of  the 
.static  transtornier  and  rcj^ulator,  which 
are  the  largest  pieces  of  apparatus  of 
tlie  kind  ever  built. 

Static  transformers  of  the  si/e  used 
in  these  two  installations  (270  horse- 
power and  I  )oo  horse  power  respect- 
ively) recpiirc  some  artificial  method  of 
cooling,  for,  notwithstanding  the  faet 
that  the  transformers  have  an  efficiency 
of  from  97  to  9.S  per  cent.,  the  energy 
transformed  into  heat  is,  nevertheless, 
so  great  that  there  is  not  sufficient 
radiating  surlace  to  carry  it  off,  and 
the  temperature  at  full  load  would  soon 
rise  to  such  a  point  as  to  endanger,  if 
not  destroy,  the  api)aratus.  Two  dif- 
ferent plans  of  cooling  have  been 
adopted.  In  the  Pittsburgh  reduction 
transformers  a  blast  of  air  is  forced 
constantly  through  the  numerous  in- 
terstices between  the  coils,  from  below, 
and  the  heat  is  thus  easily  controlled. 

The  Carborundum  transformer  is 
cooled  by  a  continuous  circulation  of 
oil.  The  transformer  is  placed  in  a 
cylindrical  iron  case,  standing  on  a 
ring  al)out  6  inches  high  from  the  l)ot- 
tom  of  the  case.  Oil  is  forced  into  the 
transformer  from  the  bottom,  and  up 
through  its  interstices,  until  it  flows 
over  the  top  and  into  the  surrounding 
case.  It  is  then  drawn  off,  passed 
through  a  cooling  coil  surrounded  by 
running  water  and  is  again  forced 
through  the  transformer.  The  result- 
ing decrease  in  the  temperature  rise  is 
the  same  as  in  the  case  of  the  air  blast. 
In  either  case  the  amount  of  power  re- 
quired for  the  air  blast  or  for  the  oil 
circulation  is  very  small — less  than  j< 


per  cent,  of  the  c.i[)acity  <if  the   tr.ms- 
former. 

Another  application  about  to  be 
made  of  the  power  is  the  operation  of 
the  electric  road  at  Ni.igara  Kails,  and 
also  of  th, it  now  being  pushed  to  cmn- 
pleliori,  as  a  \.\y\(\  transit  line,  betw<en 
15ulfalo  and    the    l-.ills.     About    1500 


ANOTirrcR  vti:w  op  tmi;  static  transpormf-r. 

horse-power  in  rotary  converters  will 
be  required  for  this  work,  in  500  horse- 
power units,  transforming  the  alternat- 
ing into  direct  or  continuous  current  at 
500  volts.  The  electric  lighting  sta- 
tion and  the  water  works  at  the  Falls 
will  prolxibly  also  utilize  the  power  at 
an  early  d;ite. 

With  nearly  5000  horse-power  con- 
tracted for  locally,  and  with  the  prob- 
able demands  in  the  near  future  for 
other  new  plants,  as  well  as  for  exten- 
sions to  those  already  installed,  it  is 
reasonably  certain  that  from  10,000  to 
15,000  horse-]iower  will  be  required  in 
a  year  to  supply  the  demands  o^  con- 
sumers within  a  radius  of  three  miles 


JJ 


•V 


^    !) 


340 


C  .iSS/EJ^  '  S  J/.  I CAZINE. 


!H 


'f     L.      ! 


Mi 

f'' 

1    ;  ; 

-11 

tS'i'*^ 

1 

%\v 

ri 

' !' 

i  ■iii 


u 


\\  \ 


Till-:    INTKKNAI,    MAKl:-tl'   111'   TIIK   CARIlORr.MUM   CO.  S    I.AR(;i;   STATIC    TR  ANSIORMER.      THIS 

vKji.vsFORMi;R  Ri:i)T-ci;s  tiik  i>ri:ssiri-;  ok  thk  two-phasi;  ai.tkrxatixg 

CIRRKNT  KROJI  24OO  TO  200  VOI.TS. 


!         ,   :    ! 


'.  t 


t     \ 


DlSTRlIiUTIOX  OF  XIACARA    EXl^RC.Y. 


-Ui 


of  the  power  station,  Between  Niagara 
Falls  and  Tonawanda — a  tlistancc  of 
about  ten  miles — is  an  open,  farming 
country,  which  is  already  being  bought 
up  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  it  up  for 
manufacturing  sites.  Tonawanda  itself, 
which  may  be  considered  within  the 
radius  of  what  has  been  classed  as 
"  near-by  distribution,"  has  special  ad- 
vantages as  a  manufacturing  centre. 
Ten  thousand  additional  horse-power 


The  consumers  will  reap  the  benefit  of 
very  cheap  power,  available  at  any 
hour,  day  or  night,  wl  ile  the  Power 
Company  will  be  assured  of  a  definite 
revenue,  without  the  large  expenditure 
necessary  for  heavy  transmission  lines 
and  their  accessories. 

The  applications  of  power  thus  far 
suggested  or  discussed  are  such  as 
come  substantially  within  the  present 
stage   of  electrical    development,    and 


sA 


^rc!  .|i^ 


il 


Tin;    (.'AKIloKINDrM    (.(IMl'A.NV'S    ONi;    TIIDlSANn    MOKSK-l'ilWI.K    CIKKINT    1<  I  .(,11.  ATI  IK. 


is  a  reasonable  estimate  of  the  power 
that  will  be  utilized  in  this  territory,  so 
that  it  seems  fair  to  jjredict  that  in  five 
years,  with  moderately  prosperous 
business  conditions,  the  "near-by" 
consumers  of  power  will  aggregate 
about  25,000  horse-power.  This  power 
will  be  distributed  and  used  on  the 
general  lines  already  develoiied  in 
other  places,  except  that  the  individual 
consumers  will  be  larger  users.  No 
radically  new  electrical  engineering 
problems  are  involved,  and  the  cost  of 
distribution    will    be    relatively  small. 


liave  little  about  them,  therefore,  to 
cause  distrust  of  their  successful  out- 
come, financially  or  otiierwise,  even  in 
tiie  minds  of  those  who  have  given  no 
special  attention  cither  to  the  rapid 
growth  of  the  electrical  art  in  general 
or  to  the  develo])ment  of  this  great 
power  plant  in  particular. 

We  come  now  to  the  second  and 
larger  phase  of  the  subject — the  trans- 
mission of  the  power  from  Niagara  to 
Buffalo  and  points  beyond,  where,  in 
order  that  its  sale  may  be  rendered  tlie 
more  profitable  by  reason  of  the  quan- 


cftl  M 


•\ 


i; 


n* 


u- 


I 


342 


CASSIER '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  NIAGARA   ENERGY. 


343 


i 

a 
Is 
o 

c 

•J 


,5» 


III  -il  li 

J{     (  i'  'I 


m 


l"rTTI.N<V    DOWN"   CAlll.l;  CONDIII'S    AT    NIAC.AKA. 


tity  consumed,  it  must  successfully  dis- 
place existing'  jiower  plants  of  all  de- 
scriptions, including  even  the  local 
electric  lighting  and  railway  plants  at 
present  operated  by  steam,  and  must 
establish  and  prove  its  claim  of  superior 
economy  and  of  equal  or  superior  re- 
liability and  continuity  of  service.  It 
is  the  solution  of  this  problem  that  de- 
mands the  attention  of  electrical  engi- 
neers, and  the  results  will  determine 
whether  the  present  power  house  at 
Niagara,  with  its  ultimate  capacity  of 
50,000  horse-power,  shall  be  only 
the  beginning  or  the  end  of  the  enter- 
prise. 

It  is  instructive  to  study  the  niaj)  and 
consider  the  geogra|)hical  and  com- 
mercial possibilities  of  different  areas 
of  distribution,  with  Niagara  as  a  cen- 
tre. From  this  ])oint,  on  the  map 
shown  opposite  this  page,  circles  have 
been  drawn  with  radii  of  100,  200,  300, 
400  and  500  miles.  Table  I.  gives 
interesting  data  of  several  areas  so  cir- 


cumscribed,   including  areas  with    the 
smaller  radii  of  25,  50  and  75  miles. 


TABLE  I. 


Approxi- 

Approxi- 

Number 

mate  Hs- 

mate  .\re.T 

of   Cities 

timate  of 

Radius 

ia   Square 

Within 

Population 
of  Same 

llorse- 

IN 

Miles 

this  Area 

l*o\ver  at 

Miles. 

(.United 

of  5000 

(Census  1S90) 

Pre.sent 

States 

People 

Used 

Only). 

or  More 

in  these 
Cities. 

25 

960 

4 

2Sj,8o6 

69,0c  10 

50 

2  qoo 

7 

305,000 

76,750 

75 

6,^00 

10 

470.000 

III, 700 

100 

11,500 

16 

.■43.00O 

143,700 

150 

27.700 

34 

825,000 

261, soc) 

2a) 

55.500 

6g 

1,756,000 

521,000 

3'W 

I9f>  (HM) 

198 

8,246,000 

1,967,000 

4"o 

272,0130 

342 

II,150,IH)0 

2,733."0" 

Al)out  one-fifth  of  the  population  of 
the  United  .States  is  included  within  a 
radius  of  400  miles  from  Niagara.  The 
conditions  controlling  the  commercial 
delivery  of  power  to  a  point  within  anv 
of  the  areas  given  depend  upon  the 
answers  to  the  following  questions: 


¥ 


344 


GASSIER '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


■   I 

f 

! 

\ 

\   \ 
•   i 

.-    I 
-   1 


m 


DISTRIBITION   OF  XI AG  ARA   ILXERC,  Y. 


1.  What  amount  of  power  can  be 
sold,  provided  it  is  delivered  ?  That 
is,  what  are  the  local  demands  ? 

2.  Are  the  transmission  and  delivery 
to  the  desired  jioints  practicable  iVom 
an  enjj^ineering  standjioint? 

3.  If  the  power  can  be  delivered 
successfully,  can  it  be  sold  by  the 
Power  Com]5any  at  such  a  figure  as  to 
comi)ete  with  the  jirice  of  power  gen- 
erated locally  ;  that  is,  compete  with 
the  large  and  economical  local  power 
plants,  such  as  electric  liglit  and  rail- 
way stations  and  city  water  works,  as 
well  as  with  the  small  and  comparatively 
wasteful  users  ?  The  latter  class  of 
power  consumers  are,  of  course,  much 
more  numerous  in  point  of  numbers, 
but  not  necessarily  so  in  point  of 
amount  of  power  consumed  throughout 
the  twenty-four  hours. 

The  first  question  can  be  answered 
only  by  a  local  investigation  and  can- 
vass of  the  power  users,  their  present 
consumption  and  the 
probal)le  annual  growth 
of  this  consumption. 
This  latter  point  is  of 
importance,  for  the 
transmission  line  and 
transformer  stations 
should  be  built  so  as 
to  provide  for  reason- 
able growth  in  demands 
for  a  period  of  from  five 
to  ten  years.  It  should 
not  be  necessary  to 
erect  new  buildings,  nor 
to  provide  new  pole 
lines  or  conduits  for 
this  growth;  they 
should  be  built  of  such 
a  capacity  as  to  make 
it  necessary  only  to  in- 
stall additional  appara- 
tus or  additional  coj)- 
perwire  in  the  stations 
or  on  the  pole  lines  ori- 
ginally provided.  The 
following  table  gives  an 
idea  of  the  demands  for 
power  in  some  of  the 
principal  cities  included 
in  Table  I.  on  page  343. 

The  second  question, 


TAHLt;  II. 


City. 

Popula. 

tion. 
Census 

1S9... 

Distance 
by  Wire 
from  Niag 
ara  Falls 
to  City 
I.,imits. 

Ksti- 
mated 
Horse- 
Power 

L-.sed. 

nuffalo,   N.  v.. 

Rochester,  N.  V  ... 
Krie,   Pa     

25t'),ooo                i,'5 
i,;4,(ioo               7S 
41,000              113 
84,|>'H>              150 

8S,0CO                   IC2 

.(4,o<H)     :         203 

30,000 

25,000 

S,otx) 

Ashtabula,  O 

Syracuse,  N.  V 

Utica,  N.  Y 

Cleveland,  O 

5.000 
20,00,'j 

7,000 
45,cM« 
(15,000 

PittsburKli,   Pa 

Akron,  0 

239  000 
28,000 
20,000 
i>i.50o 
9s, 000 

240 

281 
2S, 

3"9 

Schenectady,  N.  Y.. 

Sandusky.   O 

Albany,  N.  Y 

S.ooo 
5.000 
15,000 

Total    

regarding  the  engineering  possibilities, 
is  a  vital  one,  and  demands  careful 
consideration.  Apart  from  engineer- 
ing prolilems  pure  and  simple,  it  is 
to  be  remembered  that  the  transmis- 
sion line  to  any  of  the  points  men- 
tioned in  Table  I.   must  pass  through 


ill  I! 


1 '  1 


t,  i    r 


I. .  . .  ij . 


CROSS  SKCTIDN   OK    A  CAIlLi:  CONlJlTi". 


1-. 


t  '  I 


!    I, 


M    !; 


(! 

rill 


|i^^;i' 


4' III 


34^' 


C.ISSIER '  S  J/.  /  fil  y.IXE. 


A.V    ALTKKXATlNi;    CIKRK.NT    1 N  DICTION    MOTOR,    OlARl'.l)   TO    A    HOIST. 


a  more  or  less  i)opulous  country,  and 
if  the  necessary  voltage  or  pressure 
of  the  current  is  so  high,  or  if  the 
pole  lines  and  conductors  must  be  of 
such  a  size  and  so  placed,  that  the 
insulation  of  the  line  cannot  be  main- 
tained, or  danger  to  human  life  cannot 
be  avoided  by  any  reasonable  precau- 
tion, then  the  transmission  cannot  be 
considered  practicable  commercially. 

Precedents  are  always  of  value  in 
studying  the  solutions  of  engineering 
problems,  and  it  is  interesting  to  con- 
sider briefly  two  remarkable  long-dis- 
tance transmissions  of  power  in  success- 
ful operation  in  the  United  States, 
although  neither  are  electric  transmis- 
sions, and  each  differs  materially  from 
the  other.  One  is  the  trarsPMssion  of 
oil  by  piiie-line,  from  the  natural  oil 
fields  of  New  York,  Ohio  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  tide-water,  a  distance  of  over 
400  miles.     The  other  is  the  transmis- 


sion of  natural  gas,  also  by  pipe-line, 
from  the  Indiana  fields  to  the  city  of 
Chicago,  a  distance  of  about  120  miles. 

The  piping  of  oil,  first  from  the  in- 
dividual oil  wells  to  storage  centres,  and 
then  from  these  storage  centres  to  tide- 
water, has  been  a  process  of  gradual 
development  for  the  last  thirty  years. 
The  necessity  for  what  may  be  called 
the  "collecting  system"  of  pipes  was 
felt  shortly  after  the  discovery  of  the 
natural  oil  wells,  and  arose  from  the 
rough  and  mountainous  character  of 
the  oil  country,  which  made  the  ques- 
tion of  transportation  an  exceedingly 
difficult  one.  The  individual  wells  were 
gradually  connected  by  feed  pipes  to 
larger  trunk  lines,  which  carry  the  oil 
to  the  storage  centres. 

The  largest  of  these  centres  is  at 
Olean,  N.Y.,  about  seventy-five  miles 
from  Buffalo.  There  the  Standard  Oil 
Company  have  large  storage  tanks,  with 


DiSTRinrrioN  of  Niagara  hxercy. 


T^A', 


an  aggrccfate  capacity  of  nearly  9,000,- 
000  barrels  of  oil,  and  from  this  point 
starts  the  great  trnnk  line,  composed  of 
three  6-inch  wrought  iron  pipes,  run- 
ning to  tide-water  in  New  York  harbor, 
where  the  oil  is  loaded  into  tank  steam- 
ers and  sliip])c'd  ail  over  the  world. 
There  are  twelve  pumping  stations 
along  this  trunk  line,  situated  about  35 
miles  apart,  and  both  the  i)um])s,  the 
pij)e-lines  and  the  subsidiary  fittings 
are  marvels  of  mechanical  ingenuity  and 
perfection.  The  pumps  ojjcrate  at  a 
pressure  of  about  1000  pounds  per 
square  inch,  and  the  capacity  of  the  line 
is  al)out  30,000  barrels  a  day. 

The  main  pipe-line  is  divided  into 
divisions  and  sections,  much  like  a 
trunk  railway  system,  and  has,  simi- 
larly, its  di\ision  superintendents  and 
engineers,  section  foremen,  line  gangs 
and  line  walkers,  telegraph  stations  and 
daily  reports.  The  system  works 
smoothly  and  quietly,  and  as  the  pipes 
are  buried  under  ground  from  one  to 
two  feet,   and  run  through  a  s])arse!y 


settled  country,  the  general  pul)lic  sees 
or  hears  but  iillle  of  the  system. 

A  trunk  line  runs  from  the  Ohio 
fields  to  Chicago,  another  line  has  been 
projected  from  these  fields  to  .St.  l.ouis, 
and  two  other  lines  run  from  West  \'ir- 
ginia  and  Pennsylvania  to  Philadel|)hia 
and  lialtimore.  The  oliject  of  the  pipe- 
lines is  to  chea]K'n  the  handling  and 
transportation  of  oil  to  the  great  con- 
sumption centres  of  the  countrv,  ami 
while  there  is  no  general  distribution 
.system  at  the  ])oint  of  delivery,  the  line, 
nevertheless,  can  properly  be  consitlered 
as  a  transmission  of  power  on  a  large 
scale,  where  the  difficulties  of  transmis- 
sion are  many  and  great. 

The  natural  gas  l)ipe  line  is,  perhaps, 
a  more  simple  example  of  long-distance 
power  transmission,  and  bears  many 
striking  points  of  resemblance  to  trans- 
mission by  electricity.  The  Indiana 
gas  rteld  covers  a  territory  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  State,  about  38  miles 
long  and  18  miles  wide.  There  are 
about  60  wells  in  operation,  having  an 


AN    KI.IX'TRIC    UlAMONM)    DRILI,    FOR    I'RdSI'KCTI  X(i    WORK. 


'V'tf 

^W  ■ 

^B 

!l 

.If 


;  .1] 


348 


CASS/EJ^'S   MAGAZINE. 


IRAMl;   OK    THE    I.AHdK    RK<;rl.AT()R   OK    Til!.   CARm)Rr.NM)T'M   CO.      (SKK    I'AGIi   339.) 


II  ■■    : 


average  daily  capacity  of  about  5,000,- 
000  cubic  feet  each.  As  in  tlie  oil 
fields,  so  here,  the  individual  wells  are 
connected  by  feed  pipes  to  a  supply 
line,  which  collects  the  gas  and  carries 
it  to  the  pumping-station  at  Greentown. 
There  large  compressors,  capable  of 
producing  and  sustaining  a  pressure  ot 
2000  pounds  per  square  inch,  force  the 
gas  into  the  transmission  line  to  Chi- 
cago. The  normal  pressure  carried 
on  this  line  is  300  ]:)Ounds  per  square 
inch,  which  admits  of  a  daily  delivery 


of  10,000,000  to  12,000,000  cubic  feet 
of  gas  in  Chicago. 

Along  the  line,  which  consists  of  two 
8-inch  wrought-iron  pipes,  laid  2'^  feet 
under  ground,  are  located  what  are 
known  as  ' '  by-pass ' '  stations,  about  20 
miles  apart.  At  the  "  by-pass  "  either 
of  the  two  main  lines  can  be  cut  off  and 
the  gas  sent  through  the  other  line. 
The  stations  are  also  utilized  as  head- 
quarters for  division  superintendents, 
telegraph  operators  and  repair  gangs. 
At  the  Indiana  State  line  the  pressure 


DISTRinUTIOX  OF  NIAC.ARA   ENERCY. 


:^49 


IS  automatically  reduced,  in  a  "  rcyu- 
latiuj^  station,"  to  40  pounds,  at  which 
])rc'ssure  the  gas  is  carried  into  the  city 
by  two  lo-inch  wrought-iron  pipes. 
From  these  pipes  it  is  fed  into  an  ex- 
tensive system  of  distributing  mains, 
throughout  the  city,  the  i)ressure  being 
again  reduced  to  less  than  i  pound  j)cr 
square  inch.  From  the  city  mains  the 
gas  is  delivered  to  individual  customers 
for  cooking,  heating  and  operating  gas 
engines,  and   for  applying  heat  under 


sional  man.     The  essential  i-iii^in(i  riiii^ 
/ratlins  of  the  natural  gas  transmission 
are  : 

1.  An  initial  station  where  the  gas  is 
collected  from  the  wells  and  delivered  to 

2.  A  |)um|)ing  station  where  the/>;7'.v,N-- 
iirc  is  raised  to  a  higii  point,  measured 
by  ordinary  ])ractice,  in  order  to  per- 
mit of  the  transmission  of  a  large  vol- 
ume of  the  gas  a  great  distance,  with  a 
reasonable  and  practicable  size  of  trans- 
mission pipe  and  loss  in  transmission. 


:'•  m. 


1 

1 

^ 

^; 

■^^^MflflV 

\ 

/. 

/^m 

•""^^v   --^ 

If 

\ 

1 

1  a1^^-  i 

M 

r 

kJSWy^ 

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1 

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mt*:::.:-^-'^-  --■■  \  - 

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r 

11 

1 

.Vi:- 

4  (i. 


AN    KLIXTKICAI.I.V    URIVKN    III.OWKR. 


steam  boilers,  at  a  price  much  cheaper 
than  the  ordinary  illuminating  gas. 

We  have  here  an  e.\ami)le  of  a  great 
natural  force  of  nature,  harnessed  by 
man,  carried  to  a  distant  point,  and 
there  distributed  and  sold  for  many 
l>urposes  and  to  many  customers,  at 
a  cost  below  that  of  the  same  force 
locally  produced  and  distributed.  The 
analogy  between  the  commercial  fea- 
tures of  this  transmission  and  that  of 
the  Niagara  power  (without  reference 
to  the  means  of  transmission)  is  clear 
and  striking,    even  to  the   non-profes- 


3.  A  duplicate  transmission  line,  with 
stations  every  20  miles,  where  a  section 
of  the  pipe  in  use  can  be  cut  out  for 
inspection  or  repairs,  the  station  also 
serving  as  headquarters  for  those  in 
charge  of  the  section. 

4.  A  line  construction  involving  the 
best  material  (much  of  it  specially  made) 
and  the  most  careful  work  of  install. i- 
tion,  in  order  to  insure  continuity  of 
service  and  immunity  from  leaks,  breaks 
or  other  accidents. 

5.  A  "regulating  station"  at  the 
delivery  end,  where  the  high  and  dan- 


:    I 


35° 


C.lSS/E/i  '  S  J/.  I  CA/.INR. 


Ii<  i;H 


Sli'it 


A   ^50   HI)USI;-1'0\VKR    THRKKI'llASU    A  I.  IIOUN  ATINO    CIRKIC.VT    MOTOK. 


^'%-        ■ 


i^ilii! 


l 


gerous  transmission  pressure  is  reduced 
to  one  that  can  be  safely  carried 
througli  the  crowded  streets  of  a  great 
city. 

6.  A  distribution  system  in  the  city 
by  wiiich  the  gas,  transmitted  whole- 
sale, is  distributed  retail  to  individual 
consumers, 

7.  Finally,  a  complete  and  thorough 
organization  for  the  care  and  preserva- 
tion of  the  plant,  including,  especially, 
a  continuous  and  minute  inspection  of 
the  transmission  line,  with  facilities  at 
every  "  by- pass "  station  for  instant 
re])air  ;  in  short,  every  facility  for  the 
maintenance  of  the  plant  in  a  high  state 
of  efficiency  and  repair. 

As  will  be  seen,  the  analogy  between 
these  salient  engineering  features  and 
those  which  will  distinguish  the  Niagara 
transmission  is  quite  as  marked  as  is 
the  commercial  analogy  already  noticed. 

Returning  now  to  the  engineering 
problems  of  the  Niagara  transmission, 
the  conductors  can  be  carried  either 
overhead,   on   a   pole    line   of  iron    or 


wood,  or  a  combination  of  iron  and 
wood,  or  underground,  thnjugh  a  sub- 
way, where  cables  are  laid  or  hung 
in  the  Hul:)way,  with  a  passagewav  for 
inspection,  or  in  individual  undergroui.  1 
])ipes  or  tubes.  Where  the  conductors 
pass  through  a  city,  one  or  the  other 
of  the  underground  methods  will,  un- 
doubtedly, be  recjuired,  but  for  the  main 
transmission  line,  across  country,  it  is 
quite  possible  to  construct  an  overhead 
line  so  substantial  as  to  reduce  to  a 
small  and  unimportant  factor  liie  danger 
to  the  line  from  storms  of  wind,  rain, 
snow  or  sleet,  or  from  lightning.  We 
have  a  practical  c.xam])le  of  such  a  line 
in  the  modern,  long-distrnce,  telephone 
trunk  lines,  which  are  the  finest  ex- 
amples of  line  construction  anywhere  in 
the  world,  and  some  of  which  are  more 
than  1000  miles  in  length. 

The  next  important  cjuestion  is  the 
size  and  insulation  of  copper  conduc- 
tors necessary.  Practical  considerations 
limit  the  size  of  a  wire  for  good  o\'er- 
head  construction  to  one  having  a  cross 


:^  I 


DlSTRIin'TION   OF  NIAGARA    KXERi.Y. 


.VSi 


si'ctional   wxca  of  somclhiinr  less   than  In  lliis  C"  represents  a  nnnuM-iral  '-on- 

'j  sijiiare  iiicli  ;  and  if  a   greater  area  slant;    A'tlie  nnnilur  of  eleclrieal  liorse- 

lie  necessary,  it   is  divided  amon^'' two  power  to  he  cU'livi.  red  ;  />  the  len,i;tli  of 

or  more  conductors.     The  area  of  con-  transmission  lint-,  in  feet;   /;"  tlie  elec- 

cUictor    necessarv  to  transmit  a  j^ixen  tromotive    force    (Or   pressnre)    at  tlie 

amoinit  of  electric  power  a  j^iven  dis-  ddivcry  end  of  the   line;  and     /'the 


tance  may  be  expressed   by  the  ec] na- 
tion : 

.1  (area  in  sf]nan'inch)  =  6'X  Xy.  D 

Ex   V  ' 


loss  of  ])ressnre  in  volts  on  tiu'  line,  tine 
to  its  resistance. 

This     t'cpiation     a|)i)lies    strictlv      to 
direct  currents,  and  while  tin-  transniis- 


•\  t 


w 


CENTRIl'lGAI.   rUJU'   WITH    DIKIX'T-CONMXTI;!)   MOTOR 


jl], 

'II 

'if 


lit 


itt'l 


m\ 


.  ;j|;,:u : 


352 


C :iSS/I£R  'S   M.  I (lA/JXE, 


TAIU.l.    III. 


FROM 


LaiinVii . 


Water  Power. 


To 


a 
\ 


Voi.TAdi;. 


II.  P, 


I'raiikfort,  Germany 105 


0    I 

1 


I 


W.iler  Power  

Tivuli 

Water  Pinver 


Pacliiicn,  Mexico 


Milan,   Italy 
Koine,   Italy 


a.1 


3(M»^         5'.  40,tXM) 


a.ooo     700  lO.cxx) 


River  C.orzetite. 

Water  Power. .. 

Water  Power. .. 
I.anfleii 

Kiilielieu  River. 
Hleiii  ScliweKar. 

Padenone 

I'olsani 


Water    Power 
Water   Power 


r'.iia<lalHJara,  Mc.vlco. 


19       ,lt),(l<KI 

18       9,uoo 


IR 


Genoa,    Italy 

Santa  Rosalia,  Mexico 

CrinKesljerK,    Sweden 

lleilhronn,  Germany 


3.S0  1,040 


18        I,oon 
f   4U     so  I 


St.    Ilyacltuhe,  (Juebec 

Kuclieini,    Germany 

I'iiime,  Italy 

Sacramento,  Cal.,  U.  S 

Telluride,  Col,,  U.  S 

Lowell,  Mass.,U.  S 


400     400 

20O|         J(l 


5,ooO| 
11,000 

8,000 

2,500 

5.000 
5,000 


1,000 


...  j- 


KeninrkH. 


450  a.500 
75  2,900 
3'.''      100'  •--- 
3i)       3,oooi    Sot' 


3..S00 

2.9(]0 

3,(x)o 
11,,'ioo 


Oregon   City. 
MillCreek  .. 


San  Antonio  Canon. 
Baltic 


Se wells  Falls... 
Water   Power 


'Portland,  Ore.,  I'.  S 

Kedlanils,  Cal  ,  U,  S 

San   .\iitonio,  Cal.,  U.  S.. 
Taftville,  Conn.,  U.  S 

Concord,  N.  H.    U.  S 

Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  T.  S 


15  1. 000  5,0tK) 

yS:  14       400     365 

i 
11     j  10,000  6,000, 

•>y,      300*2,500 


I,lJOO 

5,000      5,oo(j 
5,0011  550  D.C 


6, 0001 

2,5oo| 


'.13 


Water   Power Canandaigna,  N.  Y.,  U.  ,S 

Pelzer,  S  C.  U.  S 

Silverton,  Col.,  U.  S 

Del  Air,  Md.,U.S 

Ilartlbrd,   Conn,,  U.  S 


Water    Power  .. 
Water    Power  .. 


Water    Power 
Water    Power  , 


7 
4H 

4 
4 

3 
3 

3 
II 


Water    Power 


San    Antonio,    Cal., 
U.S 


Water   Power 
Water   Power  . 


Colniuhia      Cotton     Mills, 

Columbia,  S.  C,  U.  S y^ 


Pomona  Cal.,  U.  S 15 

Andersjii,  S.  C,  U.  S 7 


8oO| 

400  2,500' 

I  I 

400  7,200 
100  3,000 


10,000         I   OfH) 

3,500      2,soo 


2,200 

2,000      2,000 


1007,080    2,080     2,000 


Ii500  3  300 
125  2,300 


75 
300 


1,340 


2,300 

800 


600 


3,300      3,300 
2,300      2,000 


2.200        2,(X)0 
7,000  800 


600 


.S50 


Tlirce-pliase  alt.  current  plant 
for  I'ixposition  iHga.  Vari- 
ous e.xperiiueut.s  were  made 
on  lliis  line, 

riiree-pliase  Gen.  Klec  Co., 
under  constrncliuii. 

Under  construction. 

Ganz  System,  in  operation 
three  years. 

Three  phase  G.  V,.  Co.,  oper- 
ated three  years  at  5,'«»i  v. 
on    line,  last  three  nionlhs 

I     at  I  i.oiKi  volts, 

Ganz  System. 

Three-jihase  <'i.  K.  Co.,  used 
in  miiiiii);  operations 

In  operation  three  years. 

l"liree-i)lmse,  in  operation 
three  years. 

Threeiihase  G.  K.  Co. 

Just  complete. 

Ganz  System. 

Three-phase  G.  K.  Co.  Co.  alt. 

I     current,  under  construction. 

■SiiiKle-i)hase  WestiiiKl  u.se, 
in  operation  four  yep 

.Three-phase  G.  K.  Cr  -r 

con.struction.    Ope, 
R.  R.  by  rotary  con 

Ditto. 

Three-phase  G.  E.  Co.,  in 
operation  i  '.•  years. 

Single-phase  WestiuKhouse. 

Three-phase  G.  K  Co.,  in 
operation  one  year. 

Ditto. 

Single-phase  G.  R.  Co  ,  syti. 
motor. 

Three-phase  G.  K.  Co.,  under 
construction. 

Ditto. 

Three-phase  I  .  K.  Co.,  run- 
ning three  months. 

Ditto. 

Three-phase  <i.  K.  Co.,  oper- 
ates .station  by  .syii.  motor. 

Three-phase  G.  E.  Co.,  power 
distributed  by  18  indue,  ino- 
'     tors. 


Mine  at  Hodie,  Cal.,  U.  S. 


13 


J 50  1,000  10,000,'  1,000    Single-phase    Westinghou.se, 

I     operates  lights  in  Po",oiia. 

150  5,500    5,50o|  1,000    Two-phase  Stanley  Co.,  oper- 

I            1  I     ates  incandescent  lights  and 

I         I           !  induction  motors. 

i,!;o  3,500    3,500  3, ,300    Single-phase     Westinghouse, 

I          I  Svnchronons  motor. 


Total,  44,105  horse-power. 


fi     1, 


I         1, 


sion  of  alternating  currents  involves 
certain  other  losses  and  disturbances 
between  conductors,  they  need  not  be 
here  considered,  since  they  can  be  prac- 
tically neglected  by  a  proper  arrange- 
ment of  the  conductors  in  a  system 
such  as  is  here  contemplated. 

In  non-technical  language  the  equa- 


tion means  that  the  area  of  conductor, 
and,  hence  its  weight  and  cost,  varies 
directly  as  the  horse-power  delivered 
and  distance  transmitted,  and  inversely 
as  the  electrical  pressure  at  the  delivery 
end  of  the  line  and  loss  of  pressure  in 
ihe  line.  It  follows  that  the  higher  we 
make  the  delivery,    and   subsequently 


n/S7'NWC77()X   OF   XI.K.AR.l    EMiRCW 


353 


the  initial  prcssiiri',  llic  sinailrr  and  less 
costly  hc'comcs  tlu;  coiuliictois.  The 
similarity  to  thu  laws  j^ovcniin);-  a  sim- 
ilar transmission  of  a  liquid,  or  gas,  is 
noticeable.  In  the  latter  case  the  limit 
of  pressure  carried  is  the  strenj^'th  of 
the  pipe-line  and  joints  ;  with  electricity 
the  limit  is  the  insulation  resistance  of 
the  conductors.     I'or  hitjh   pressures. 


withstood  a  pressure  of  90,000  volts  be- 
fore i)uncture,  In  such  a  test,  how- 
ever, actual  conditions  of  weather  and 
atmosphere  cannot  i)e  fully  re[)roduced, 
.and  a  .safety  factor  of  two  is  not  too 
larj^-^e  to  allow.  These  insulatt)rs  are 
sometimes  made  in  two  parts,  separated 
by  oil.  It  is  very  difficult,  however,  to 
keep  the   oil  perfectly  cle.m,    and    the 


Sl'KCIAl.   I'ORCIiLAIN 


'  UOL'ULH-rKTriCOATKD        INSI.LATOR    I'OK    IlIGII-TliNSION 
TRANSMISSION   LINKS. 


10,000  volts  or  more,  on  an  aerial  line, 
insulation  material  on  the  outside  of  a 
wire  cannot  be  dependeil  upon,  for, 
apart  from  the  fact  that  it  has  not  a 
sufficiently  hij,di  inherent  resistance  to 
penetration,  the  weather  soon  deterio- 
rates the  insulation  material,  thus  low- 
ering its  resistance  to  such  a  point  as  to 
render  the  insulation  practically  useless. 
The  safest  and  best  plan  is  to  use 
bare  conductors,  depending  upon  the 
supports  at  the  poles  for  projier  insula- 
tion. These  supports  are  heavy,  "  dou- 
ble-petticoated ' '  porcelain  insulators, 
as  shown  on  this  page,  mounted  on  the 
wooden  cross-arms  of  the  pole,  like  the 
ordinary  glass  insulators  of  a  telegraph 
line.     Such  insulators  have  successfully 

J3-3 


best  practice  to-day  is  to  use  air  separ- 
ation, which,  under  conditions  of  ser- 
vice, is  probably  more  reliable  than  a 
separation  by  oil. 

The  following  list  of  the  principal 
transmission  jjlants  installed  or  in  [pro- 
cess of  installation  elsewhere  is  inter- 
esting as  showing  what  has  already 
been  done  up  to  date  : 

The  jtlant  which  at  once  attracts  at- 
tention in  Table  III.  is  the  Lauffen- 
F'rankfort  transmission  of  200  horse- 
power over  a  distance  of  more  than  100 
miles,  and  at  a  maximum  line  pressure 
of  over  40,000  volts  (this  in  1892). 
While  it  is  true  that  this  transmission 
was  on  a  small  scale,  comparatively, 
and  while   it  was  more  or  less   experi- 


Uiii 

!  1 

''  ''•  ■ 

;  \  1 

''  ♦'  -' 

■  ) 

Ml. 


t. 


:::;fn 


I' I* 

i  "I  M'li'i 


ril 


\ 


:4^ 


Ft* 


.i54 


CASS  IE  R  '  S  MA  (;A  ZINE. 


mental  in  character,  it  is  none  the  less 
significant  and  suggestive  of  what  can 
prolxahly  be  done  to-day  on  a  large 
scale  witli  the  wider  experience  and  im- 
proved metiiods  and  apparatus  of  to- 
day. The  next  highest  pressure  is  that 
on  the  (iuadalajara  line,  where  11,000 
volts  are  successfully  employed.  The 
conductors  of  the  Lauffen- Frankfort 
line  were  bare  copper  overhead  wires, 
attached  to  oil  insulators  on  the  jioles, 
similar  to  those  already  described. 

For  the  transmission  of  the  first 
10,000  horse-power  to  Buffalo  from 
Niagara  Falls,  it  has  been  i)ractically 
decided  to  u.se  10,000  volts  at  the 
delivery  end.  Connections  will  be  ar- 
ranged at  each  end,  so  that  this  press- 
ure can  be  increased  to  20,000  volts, 
if  desired.  For  points  beyond  Buffalo, 
it  will,  undoubtedly,  be  necessary  to 
raise  the  delivery  jjressure  still  higher, 
in  order  to  keep  the  cost  of  conductors 
within  practicable  limits,  and  for  dis- 
tances of  200  miles  or  more,  the  maxi- 


mum Lauffen  -  I-'i  ankfort  ])ressure  of 
40,000  volts  must  be  equalled  or  ex- 
ceeded. As  the  increase  in  the  use  of 
Niagara  power,  however,  will  neces- 
.sarily  be  gradual,  tiie  pressure  used, 
and  hence  the  limiting  distance  of  trans- 
mission, can  be  increased  as  rapidlv  as 
experience  with  lines  already  installed 
demonstrates  that  it  is  feasible  and 
economical  to  do  so. 

Having  determined  the  delivery  volt- 
age to  be  used,  the  only  undetermined 
factor  in  the  equation  fixing  the  area  of 
conductors,  and  hence  their  weight  and 
cost,  is  the  loss  of  j)ressure  in  volts 
on  the  line.  Obviously  we  can  reduce 
this  loss  indefinitely  by  increasing  the 
area  of  conductors,  but  this  increase  cm 
be  carried  too  far,  and  the  economical 
point  is  where  the  annual  charges  for 
interest,  depreciation  and  repairs  on 
the  whole  line  (conductors,  pole  line 
and  labour  of  construction)  equals  the 
money  value  of  the  power  lost  in  trans- 
mission.     This  is  known    as    Kelvin's 


A   niRKCT  Cl'RRENT  KI-ECTRIC   MOTOR,  GKARKD  TO   A  PUMP. 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  NIA(;ARA    EAERG  V. 


355 


law,  and  applies  strictly  where  the  total 
line  cost  increases  directly  as  the  in- 
crease in  area  and  weight  of  conductors. 
This  is  not  usually  the  case  in  practice, 
since  the  pole  line  is  built  with  a  capacity 
for  additional  wires,  and  the  cost  of 
conductors  is  therefore  usually  so  pro- 


"  step-up"  the  generator  pressure, 
which  may  range  frc.nn  looo  to  5000 
volts,  to  the  transmission  pressure,  and 
then  to  "  step-down  "  ti)e  latter  for  de- 
livery and  tlistribution.  This  is  accom- 
plished by  large  static  transformers, 
similar  to  those  for  the  Pittsburgh  Re- 


li 


lil' 


\-\rs 


,  1;, 
'1' 


AN    i:l.i:CTKH-'    KDIARY    CDAl.    DRII.I.. 


portioned  tiiat  the  interest  on  any  ad- 
ditional expenditure  for  copper  will  not 
be  offset  by  the  money  value  of  the 
power  saved. 

It  is  not  practicable  at  the  present 
time  to  build  either  generators  or  mo- 
tors which  will  stand  safely  the  high 
pressures  of  transmission  here  contem- 
plated.     It  is,    therefore,   necessary  to 


duction  and  Carborundum  plants,  al- 
ready described,  arranged  in  units  of 
from  1000  to  2000  horse-power  each, 
in  "step-up"  and  "step-down"  sta- 
tions at  each  end  of  the  line.  The 
"  step-up  "  and  "  step-down  "  stations 
corresjjond  to  the  pumping  and  regu- 
lating stations  at  each  end  of  the  nat- 
ural gas  pipe-line. 


■*^"P 


356 


GASSIER' S   MAGAZINE. 


I  w 


A   MODERN    DIRliCr   CURRENT,    SLOW   SPEED    ELECTRIC   MOTOR. 


Ill' 


illfe 


-^  % 


\      v|i 


The  use  of  transformers  makes  it 
necessary  to  use  the  alternating  current 
for  long-distance  work,  and  technical 
questions  of  current  phase  and  fre- 
quency are  involved  in  the  engineering 
problem.  A  discussion  of  such  ques- 
tions, however,  involves  a  high  tech- 
nical knowledge,  and  as  their  proper 
relations  and  proportions  are  now  well 
understood  by  technical  men,  it  is  not 
necessary  to  attempt  to  discuss  them 
in  a  paper  of  this  kind. 

It  is  probable  that  duplicate  pole  lines 
and  conductors  will  be  installed  for  any 
long  distance  Niagara  transmission,  and 
for  distances  greater  than  50  miles,  one 
or  more  "  cut-out  "  stations  along  the 
line  will  be  advisable.  The  conductors 
will  be  led  into  these  stations,  and  con- 
nections will  be  so  arranged  that  any 
circuit,  or  any  wire  of  a  circuit,  can  be 
cut  out  for  repairs  or  tests,  and  the  cur- 
rent switched  to  another  circuit.  The 
stations  will  also  serve  as  headquarters 
for  telegraph  operators,  division  fore- 
men, repair  gangs  and  line-walkers. 


The  work  of  a  power  transmission 
company  ends  properly  with  the  de- 
livery of  the  power,  at  low  pressure,  in 
the  "step-down"  station.  Its  local 
distribution  and  sale  are  similar  to  those 
of  power  generated  locally,  and  should 
be  handled  by  a  local  company  familiar 
with  the  people  and  with  local  affairs 
generally.  Such  companies  have  al- 
ready been  organized  in  Buffalo  and 
Syracuse,  and  will,  doubtless,  be  formed 
in  other  cities  to  which  the  Niagara 
power  may  eventually  he  delivered. 
The  local  engineering  problems  involved 
are  such  as  have  already  been  met  and 
solved  in  central  station  practice,  and 
need  not,  therefore,  be  discussed  now. 

The  illustration  on  page  35S  shows, 
diagrammatically,  the  connections  of 
a  long-distance  transmission  such  as  that 
to  be  installed  from  Niagara  to  points 
sixty  miles  or  more  distant.  Its  distin- 
guishing engineering  features,  and  those 
which  will  mark  a  departure  from  any- 
thing heretofore  attempted,  are  :  The 
size   of  the  units  (generators,  motors 


DISTRIDUTIOX  OF  NIAGARA   ENERGY. 


357 


and  transformers) ;  the  solidity  and 
strength  of  line  construction,  and  the 
electromotive  force,  or  electrical  i)ress- 
ure  used  on  the  line.  The  last  fea- 
ture is  the  only  one  that  presents  any 
unknown  quantities,  and  it  is  really  the 
one  which  will  determine  the  engin- 
eering limit  of  the  distance  over  which 
it  will  be  possible  to  transmit  a  given 
amount  of  power  from  >.'iagara. 

From  experiments  and  tests  already 
made  on  the  Lauffen- Frankfort  line, 
and  elsewhere,  it  does  not  seem  hazard- 
ous to  predict  that  a  maximum  jiressure 
of  5C),ooo  volts  at  the*  delivery  end  of 
the  line  will  be  successfully  adopted  for 
long  distances,  if  business  conditions 
warrant  the  transmission.  It  is  inter- 
esting to  observe  that  in  the  transmission 
of  either  oil,  gas  or  electricity,  the 
limiting  engineering  condition  is,  in 
each  case,  the  line  pressure  that  can  be 
safely  carried. 

One  other  engineering  feature  should 
be  mentioned,  and  that  is  the  efficiency 
of  the  apparatus  and  transmission  line. 
The  transformation  of  energy  by  elec- 
trical apparatus  is  accomplished  with  a 
very  small  loss,  and  the  efficiency  in- 


creases with  the  size  of  unit  employed. 
For  generators,  transformers  and  motors 
of  looo  horse-jjower  size,  or  larger, 
commercial  efficiencies,  that  is  the  ratio 
of  power  delivered  to  power  received, 
of  from  97  to  98  i)cr  cent,  at  full  load 
can  be  maintained  ;  and  as  the  load 
varies  in  a  large  plant,  it  will  always  be 
possible  to  keep  the  units  that  are  in 
actual  o]jeration  on  full  load  duty,  so  as 
to  realize  the  highest  efficiency.  The 
line  efficiency 

;  .  Power  delivered  to  slei)(losvn  transformers \ 
V  Power  received  from  step-up  transformers./ 

will  vary  with  tlie  distance  and  the 
pressure  on  the  line.  For  the  most 
economical  conductor  cost,  the  line 
efficiency  will  vary,  probably,  in  prac- 
tice, from  92  per  cent,  for  a  Buffalo 
delivery  of  say,  10,000  horse-power, 
at  10,000  volts  (distance  15  miles),  to 
something  less  than  60  per  cent,  for  an 
Albany  delivery  of  the  same  amount  of 
power,  at  50,000  volts  (distance  about 
310  miles). 

The  third,  and  last  question  for  con- 
sideration is  the  cost  of  Niagara  power, 
delivered  at  various  distances,  as  com- 
pared with  the  cost  of  power  produced 


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A  TYPICAL  ELECTRIC  STREET  CAR  MOTOR.      35  HORSE-POWER. 


358 


CASSIER'S  MAGAZINE. 


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DISTRIBUTION   OF  NIAGARA   ENERGY. 


359 


0, 


locally  ;  and  as  steam  power  is  now 
generally  used,  either  for  application  to 
mechanical  work  direct,  or  else  for 
driving  electric  generators,  the  question 
is,  really,  the  cost  of  Niagara  electric 
power,  delivered  in  bulk,  versus  cost  of 
local  steam  power.  It  goes  without 
saying  that  if  a  city,  as,  for  example, 
Rochester,  is  fortunate  enough  to 
possess  a  reliable  water  power  close  at 


for  365  days  a  year,  or  $5 1  per  horse- 
power for  24-hour  power,  for  365  days. 
This  cost  includes  interest  on  cost  of 
plant,  insurance,  ta.\es,  operating  e.\- 
I)enses  and  depreciation  and  repairs. 
As  the  coal  cost  is  low  as  compared 
with  other  cities,  and  as  the  load  of  the 
particular  plant  tested  is  unusually 
steady  and  uniform,  it  is  probable  that 
this  cost  of  steam  power   is   as  low  as 


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hand,  and  of  sufficient  size  to  provide 
for  most  of  the  city's  requirements, 
Niagara  power  cannot  hope  to  compete 
with  it. 

From  recent  careful  tests,  made  by 
disinterested  experts,  it  appears  that 
the  cost  per  horse-power  per  annum  in 
large  and  economical  steam  plants  (1000 
horse-power  or  more)  in  Buffalo,  coal 
costing  $1.50  per  long  ton,  is  about 
$33  fo''  power  used  1 1  hours  per  day, 


will  be  found  within  the  area  of  influence 
of  Niagara  electric  power.  It  remains, 
therefore,  to  determine  the  approximate 
cost  of  this  power,  delivered  at  certain 
typical  points  within  this  area. 

About  a  year  ago,  there  appeared  in 
one  of  the  technical  journals,  a  very 
interesting  and  able  paper  by  Messrs. 
Houston  &  Kennelly,  two  well-known 
American  electrical  engineers,  entitled 
"  An  Estimate  of  the  distance  to  which 


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AN  i;i,i;CTRic  mini:  i.<ici)M()Tivk. 


Niagara  water  ]:)o\ver  can  be  economic- 
ally transmitted  by  electricity."  As- 
suming certain  initial  data,  the  paper 
estimated,  in  detail,  the  cost  of  delivery 
of  certain  maximum  amounts  of  power 
to  three  ])oints,  —  Buffalo,  Syracuse, 
and  Albany, — at  assumed  distances  by 
wire,  from  Niagara  F'alls,  of  15,  164, 
and  330  miles,  respectively.  These 
costs  were  then  compared  with  the  cost 
of  steam  jiower,  generated  locally  in 
large  {juantity.  under  most  economical 
conditions,  and  certain  conclusions  were 
drawn  from  the  comparsion.  The 
paper,  as  was  to  be  expected  and  de- 
sired, created  considerable  comment 
and  discussion  among  electrical  engin- 
eers and  in  the  technical  press,  and 
much  of  the  data  assumed  and  some  of 
the  conclusions  draw^n,  were  publicly 
criticised  or  questioned.  The  critics, 
however,  apparently  without  exception, 
failed  to  appreciate  the  great  difference 


in  cost  per  ]iorse-po\ver  and  average 
efficiency  between  electric  generators, 
motors  and  transformers  of  tlie  size 
usually  employed  in  central  station 
practice,  and  those  of  1000  horse-power 
capacity  or  more  which  will  necessarilv 
be  used  in  the  Niagara  work. 

They  also  failed  to  recognize  tiie 
fact  tliat,  inasmuch  as  Niagara  power 
will  be  transmitted  and  sold  in  bulk  in 
very  large  quantities,  it  is  reasonalilc  to 
assume  that  the  "  load  factor" 

/     ,.     .-Vvcmne  lo.id      > 
I  ratio  ,,  , — ,  ) 

will  be  considerably  higher  than  is 
usual  in  central  station  electric  lighting 
practice.  The  co.st  of  local  steam 
power  assumed  in  the  paper  was  also 
criticised  as  being  too  low,  but  as  the 
figures  were  taken  from  tables  carefully 
prepared  and  published  by  a  well-kncjwn 
engineer,  and  as  they  agreed  closely 
with    those    obtained     from    the    test 


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362 


CASSJER'S  MAGAZINE. 


alreafly  referred  to,  they  were  probably 
accurate.  While  some  of  the  data  anil 
assumptions  used  by  Houston  &  Ken- 
nelly  were,  doubtless,  subject  to  cor- 
rection in  detail,  they  were,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  writer,  approximately 
correct,  if  taken  as  a  whole. 

The  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  their 
figures  is  "  that  on  the  basis  of  prices 
and  voltages  assumed  and  detailed,  the 
power  of  Niagara  F"alls  can  be  trans- 
mitted to  a  radius  of  200  miles,  cheaper 
than  it  can  be  produced  at  any  point 
within  that  range  by  steam  engines  of 
the  most  economical  type,  with  coal 
at  I2S.,  or  about  $3,  per  ton  ;  that 
Niagara  power  can  maintain  at  Albany, 
in  New  York  State,  a  large  day  and 
night  output  cheaper  than  steam  en- 
gines at  Albany  can  develop  it  ;  but 
that  for  power  taken  at  Albany  for  10 
hours  per  diem,  the  best  steam  engines 
have  somewhat  the  advantage  over 
Niagara,  unless  exceptionally  favorable 
conditions  of  load  could  be  secured  for 
Niagara  power. ' ' 

Speaking  of  electric  transmission 
from  water  powers  in  general,  Hous- 
ton &  Kennelly  say  :  ' '  The  broad 
conclusion  to  which  an  inquiry  of  this 
nature  inevitably  leads,  is  that  while 
under  ordinary  conditions  the  com- 
mercial limit  of  electrical  transmission 
of  power  from  water  powers  of  less 
than  500  kilowatts  can  hardly  exceed 
fifty  miles,  the  radius  at  which  it  will 
be  profitable,  with  good  fortune  and 
management,  to  electrically  transmit  a 


water  jiower  aggregating  50,000  kilo- 
watts, or  more,  is,  perhaps,  t(j-day, 
two  hundred  miles,  and  that  it  miglit 
be  commercially  advantageous  for  such 
a  large  water  power  to  undersell  large 
steam  powers  at  twice  this  distance  with 
no  i)rofit,  in  order  to  reduce  the  general 
expense  upon  delivery  nearer  home.  The 
reason  for  this  difference  in  the  trans- 
mission radius  between  small  and  large 
water  powers,  lies  obviously  in  the  fact 
that  electrical  and  hydraulic  machines 
can  be  built  and  purchased  much  more 
economically  in  large  sizes  than  in  small, 
so  that  the  cost  of  producing  and  of 
maintaining  one  kilowatt  is  very  much 
less  for  large  than  for  small  water 
powers." 

While  time  alone  can  prove  the  truth 
of  these  conclusions,  the  writer  is  of  the 
opinion  that,  with  the  present  cost  and 
efficiency  of  steam  generators,  they  are 
substantially  correct.  If,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  method  be  discovered  for  trans- 
forming the  heat  energy  of  coal  into 
electricity  direct,  at  an  efficiency  com- 
parable with  that  of  modern  electrical 
apparatus,  the  area  of  influence  of 
Niagara  electric  power  will,  undoubt- 
edly, be  contracted.  While  such  a 
discovery  would  undoubtedly  be  a 
great  one,  it  should  be  stated  that  there 
is  no  prospect,  at  present,  of  its  ac- 
complishment. In  any  event,  it  is 
probable  that  the  Niagara  power 
company  will  find  enough  profitable 
business  to  insure  a  satisfactory  return 
on  the  money  which  they  have  invested. 


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MAG/ 


T^^^^Jf^/^ofc^ 


Peter  A.  Porter  is  prominently  identi- 
fied with  the  interests  of  the  city  of  Niagara 
Falls.  As  a  member  of  the  New  York  State 
Legislature  in  i886,  he  introduced  the  Niagara 
Tunnel  Bill,  under  which  the  Niagara  power 
is  now  being  developed. 


!i, 


THE   NIAGARA   REGION   IN    HISTORY. 


/,'!'  Pelrr  .1.    I'orln: 


Till-;  OLD  STONE  CHIMNEY  AT 
NIAGARA,    IIUII.T   IN    1 75O. 


IN  1764  Sir  Williiim  John- 
son, commander  of  the 
English  forces  in  tlie 
Niagara  region,  supplement- 
ing the  treaty  of  the  preced- 
ing year  between  England 
France,  assemblecl  all 
the  Indian  warriors  of 
that  region,  some2Qoo 
,  in  number,  comprising 
chiefly  the  hostile  Sen- 
ecas,  at  Fort  Niagara, 
and  acquired  from 
them,  for  the  English 
Crown,  together  with 
other  territory,  a  strip 
of  land,  four  miles 
wide,  on  each  bank  of  the  Niagara  river 
(the  islands  being  excepted)  from  Lake 
Erie  to  Lake  Ontario.  The  Senecas  also 
ceded  to  him,  personally,  at  this  time, 
' '  as  proof  of  their  regard  and  of  their 
knowledge  of  the  trouble  which  he  had 
had  with  them  from  time  to  time,"  all 
the  islands  in  the  Niagara  river,  and  he, 
in  turn,  as  compelled  by  the  military 
law  of  that  period,  ceded  them  to  his 
Sovereign. 

It  is  ot  the  territory  included  in 
the  above  two  grants,  a  region  now 
popularly  known  as  "the  Niagara 
frontier,"  that  the  writer  proposes  to 
treat.  And  a  famed  and  famous  terri- 
tory it  is,  for  it  would  be  difficult  to  fmd 
anywhere  else  an  equal  area  of  country 
(36  miles  long  and  8  miles  broad,  be- 
sides the  islands)  around  which  cluster 
so  many,  so  important  and  such  varied 
associations  as  one  finds  there. 

Through  its  centre  flows  the  grand 
Niagara  river,  between  whose  banks  the 
waters  of  four  great  lakes, — the  water- 
shed of  almost  half  a  continent, — find 
their  way  to  the  ocean  ;  and  through 
the  centre  of  the  deepest  channel  of  this 
river  runs  the  boundary  line  between 


the  two  great  nations  of  North  Amer- 
ica. In  it  are  located  the  Falls  of  Ni- 
agara, tile  ideal  waterfall  of  the  universe; 
in  it  are  found  the  two  government 
])arks  or  reservations,  established,  re- 
spectively, by  the  State  of  New  York 
and  the  province  of  Ontario,  in  order 
that  the  immediate  surroundings  of  Ni- 
agara might  be  preserved,  as  nearly  as 
])ossible,  in  their  natural  state  ancj  be 
forever  free  to  all  mankind.  In  it  one 
meets  with  many  and  wondrous  aspects 
of  natural  scenery  ;  in  it  one  finds  geo- 
logic records,  laid  bare  along  the  river's 
chasm  by  the  force  of  the  water  thou- 
sands of  years  ago,  and  which  hold  so 
high  a  place  in  that  science,  that  among 
its  classifications  the  name  Niagara  is 
applied  to  one  of  the  groups.  In  it  are 
found  botanic  specimens  of  beauty  and 
rarity,  and  it  is  stated  that  on  Cioat 
Island,  embracing  So  acres,  are  to  be 
found  a  greater  number  of  species  and 
flora  than  can  be  found  in  an  ecjual  area 
anywhere  else.  In  it  are  to  be  found, 
also,  the  development  of  hydraulic  en- 
terprises which  are  regarded  as  stupen- 
dous even  in  this  age  of  marvels  ;  while 
as  to  places  noted  ibr  historic  interest, 
one  may  truly  say  that  it  is  all  historic 
ground. 

Within  sight  of  the  spray  of  the  Falls 
the  red  men,  in  ages  long  gone  by, 
lived,  held  their  councils,  waged  their 
inhuman  warfares  and  offered  up  their 
human  sacrifices.  To  this  Niagara  re- 
gion long  ago  came  the  adventurous 
French  traders,  the  forerunners  of  the 
"  coureurs  de  hois,"  believed  to  have 
been  the  first  white  men  who  ever  gazed 
upon  the  Falls,  though  the  name  of  the 
man  to  whom  that  honour  belongs,  and 
the  e.xact  date  at  which  he  saw  them 
will  probably  forever  remain  unknown. 

Across  Niagara's  rapid  stream  went 
several  of  the  early  missionaries  of  the 

.365 


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CASS/J'IR'S   MAGAZINE, 


Tin;    FIRST    KNOWN    IMCTIKK    OK    NIAC.AUA    l-Al.I.S. 

(From  Father  Heuuepiu's  "  Nouvelle  Dccouverte,"  1697.) 


Catholic  church  as  they  carried  the  gos- 
pel to  the  various  Indian  tribes  in  the 
unknown  wilderness.  To  this  region 
came  the  French,  first  officially  in  the 
person  of  La  Salle  ;  afterwards,  by  the 
nrniies,  seeking  conquest  and  the  con- 
trol of  the  fur  trade.  At  the  mouth  of 
the  Niagara  river  t'le  French  established 
one  of  their  most  important  jiosts. 
There  they  traded  with,  conferred  with 
and  intrigued  with  the  Indians,  making 
firm  friends  of  some  of  the  tribes  and 
bitter  enemies  of  others  ;  and  during 
the  fourscore  years  that  France  held 
sway  on  the  American  continent,  this 
region  was  a  famous  part  of  her  domain 
in  the  new  world. 

Later  on,  steadily  but  surely  driving 
the  French  before  them,  and  finally 
totally  depriving  them  of  their  po.-ses- 
sions,  came  the  English.  Shortly  after 
England  became  the  undisputed  owner 
of  the  region,  the  American  Revolution 
began,  and  within  twenty  years  after 
England  had  dispossessed  France  of 
this  famous  territory,  she  herself  was 
compelled  to  recognize  a  new  nation. 


formed  by  her  own  descendants,  and  to 
cede  to  it  one-half,  or,  counting  the 
islands,  more  than  one-half  of  the  lands 
bordering  on  the  Niagara  river.  From 
thai  time  on,  the  United  .States  and 
Great  Britain  have  held  undisputed 
possession  of  all  this  wondrous  section. 

Looking  back  in  history  for  the  first 
references  to  the  Niagara  region,  we 
find  them  derived  from  Indian  tradition 
or  hearsay,  and  that,  almost  entirely 
by  reason  of  the  Falls  and  Rnpi'l 
However,  it  was  not  thrir  gr  alcui , 
but  the  fact  that  the  Indi  com- 

pelled to  carry  their  o  many 

miles  around  them  that  .  ssed  them. 

Thus,  the  existence  of  a  .  at  fall;'  this 
point  was  known  to  the  Indians  .'11  over 
the  North  American  continent,  w  I  now 
not  how  far  back  ;  certainly  as  early  as 
the  arrival  of  Columbus  at  San  Salva- 
dor. 

In  1535  Jacques  Cartier  made  his 
second  voyage  to  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  the  Indians  living  along  that  river 
narrated  to  him  what  they  had  heard 
of  the  upper  part  of  that  stream,  and  of 


m 


N/AC.lh'.l   /.V  If/STORV. 


;/'7 


tlic  lakes  hcyoiul,  iiu'iuioiiiiijf,  in  coii- 
ncrlioii  tluTcwitli,  ;i  cataract  ami  a  por- 
tajfc.  Lcscarbot,  in  his  "History  ot 
New  France,"  |)iil)lisliecl  in  iGui;,  tells 
of  this  in  his  story  of  Cartior's  voyajre. 
Tiiis  is  tlu!  earliest  reference  (i.S35)  to 
the  (Ireat  J.akc  rcj^Hon  and  Niau;ara's 
cataract. 

Cliani|ilain,  in  lis  "Des  Sanvaj^es," 
])ui)lisluil  in  1603,  speaks  of  a  "fall," 
which,  cli'arly,  is  Niaj^ara, 
and  on  the  map,  in  liis 
"X'oyatjcs,"  published  in 
1613,  he  locates  a  river 
with  such  approximate  ex- 
actness as  to  be  the  Niatjara 
beyond  doubt,  and  in  that 
river  he  indicates  a  "  sault 
d'eau,"  or  water-fall. 

In  16 1 5  Etienne  Brule, 
who  was  Champlain's  inter- 
preter, was  in  that  vicinity, 
in  the  territory  of  the  Neu- 
ter nation,  and  may  have 
been  the  first  pale-face  to 
have  seen  the  Falls.  In 
1626  the  Franciscan  priest 
Joseph  de  la  Roche  Dallion 
was  on  the  Niagara  river  in 
the  course  of  his  missionary 
labors  among  the  Neutrals. 
It  is  more  than  probable 
that  at  this  date  the  Ni- 
agara route  westward,  as 
distinguished  from  the  Ot- 
tawa route,  was  known  and 
had  been  traversed  by  white 
men — the  French  traders  or 
"coureurs  de  bois"  previ- 
ously mentioned.  In  the 
1632  edition  of  his  "Voy- 
ages," Chamjilain  again, 
though  inaccurately,  lo- 
cates on  his  map  a  river 
which  cannot  be  any  other 
than  the  Niagara,  and  quite  accurately 
locates  also  a  "waterfall,  very  high, 
at  the  end  of  Lake  St  Louis  (Ontario), 
where  many  kinds  of  fish  are  stunned 
in  the  descent." 

In  1640  the  Jesuit  fathers  Brebeuf 
and  Chaumonot  undertook  their  mis- 
sion to  the  Neuter  nation,  the  existence 
of  the  famous  river  of  this  nation  having 
been  familiar  to  the  Jesuits  before  this 


d.ite.  'i'lu'V  crossed  from  the  westerly 
to  the  easterly  shore  of  the  Niagara 
river,  recrossing  again,  iie.ir  where  the 
village  of  Lewi-stoii  now  staiuis,  wlu'ii 
their  mission  jirovcd  unsuccessful.  In 
tlie  Jesuit  Relations  we  find  ri'ferences  to 
this  region.  In  tli.it  of  1641,  publislud 
in  1642,  l'"ather  L' Allenv  .,,>eaks  of 
"the  Neut(;r  nation,  Oi.guiaahra,  hav- 
ing the  same  name  as  the  river,"  and 


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FATIIKR  iii:n.\i:i'IN, 
(From  an  Edition  of  1702.) 

in  that  of  164S,  published  in  1649, 
Father  Ragueneau  speaks  of  "Lake 
Erie  which  is  formed  by  the  waters 
from  the  Mcr  Douce  (Lake  Huron), 
and  which  discharges  itself  into  a  third 
lake,  called  Ontario,  over  a  cataract  of 
fearful  height." 

Sanson  in  his  map  of  Canada,  1657, 
correctly  locates  the  lakes  and  this  re- 
gion,   and    calls    the  Falls    "  Ongiara 


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CASSIER '  S    MA  GA  ZINE 


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Saiilt."  In  Davity,  1660,  Le  Siciir 
Gciulron  refers  to  the  Falls  in  tiie 
exact  words  of  Father  Ra,<i[uenean 
above.  In  his  "  Historia-  Canaden- 
sis," De  Crenxius  very  nearly  oor- 
I'ectly  locates  this  region  and  the 
Niagara  river,  and  calls  the  Falls  "On- 
giara  Cataractes."  In  1669  La  Salle 
made  a  visit  to  the  Senecas  who  dwelt 
in  what  is  now  known  as  Western  New 


ui;ne  Kuiu.KT  CAVKi.ir.k,  sii:tu  m-.  i..\  sai, 
(From  an  I'Mitioii  of  i6S8  ) 

York.  Willi  hini  went  Fatliers  DoUier 
de  Casson  and  Rene  Gallince,  traveling 
as  far  as  the  western  end  of  Lake  On- 
tario, whence  La  Salle  retnrned  east- 
ward. Gallinee's  journal  of  that  jour- 
ney includes  the  earliest  known  descrip- 
tion of  Niagara  Fails,  which  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

"We  found  a  river,  one-eighth  of  a 
league  broail,  and  extremely  rapid, 
forming  the  outlet    or   communication 


from  Lake  Frie  to  Lake  Ontario.  The 
outlet  is  40  leagues  long  and  has,  from 
10  to  1 2  leagues  above  its  enibrochure 
into  Lake  Ontario,  one  of  the  finest  falls 
of  water  in  the  world,  for  all  the  In- 
dians of  whom  I  have  iiupiired  about  it 
say  that  the  river  falls  attliat  i)lace  from 
a  rock  higher  than  the  tallest  ])ines, — 
that  is,  about  300  feet.  In  fiict,  we 
heard  it  from  the  place  where  we  were, 
although  from  10  to  12 
leagues  distant  ;  but  the  fall 
gives  such  a  momentum  to 
the  water  that  its  velocity 
prevented  our  ascending  the 
current  by  rowing,  except 
with  great  difficulty.  At  a 
quarter  of  a  league  from  the 
outlet  where  we  were  it 
grows  narrower  and  its  chan- 
nel is  confined  betwecTi  two 
very  high,  steep,  rocky 
banks,  inducing  the  belief 
that  the  navigation  would 
be  very  difficult  qu''"e  up  to 
the  cataract. 

"As  to  the  river  above 
the  falls,  the  current  very 
often  sucks  into  this  gulf, 
from  a  great  distance,  deer 
an'l  «t".'Ts,  elk  and  roebucks, 
th;.c  suffer  themselves  to  be 
drawn  from  such  a  point  in 
crossing  the  river  that  they 
are  compelled  to  descend  the 
falls  and  .ire  overwhelmed  in 
the  frightful  abyss,  I  will 
leave  you  to  judge  if  that  is 
not  a  fine  cataract  in  which 
ail  th-^  water  of  that  large 
river  f;\lls  from  a  height  ot 
K.  200  feet  with  a  noise   tliat 

is  heard   not   only  at  the 
place  where  we  were,  10  or 
12  leagues  distant,   but  also  from  the 
other  sitle  of  Lake  Ontario." 

Neither  (iailinee,  Champlain,  nor  any 
of  the  other  writers  quoted  heretofore, 
ever  saw  the  Falls.  In  1678  Father 
Hennepin  visited  the  Falls  and  in  16S3 
publishetl  his  first  work,  "Louisiana," 
in  which  he  tells  of  the  Niagara  river 
anil  of  the  Falls  themselves,  calling  them 
500  feet  high.  On  Coronelli'p  map  of 
1688  the  word  Niagara  first  appears  in 


ht  ot 
that 

tlie 
lo  or 

the 

any 
fore, 
Lther 
1683 
■ina," 
river 
them 
ip  of 
trs  in 


NIAGARA   IN  HISTORY. 


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cartography.  In  1691  Father  Le 
Clercq,  in  his  "  EstabHshnient  of  the 
Faith  in  New  France,"  uses  tlie  words 
"Niagara  Falls."  In  1697  Father 
Hennepin  published  his  "New  Dis- 
covery," in  which  he  gives  the  well 
known  description  of  Niagara  Falls, 
commencing  "  betwi.xt  the  lakes  On- 
tario and  Erie  tiiere  is  a  vast  and  j)ro- 
digious  cadence  of  water  which  falls 
down  after  a  surprising  and  astonishing 
manner  insomuch  that  the  universe 
does  not  afford  its  parallel."  Later 
on,  in  the  same  work,  he  describes 
them  again,  giving  their  height  as  600 
feet.  He  also  gives  in  that  work  the 
first  known  picture  of  Niagara  Falls,  re- 
produced on  jiage  366  Hennepin' s  two 
works  as  above,  and  a  third,  entitled 
"  Nouveau  Voyage,"  were  translated 
into  almost  all  the  languages  of  Europe 
and  by  means  of  this,  as  well  as  by  the 
work  of  Campanius  Holm,  published  in 
1702,  who  reproduces  Hennepin's 
sketch  of  Niagara,  and  by  the  works  of 
La  Hontan,  published  in  1703,  and  of 
others  later  on,  this  region  and  Niagara 
Falls  became  familiar  to  all  Eurojieans. 
It  was  reserved  for  Charlevoix  and 
Borassow,  each  independently  of  the 
other,  in  1721,  to  accurately  measure 
the  height  of  the  Falls. 

Hennepin  was  the  first  to  use  the 
modern  spelling  "Niagara,"  and  he 
was  followed  by  De  Nonville,  Coro- 
nelli  and  by  all  French  writers  since 
that  time.  English  writers,  on  the 
other  hand,  did  not  uniformly  adopt 
this  spelling  until  the  middle  of  the  i8th 
century.  The  Neuter  nation  of  Indians 
occupied  all  the  territory  now  called 
"  the  Niagara  Peninsula,"  by  far  the 
larger  number  of  their  villages  being  on 
the  western  side  of  the  river.  It  was 
the  Indian  custom  to  give  their  tribal 
name  to,  or  to  take  it  from,  the  chief  nat- 
ural feature  of,  the  country  which  they 
inhabited  ;  hence,  they  were  called 
"  Onguiaahra,  the  same  name  as  the 
river,"  as  noted  by  Father  Ragueneau. 
The  Neuter  nation  were  so  called,  be- 
cause, living  between  the  Hurons  on  the 
west  and  the  Iroquois  on  the  east, — 
two  tribes  which  were  sworn  enemies,— 
they  were  at  peace  with  both,  and  in 


their  cabins  the  warriors  of  these  two 
nations  met  without  strife  and  in  safety. 
The  Neuters,  however,  were  frequently 
at  war  with  other  tribes,  and  eventually 
even  their  neutrality  towards  the  Hu- 
rons and  the  Iroquois  disappeared  and 
about  1643  the  Senecas,  the  most  west- 
erly and  also  the  most  savage  tribe  of 
the  Iroquois  confederacy,  attacked  and 
annihilated  the  Neuters,  their  remnant 
being  merged  into  the  Iroquois. 

There  are  numerous  ways  of  spelling 
the  Indian  name  of  this  Neuter  nation, 
thirty- nine  of  them  being  given  in  the 
inde.K  volume  of  the  Colonial  History 
of  the  State  of  New  York.  The  forms 
most  commonly  met  with  in  early  days 
were  Jagara,  Oneagerah,  Onygara, 
lagara,  Onigara,  Ochniagara,  Ognio- 
gorah,  and  those  previously  noted  in 
this  article.  The  word  Niagara,  ac- 
cording to  Marshall,  was  derived  by  the 
French  from  Ongiara.  The  Senecas, 
when  they  conquered  the  Neuters, 
adopted  that  name  as  applied  to  the 
river  and  region,  as  near  as  the  idiom 
of  their  language  would  allow;  hence, 
their  spelling,  Nyah-ga-ah.  The  word, 
thus  derived  through  the  Iroquois  and  ■ 
from  the  Neuter  language,  is  said  to 
mean  the  "thunder  of  the  waters," 
though  this  jioetic  significance  has  been 
questioned  by  some  who  claim  that  it 
signifies  "neck,"  alluding  to  the  river 
being  the  connecting  link  between  the 
two  lakes.  The  Iroquois  language  had 
no  labial  sound  and  all  their  words  were 
spoken  without  closing  the  lips.  They 
seem  to  have  pronounced  it  "  Nydh-ga- 
rah,"  and  later  on  "  Nee-dh-ga-rah," 
while  in  more  modern  Indian  dialect, 
all  vowels  being  still  sounded,  "  Ni-ah- 
gah-rah  "  was  the  ordinary  pronuncia- 
tion. Our  modern  word  "Niagara" 
should  really  be  pronounced  Ni-a-ga-ra. 

Many  were  the  superstitions  and 
legends  which  the  Indians,  living  along 
the  Niagara  river  and  in  the  whole  re- 
gion, held  as  sacred.  To  the  Neuter 
nation,  naturally,  the  Falls  of  Niagara 
ap|)eared  in  the  nature  of  a  divinity. 
From  them  they  had  taken  their  tribal 
name,  and  considered  them  the  em- 
bodiment of  religion  and  ])ovver.  To 
them  they    offered   sacrifices    of  many 


NIAGARA  IN  HISTORY. 


371 


kinds,  often  journeyini?  lonii;-  distances 
for  the  jjurposc.  In  the  thunder  of  the 
Falls  they  believed  they  heard  the 
voice  of  the  Great  Spirit.  In  the  spray 
they  believed  they  saw  his  habitation. 
To  him  they  regularly  and  religiously 
contributed  a  portion  of  their  croj)s  and 
of  the  results  of  the  chase,  and  exult- 
ingly  offered  human  sacrifices  and 
trophies  on  returning  from  such  war- 
like expeditions  as  they  were  compelled 
to  undertake.  To  him  each  warrior 
frequently  made  offerings  of  his  personal 
adornments  and  weapons,  and  as  an 
annual  offering  of  good  will  from  the 
tribe  and  a  propitiation  for  continued 
neutrality,  and  therefore  existence,  they 
sacrificed  each  spring  the  fairest  maiden 
of  their  tribe,  sending  her  over  tiie 
Falls  in  a  white  canoe,  which  was  filled 
with  fruits  and  flowers  and  guided  solely 
by  her  own  hand.  The  honour  of  be- 
ing selected  for  this  a..rul  death  was 
earnestly  coveted  by  tlie  maidens  of 
that  stoical  race,  and  the  clan  to  which 
the  one  selected  belonged,  held  such 
choice  to  be  a  special  honour  to  itself 
Tradition  says  that  this  annual  sacri- 
fice was  abandoned,  because,  one  year, 
tiie  daughter  of  the  great  chief  of  tlie 
tribe  was  selected.  Her  father  betrayed 
no  emotion,  but  on  the  fateful  day,  as 
the  white  canoe,  guided  liy  his  daugh- 
ter's hand,  entered  tiie  rapids,  another 
canoe,  propelled  by  a  paddle  in  her 
father's  hand,  shot  swiftly  from  the 
bank,  followed  the  same  channel  and 
reached  the  brink  and  disapjjeared  into 
the  abyss  but  a  moment  after  the  one 
which  bore  his  daughter.  The  tribe 
thought  the  loss  of  such  a  chief  in  such 
a  way  to  be  so  serious  a  blow  th.it  the 
sacrifice  was  abaiuloiied  in  order  to  pre- 
vent the  possibility  of  a  repetition.  A 
more  likely,  but  less  poetic,  reason  for  its 
abandonment  lies  in  the  belief  that  on 
the  extermination  of  the  Neuters,  their 
conquerors,  ha\ing  no  such  inherent 
adoration  for  the  (ireat  Spirit  of  Ni- 
agara, and  for  many  years  not  even 
occu[n'ing  the  lands  of  their  victims, 
failed  to  continue  the  custom.  The 
Neuter  warriors  also  wanted  to  be  bur- 
ied beside  their  river,  as  many  exhumed 
skeletons    at    various  ])oints  along    its 


banks  prove  ;  and  the  nearer  to  the 
Falls,  t'ne  greater  the  honour,  (ioat 
Island  is  said  to  have  been  the  burying 
ground  reserved  for  great  chiefs  and 
brave  warriors,  and  the  body  of  many 
an  Indian  brave  lies  in  the  soil  of  that 
beautiful  spot. 

Prior  to  1678  France  laid  claim  to  a 
vast  area,  now  embraced  by  Canada 
and  the  northern  portion  of  the  Unitetl 
.States,  east  of  the  Mississippi,  includ- 
ing the  Niagara  region,  by  reascm  of 
early  explorations  and  discoveries  by 
her  seamen,  traders  and  missionaries. 
From  that  date,  when  La  Salle  began 
his  westward  journeys  of  exploration,  for 
eighty  years,  she  was  a  paramount  force 
in  that  region,  though  during  the  last  few 
years  of  that  period  her  prowess  and 
sui)n;macy  were  waning  and  were  swept 
away  in  1659  by  the  capture  of  (  hiebec 
and  Fort  Niagara,  the  latter  being  the 
last  of  the  important  jjosts  that  she  held 
in  the  long  line  of  fortifications  which 
connected  the  great  tract,  known  as 
Louisiana,  with  her  eastern  Canadian 
possessions.  From  1759,  by  occupa- 
tion, and  from  1763,  by  treaty,  England 
ownedall  this  territory  until  1776,  when 
the  Colonists  demanded  recognition  as  a 
separate  nation.  This  I'^ngland  con- 
ceded in  17.S3,  and  thus  relincpiished  all 
ownership  of  that  portion  of  the  Ni- 
agara region  that  lies  east  of  the  river, 
although  it  was  not  until  after  the  ratifi- 
cation of  Jay's  treaty,  in  1796,  that 
England  relinciuished  Fort  Niagara  ; 
nor  until  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  in  1816, 
was  it  absolutely  conceded  that  most  of 
the  islands  in  the  Niagara  river  be- 
longed to  the  United  .States. 

On  December  6,  167S,  La  Salle 
anchored  his  brigantine  of  ten  tons  in 
the  Niagara  river,  just  above  its  mouth. 
He  saw  the  value,  from  a  military  stand- 
point, of  the  point  of  land  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  and  straightway  built  there 
a  trading  post.  Proceeding  up  the 
river  to  where  Lewiston  now  stands, 
he  built  there  a  fort  of  palisades,  and 
carrying  the  anchors,  cordage,  etc., 
which  he  had  brought  with  him  for  that 
purpose,  up  the  mountain  side  and 
through  the  forest  to  tiie  mouth  of  Cay- 
uga creek,  five  miles  above  the  Falls  on 


1  ''  ■  '• 
il  i 


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'lis!.'' 


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•-:  ••  >  k 


<       « 


372 


CASSIER'S  MAGAZINE. 


ii*    I     I 


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NIAGARA   IN  HISTORY. 


)73 


III 


'4 


1 1 ' 


THE   Ri:i)  MAN  S   FACT. 


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CASSIER'S  MAGAZINE. 


Tin;  iirn.iiiN(.  oi'  Tiiic  (.kmpon,  1679. 

(I-"ac-simile  rtpro'luctioii  of  the  original  copperplate  eiifcraving,  first  published  in 

Kather  Hennepin's  "Nouvelle  IJecouverte,"  Anistcrdain,  17(14) 


the  American  side,  where  to-day  is  a 
hamlet  bearing  his  name,  he  there  built 
and  lauiiehed  the  Ciritfon,  the  first  ves- 
sel, other  than  Indian  canoes,  that 
ever  sailed  the  upper  lakes,  and  the 
I)ioneer  of  an  inland  commerce  of  un- 
told value. 

In  16S7,  the  Marcjuis  de  Nonville, 
returning  from  his  expedition  against 
the  Senecas,  fortified  La  Salle's  trading 
post  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  but  it 
was  abandoned  during  uhe  following- 
year.  It  was.  however,  rebuilt  in  stone 
in  1725  by  consent  of  the  Irociuois,  and 
thereafter  maintained.  The  site  of  the 
present  village  of  l.ewiston,  named  in 
honour  of  Governor'  Lewis  of  New 
York, — the  head  of  navigation  on  the 
lower  Niagara, — was  tlie  commence- 
ment of  a  portage  of  which  the  unper 
terminus  was  about  a  mile  and  a  iialf 
above  the  Falls,  the  road  tra\ersed 
being,  even  now,  called  the  "  i)ortage 
road."  The  upper  end  of  this  jwrtage, 
at  first  merely  an  open  landing  place 
for  boats,  necessarily  grew  into  a  fortifi- 
cation, which  was  completed  in  1750 
and  was  called  Fort  de  Portage,  or,  by 
some.  Fort  Little  Niagara.  A  short 
distance  below  the  site  of  this  fort  the 
French  built  their  barracks.     These  and 


the  fort  itself  were  burnt  in  1759  by 
Joncaire,  who  was  in  command,  to  i)re- 
vent  their  falling  into  the  hands  of  the 
victorious  English,  and  he  and  his  men 
retreated  to  a  station  on  Chippewa 
creek,  across  the  river.  An  old  stone 
chimney,  believed  to  be  the  first  stone 
structure  built  in  that  part  of  '"le  coun- 
try, and  around  which  were  built  the 
French  barracks,  stands  to-day  solitary 
and  alone,  the  only  reminder  of  the 
early  commercial  and  military  activities 
at  this  point. 

It  was  in  1759  that  the  English  com- 
menced that  short,  memorable  and  de- 
cisive campaign  which  was  fore\er  to 
crush  out  F'rench  rule  in  North  America, 
(ieiieral  Prideaux  was  in  charge  of  the 
English  forces  thereabouts,  and,  carry- 
ing out  that  part  of  the  plan  assigned 
to  him,  collected  his  forces  east  of  Fort 
Niagara  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 
That  fort  had  been  strongly  fortified, 
and  this  fact,  coupled  with  its  location, 
made  its  capture  necessary  for  English 
success.  Prideaux' s  demand  for  its 
surrender  having  been  refused,  he  laid 
siege  to  it.  He  was  killed  during  the 
continuance  of  the  siege,  and  the  com- 
mand devolved  on  Sir  ^Villiam  John- 
son, who  pushed  operations  vigorously 


NIAGARA   IN  HISTORY. 


W3 


and  captured  tlie  fort  before  French  re- 
inforcements could  arrive. 

These  reinforcements  had  been  sent 
from  Venant;o,  on  Lake  Erie,  and, 
cominq-  down  the  Niai^ani  river,  had 
reached  Navy  Island  (Isle  de  Marine), 
then  held  by  the  French,  when  they 
heard  of  the  fall  of  Fort  Niat^ara.  The 
certainty  that  the  two  vessels  which  had 
brought  the  troops  and  annnunition 
from  VenansTO  would  be  captured  by 
the  Enoi^Iisli,  induced  the  French  to  take 
them,  toj^ether  with  some  small  vessels 


nected  with  the  j^reat  French  and  Fnpf- 
lish  struti^le.  Champlain's  early  hos- 
tility to  the  Iro<iuois,  when  he  sided 
with  the  Senecas  against  them,  had 
made  the  Iroquois  the  fnni  friends  of 
the  English  during  all  the  sul)se([uent 
years,  and  it  had  also  endeared  the 
French  to  the  Senecas,  even  though 
the  latter  had  subsecpiently  ji lined  the 
Iroquois  confcnleracy. 

After  the  total  defeat  of  tin-  iM'ench 
and  their  practical  surrender  uf  all  their 
territory  in  1759,  the  old  hatred  of  the 


I  I 


K. 


X"-    N>  %  s' 


^jyUk^ 


-«»ife 


'  -x^ 


r 


m»MimmSk  ,  J  ..it^ti-.j  ..8^ 


^11 


Till-:  LAi'irKi-;  iii'  i'okt  i,i;(ii<(;i;,  iRi.i. 
iFrom  ail  Old  KiigraviiiK. » 


which  had  recently  been  built  on  Nav)' 
Island,  over  to  the  northern  shore  of 
Grand  Island,  lying  close  by,  into  a 
quiet  bay,  where  they  set  them  on  fire 
and  totally  destroyed  them.  As  late 
as  the  middle  of  the  present  century, 
portions  of  these  vessels  were  clearly 
visible  under  water  in  the  arm  of  the 
river,  which,  from  this  incident,  has 
become  known  as  "  Burnt  Ship  Bay." 
One  more  historical  point,  the  scene 
of  the  Devil's   Hole  massacre,  is   con- 


English  on  the  part  of  the  .Senecas, 
abetted,  no  doubt,  by  French  inthiences, 
led  them  to  commence  a  bloody  cam- 
])aign  against  the  English  in  1763. 
They  knew  the  English  were,  on  a 
certain  day,  to  send  a  long  train  of 
wagons,  filled  with  supplies  and  ammu- 
nition, from  Fort  Niagara  to  Fort 
Schlosser,  a  station,  built  in  1761  by 
Capt.  Joseph  Schlosser  of  the  English 
army,  to  replacj  Fortde  Portagt^,  which 
had    been    destroyed    two    years    pre- 


c.-^ss//;a"S  magazine. 


vioiisly.  They  knew  also  that  the 
military  force  accoini)anyiii,i;'  the  train 
was  to  be  a  small  one.  At  a  j)oint, 
known  as  the  Devil's  Hole,  about  three 
miles  below  the  Falls,  and  at  the  edge 
of  the  precipice,  they  aml)ushed  this 
fated  supply  train  and  destroyed  it, 
forcing  both  train  and  escort  over  the 
high  bank,  and  killing  all  but  three  of 
the  escort  and  drivers.  They  then  cun- 
ning! ambushed  the  relief  force,  which 
at  the  .sound  of  the  tiring  had  set  out 
irt)m  I^ewiston  where  the  English  main- 
tained a  slight  encampment,  and  killeil 
all  but  eight  of  these.  It  was  a  striking 
example  of  Inilian  warfare  and  of  Indian 
shrewdness.  .Shortly  after  this,  in  1763, 
the  treaty  between  France  and  I'jigland 
was  signed,  whereby  England  became 
the  absolute  owner  and  master  of  the 
northeastern  i)ortion  of  the  North 
American  continent. 

No  serious  conflict  marked  England's 
rule  in  her  new  territory,  acciuired  by 
so  long  and  fierce  a  struggle  ami  at 
so  great  a  cost  of  lives  and  money.  But 
thirteen  years  after  the  above  treaty  vvas 
signed,  the  American  Revolution  com- 
menced. Had  Oen.  Sullivan's  expedi- 
tion against  the  Senecas  in  1779,  been 
successful,  as  planned,  he  would  have 
|)ursued  the  dusky  warriors  who  fled  to 
Fort  Niagara,  and  would  have  attacked 
and  ])robably  cai)tured  that  fort,  then 
in  possession  of  the  English  ;  but  mis- 
fortune Ijcfel  him  on  his  westward 
march,  and  the  Niagara  region  was 
never  the  scene  of  actual  hostilities  tlur- 
ing  that  war.  When  it  closed,  England 
had  lost  and  relinquished  to  the  United 
States  all  that  portion  of  this  region  that 
lies  east  of  the  Niagara  river. 

The  Niagara  region,  especially  that 
])art  lying  along  the  banks  of  the  river, 
felt  the  full  burden  of  the  three  years  of 
border  warfiro  between  American  and 
English  forces,  each  with  their  Indian 
allies,  known  in  history  as  the  war  of 
1812.  In  the  fill  of  1812,  about  four 
months  after  the  declaration  of  war, 
(ien.  Van  Rensselaer  established  his 
camp  just  east  of  the  village  of  Lewiston, 
and  collected  an  army  for  the  invasion 
of  Canada.  After  some  delay  and  one 
unsuccessful  attempt  to  cross  the  river, 


many  of  his  men  reached  the  Canadian 
shore  and  promjitly  and  easily  occujiied 
an  advantageous  position  on  Queenston 
Heights.  Gen.  Brock  hastened  from 
Fort  George,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
with  luiglish  reinforcements,  and,  in 
endeavoring  to  recapture  this  point  of 
vantage,  was  killed  at  the  head  of  his 
troops.  Other  English  reinforcements 
having  arrived,  the  Americans  were 
defeated  and  di-slodged  from  their  jjosi- 
tion,  many  being  forced  over  the  edge 
of  the  bluff  Most  of  these  and  many 
on  the  brow  of  the  mountain  were  taken 
prisoners.  Meanwhile,  directly  across 
the  river,  on  the  American  side,  in  full 
view  of  the  battle,  were  several  hundred 
American  volunteers  who  basely  refused 
to  go  to  the  aid  of  their  companions. 

The  results  of  this  first  battle  were 
most  depressing  to  the  American  cause. 
At  the  foot  of  Queenston  Heights  an 
inscribed  stone,  set  in  place  in  i860  by 
the  Prince  of  Wales  with  appropriate 
ceremonies,  marks  the  spot  where  Gen. 
Brock  fell,  and  on  the  heights  above  a 
lofty  column  was  erected  to  his  memory 
in  TS26,  as  a  monument  of  his  country's 
gratitude.  This  was  blown  up  by  a 
miscreant  in  1840,  but  was  replaced  in 
1853  by  the  present  more  beautiful 
shaft,  within  whose  foundations  Gen. 
Brock's  remains  lie  buried. 

It  was  in  November,  181 2,  that  Gen. 
Alexander  Smythe,  of  Virginia,  com- 
manding the  American  army  on  this 
frontier,  issued  his  famous  bombastic 
circular,  inviting  everybody  to  assemble 
at  Black  Rock,  near  the  source  of  the 
Niagara  river  and  to  invade  Canada. 
"Come  in  companies,  half  companies, 
pairs  or  singly ;  come  anyhow,  but 
come,"  was  its  substance,  and  about 
4000  men  responded.  But  Smythe 
proved  incapable,  and  having  made 
himself  a  laughing-stock  in  many  ways, 
among  others  in  challenging  Gen. 
Porter,  who  had  questioned  his  courage, 
to  a  duel  (which  challenge  was  ac- 
cepted and  shots  were  exchanged  on 
Grand  Island),  the  contemplated  in- 
vasion was  abandoned. 

In  May,  18 13,  the  Americans  cap- 
tured Fort  George  and  the  village  of 
Newark,  both    on    the  Canadian  shore 


m 


\ 


rage, 
ae- 
on 
in- 


cap- 
^e  of 
shore 


N/AGANA    IN  HIS 'ION  V. 


377 


near  the  mouth  of  tlic  rivrr,  and  held 
them  until  December  of  that  year.  So 
effectual  was  American  supremacy  at 
this  time,  that  the  Knglish  Fort  ICrie,  al 
the  source  of  the  river,  and  Chi|)pawa, 
just  above  the  Falls,  together  with  all 
barracks  and  store  houses  along  the 
river,  were  abandoned,  and  the  Fnglish 
evacuated  the  entire  frontier.  Fort 
Frie  was  promptly  occupied  by  the 
Americans.  Several  minor  attacks  were 
made  by  small  |)arties  of  luiglish  at 
points  on  the  American  sitle  during 
1813,  one  at  Black  Rock,  where  the 
English  were  badly  repulsed,  being  the 
most  important. 

In  December,  18 13,  the  British  as- 
sumed the  offensive  on  their  side  of  the 
river  and  soon  Gen.  McClure,  who  was 
in  command  of  the  American  forces 
holding  Fort  (ieorge,  determined  to 
abandon  it  and  cross  to  I-'ort  Niagara. 
He  blew  up  Fort  George  and  ap|)lied 
the  torch  to  the  beautiful  adjoining 
village  of  Newark.  This  was  the  oldest 
settlement  in  that  part  of  Canada,  was 
at  one  time  the  residence  of  her  lieu- 
tenant-governor, and  was  further  noted 
as  the  place  where  the  first  Parliament 
of  Ujjper  Canada  was  held  in  1792.  Its 
destruction  was  in  the  line  of  military 
tactics  which  leaves  nothing  to  shelter 
an  enemy  when  they  occupy  evacuated 
ground  ;  but  it  was  a  severe  winter,  the 
snow  was  deep,  and  the  sufferings  of 
those  whose  homes  were  thus  burnt, 
were  e.xcessive. 

The  burning  of  Newark  raised  a  storm 
of  wrath  throughoutCanadaand  England 
which  stimulated  the  English  forces  to 
make  great  efforts  for  victory  and  re- 
taliation. In  these  they  were  decidedly 
successful,  for  ten  days  later,  at  three 
o'clock  in  the  morning,  Col.  Murray, 
of  the  British  Army,  surprised  and  cajv 
tured  Fort  Niagara.  Had  Capt.  Leon- 
ard, who  was  in  charge  of  the  Fort 
while  Gen.  McClure  was  at  his  head- 
quarters in  Buffalo,  been  vigilant,  the 
Fort  would  have,  probably,  been  suc- 
cessfully defended.  As  it  was,  it  fell 
an  easy  prey.  Lossingsays:  "It  might 
have  been  an  almost  bloodless  victory 
had  not  the  unhallowed  spirit  of  re- 
venge demanded  victims."     As  it  was, 


many  of  the  garrison,  including  inva- 
lids, were  bayonetted  after  all  resist- 
ance had  ce.ised.  The  British  General 
Riall,  with  a  fitrce  of  regulars  and 
Indians  was  waiting  at  Uueenston  for 
the  agreed  signal  of  success,  and  when 
the  cannon's  roar  announced  the  vic- 
tory, lie  hurried  them  across  the  river 
to  the  village  of  l.ewislon,  which  was 
sacked  and  destroyed  in  spile  of  such 
o|)position  as  the  few  Americans  in  l"'ort 
Grav  on  Lewiston  Heights  could  make. 

After  a  temporary  check  on  Lewiston 
I  leights  the  British  pushed  on  to  Man- 
chester (that  name  having  been  given 
to  it  in  anticipation  of  its  ultimately 
becoming  the  gre;it  manufacturing  vil- 
lage of  America)  as  the  settlement  at 
the  Falls  was  then  called.  That  place, 
the  settlement  at  Schlosser,  two  miles 
above,  and  the  country  for  some  miles 
iiack  shared  the  fate  of  Lewiston  ;  the 
same  was  meted  out  to  Youngstown, 
near  Fort  Niagara,  The  destruction  t)f 
the  bridge  across  the  creek  at  Tona- 
wanda  saved  Bnlf.ilo  from  the  same  fiite, 
but  only  for  a  few  days.  Cien.  Riall 
crossed  the  river  at  Oueenston,  and  a 
few  days  later  ajipeared  opposite  Black 
Rock  which  adjoined  Buffalo.  This  he 
promptly  attacked  and  captured.  The 
liastily  gathered  and  imorganized 
American  forces  not  only  offered  little 
resistance,  but  hundreds  deserted. 
Buffalo  was  burnt,  only  four  houses 
being  left  standing,  and  many  persons 
were  killed. 

The  o|)ening  of  the  campaign  of  1S14 
found  an  American  army  at  Buffalo,  and 
on  J  illy  3,  Fort  Erie  surrendered  to 
the  Americans.  On  July  5,  the  Ameri- 
cans met  and,  after  a  fierce  fight,  de- 
feated the  British  in  the  memorable 
battle  of  Chippawa,  on  the  Canadian 
side,  two  miles  above  the  Falls.  Soon 
afterwards,  the  British  retreated  to 
Oueenston,  followed  by  the  Ameri- 
cans under  Gen.  Brown,  who  then  de- 
termined to  recapture  Fort  George  ; 
but  learning  that  the  expected  fleet 
could  not  co-operate  with  him,  he 
changed  his  plans  and  returned  to 
Chippawa.  Gen.  .Scott,  reconnoitering 
from  this  place  in  the  late  afternoon  of 
July  25,  found  (ien.  Riall  with  his  re- 


:.':!!. 


ill! 


|r  •>j 


■1 


w 


.v1f 


c.iss/f:A"s  .u.ir;. \/iXE. 


\\ 


I'M 


■<i4  "Hi 


inforccd  army  drawn  u])  in  lino  df  l)altU' 
at  Lundy's  Lane.  (icn.  Scott,  with  a 
iion.inal  force,  bnt  witli  tlic  hope  of 
j^ainini;-  time  for  the  advent  of  (len. 
l5rown'sarniy,  innnediateiy  tjave  battle. 
Of  the  details  of  that  iiattk;,  foiii;ht 
mainly  by  the  j^lorions  lij^ht  of  a  snm- 
mer  moon,  and  eontinned  imtil  after 
midnij^ht,  with  the  .spray  of  Niatjara 
driftin,i>;  over  the  lu'ads  of  the  opposini" 
armies  and  the  thunder  of  the  Falls 
minj^ilint;'  with  the  roar  of  the  cannon,  it 
is  not  ])ossii)le  to  recount  mut-h.  The 
central  point  on  the  hill  was  held  by  a 
liritish  battery,  and  it  was  in  response 
to  an  order  to  capture  it  that  Col. 
.Miller  made  his  famous  rei)ly,  "  I'll  try, 
.Sir."  lie  did  try,  and  successfully, 
and  the  l)attery,  once  captured,  was 
lield  by  the  Americans  au^ainst  oft- 
rejieated  anil  brave  attacks  by  the 
British. 

When  at  last  the  British  army  re- 
treated, the  Americans  fell  back  to 
their  camp  at  Chippawa,  and  before 
they  returned  the  ne.xt  mornin.tj',  the 
British  had  once  more,  owing  to  the 
American  (ieneral  Ri|)ley's  netjligence, 
occupied  the  held  and  drat^^t^ed  away 
the  cannon  whicli  had  been  captured 
from  them.  The  battle  of  Niagara 
Falls,  Lundy's  Lane,  or  Bridgewater  as 
it  is  variously  called  was  claimed  as  a 
victory  by  the  British,  and  is  still  annu- 
ally celebrated,  on  the  battlefield,  as 
such.  The  Americans,  too,  regarded  it 
as  a  substantial  victory,  and  the  United 
States  Congress  voted  to  Generals 
Scott,  Brown,  Porter,  Gaines  and  Rip- 
ley gold  medals  for  their  services  in  this 
and  other  battles  of  the  war. 

The  American  army  now  returned  to 
Fort  Erie  which  they  sU'ongly  fortified, 
and  where  they  were  besieged  on 
August  3,  by  the  British.  F"or  ten  days 
both  armies  were  busy  preparing  for 
the  inevitable  and  decisive  contest.  Just 
after  midnight  on  August  14,  the  British 
attacked  the  fort,  but  were  finally  re- 
pulsed. From  this  time  to  September 
17,  there  was  frecjuent  cannonading,  but 
on  that  date  a  sortie  from  the  fort  was 
made  by  the  Americans,  and  was  so 
boldly  planned  and  so  faithfully  exe- 
cuted, that  the  British  were  completely 


routed,  and  Buffalo  anil  Western  New 
York  saved  from  invasion.  Lord  Napier 
refers  to  this  sortie  as  the  only  instance 
in  modern  warfare,  where  a  besieging 
army  was  totally  routed  bv  such  a 
movement.  A  ^i^w  more  desultory  en 
gagements  occurred  along  the  Canadian 
bank  of  the  river.  Gen.  Izard  having 
assumed  command  of  the  American 
army  ;  but  the  season  was  too  far  ad- 
vanced for  anv  further  olh  iisi\'e  o[Hra- 
tions  on  this  peninsula,  and  Canada  was 
ai)aiidoned.  Fort  Krie  was  mined,  and 
on  November  5,  1S14,  was  laid  in  ruins. 
It  still  remains  so, — a  picturesque  spot. 
Some  space  has  been  devoteil  to  this 
war,  although  not  a  fraction  of  what  its 
importance  ilemands.  During  its  con- 
tinuance almost  every  foot  of  land  along 
both  banks  of  the  Niagara  river  was  the 
scene  of  strife,  of  victory  and  defeat,  of 
trium])hs  of  armies  and  of  l)raver'-  and 
heroism  of  individuals. 

The  treaty  of  Ghent  restored  peace 
to  both  countries,  to  the  ilelight  of  all, 
especially  of  the  inhabitants  along  the 
frontier.  The  commissioners  appointed 
under  that  treaty  to  settle  the  question 
of  the  boundary  between  the  L^iited 
States  and  Canada  agreed  subsequently 
that  that  line,  "  between  Lake  I'Lrie  and 
Lake  Ontario  should  run  through  the 
centre  of  the  deepest  channel  of  the 
Niagara  river,  anil  through  the  point  of 
the  Horse  Shoe  Fall."  Later  years 
proved  this  to  be  a  variable  line  as  far 
as  the  point  of  the  F"all  is  concerned, 
though  this  fact  will  never  impair  the 
validity  of  the  boundary  line.  By  the 
above  decision  Grand  Island  and  Goat 
Island  became  American  soil,  and  Navy 
Island  fell  under  British  rule.  The 
frontier,  especially  on  the  American 
side,  recovered  rapidly  from  the  effects 
of  the  war,  for  it  was  a  section  sought 
by  settlers,  and  many  who  reached  the 
Niagara  river  on  a  projected  journey  to 
lands  farther  west,  became  residents  of 
the  locality. 

Prior  to  1825,  all  heavy  goods  were 
sent  westwards  by  Lake  ()ntario  vessels 
to  Lewiston  ;  thence,  were  carted  over 
the  well-known  "Portage  road"  to 
Schlosser,  and  there  again  reloaded  into 
vessels    which    went    up    the    Niagara 


N /Ac;. IK  A    IX  ///SVOA'V 


.179 


tlie 
tlie 
nt  of 
cars 
IS  far 
ncd, 
tlic 
the 
".(lat 
Navy 
The 
rican 
ffects 
niij^ht 
the 
cy  to 
its  of 

were 
3ssels 
over 
'  to 
into 
igara 


river,  past  lilack  Rock  and  IJuffalo  at 
the  source  of  tlie  ri\er,  ami  then  out 
into  J-ake  ICrie.  Frcij^hts  froui  the  west 
followed  the  opposite  course,  over  the 
same  route  ;  and  this  carryinir  trade 
alom,"-  the  fnnitii'r,  controlletl  almost  en- 
tirely by  one  tirm,  was  a  source  of  |)cr- 
sonal  wealth  to  its  members,  a  UR'ans 
of  livelihood  to  many  a  familv,  and  a 
prominent  fictor  in  the  speedy  develop- 
nu'ntoftIu're,L,non.  On  October  26, 1.S25, 
a  camion  in  the  villa.ge  of  Hulfalo,  at  the 
source  of  the  NiaiL^ara  river  boomed 
forth  its  greeting,  followeil,  a  few  sec- 
onds later,  by  another  cannon,  near 
IJlack  Kock  ;  and  thus  thundered  can- 
non after  cannon,  down  the  Niagara 
river,  toTonawanda;  thence,  easterly  to 
All)any,  and  south,  along  the  Hudson 
river,  to  New  York  city,  announcing 
the  glad  message  that,  at  the  source  of 
the  Niagara  river,  the  waters  of  Lake 
Erie  liacl  just  been  let  into  that  barely 
completed  water-way,  the  Erie  Canal. 
The  completion  of  the  canal  built  uj) 
Buffalo,  but  at  the  same  time,  checked 
the  rapid  growth  of  tiie  northern  portion 
of  the  region,  by  causing  a  total  sus- 
pension of  traffic  over  the  old  portage. 
Two  events,  entirely  dissimilar  and 
in  no  way  connected  with  warlike  opera- 
tions, occurred  in  this  region  in  the  year 
1S26,  and  each  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  whole  world.  The  first  was  the 
proposal  of  Major  Mordccai  M.  Noah 
to  create  a  second  City  of  Jerusalem 
within  clear  view  of  the  h'alls  of  Niagara, 
by  buying  Cirand  Island,  comprising 
some  18,000  acres,  and  there  building 
uj)  for  the  Hebrew  race  an  ideal  com- 
munity of  wealth  and  industry.  He 
even  went  so  far,  in  his  assumed  capa- 
city of  the  Oreat  High  Priest  of  the 
project,  as  to  lay  the  corner  stone  of 
the  future  city  of  Ararat.  This  he  did, 
not  even  within  the  boundaries  of  his 
proposed  city,  but  some  miles  away,  on 
thealtar  of  a  Christian  church  in  Buffalo, 
to  which  church,  clad  in  sacerdotal 
robes,  attended  in  procession  by  mili- 
tary and  civic  authorities,  local  societies, 
and  a  great  concourse  of  people  he  was 
impressively  escorted.  The  Patriarch 
of  Jerusalem,  however,  refused  his 
sanction  to  the  project,  money  did  not 


l)our  m  to  Its  support,  and  it  was  ulti- 
mately abandoned.  The  cornei  stone 
was,  however,  built  into  a  small  brick 
nionumeiit  at  White  Haven,  a  jxiint  on 
(inmd  Island  opi)osite  Toiiawanda,  and 
is  now  Ml  the  rooirs  of  the  Biilfalo 
Historical  Society. 

The  other  event  was  the  reputed 
murder  of  William  Morj^an,  of  Batavia, 
who  had  threatened  to  disclose  the 
secrets  of  the  masonic  fraternity  in 
l)rint.  He  was  (piit'tly  seized  and  taken 
away  from  his  home,  and  was  traced, 
in  the  haiuls  of  his  abductors,  through 
Lewistoii,  to  Fort  Niagara.  There  he 
was  confnud  in  what  is  still  called 
"Morgan's  Dungeon,"  a  windowless 
cell  th;it  was  ])rol)al)ly  used  as  ,1  ])owder 
maga/ine.  All  trace  of  him  was  lost 
after  he  entered  the  fort,  and  tradition 
says  he  was  taken  from  his  dungeon 
by  night,  placed  in  a  boat,  to  be  sent, 
as  he  was  told,  to  Canada,  rowed  out 
on  Lake  Ontario,  and  forceil  into  a 
watery  grave.  Scwral  persons  were 
arrested  and  tried  for  his  murder,  but 
no  proof  of  their  being  directly  con- 
cerned in  the  matter,  nor,  in  fact,  any 
direct  ])roof  of  Morgan's  death  being 
introduced,  they  were  dischargee!. 
Some  persons,  however,  were  si.'iitenced 
to  imprisonment  for  conspiracy  in  con- 
nection with  the  matter.  Thus  the 
episode  upon  which  the  famous,  jjower- 
ful  and  wides])read  anti-masonic  agita- 
tion was  based,  occurred  in,  and  became 
an  integral  part  of  Niagara's  history. 

In  the  same  year,  the  first  survey  and 
report  were  made  at  Lewist(jn  on  a  ])ro- 
ject,  which,  so  far  as  any  commence- 
ment of  it  is  concerned,  is  now  as  re- 
mote as  it  was  then,  ^'et,  it  is  a  pro- 
ject which  has  a  national  importance,  on 
which,  in  at  least  four  surveys,  the 
Cnited  States  (iovernment  has  em- 
ployed some  of  its  greatest  engineers, 
aiui  one  which  has,  on  numerous  occa- 
sions, been  discussed  and  atlvocated  by 
commercial  bodies,  and  in  the  halls  of 
the  United  States  Congress  ;  namely, 
a  ship  canal,  of  a  capacity  large  enough 
to  float  the  largest  war  vessels  around 
the  Falls  of  Niagara.  From  a  point 
from  two  to  four  miles  above  the  Falls, 
to    the    deep    and    quiet    waters    near 


iii 


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CASSI/iR '  S    J/.  /  C.I  ZINE. 


I.i'uistoii,  liiis  1)1111  tlu;  route  most 
},'L'iKrally  approved  for  Huch  a  canal,  of 
which  the  roil  \vmu1<1  Ih- I'lioriiKms.  The 
rcsiiJtiiiJL;  l)tii(tits,  li()Ut\(;r,  L'-.ptci>illv 
as  the  population  and  wealth  of  the 
United  States  increase,  nii^lit  he  ines- 
tiinai)ie,  especially  in  the  event  of  a  war 
with  I'jiyland  and  Canada. 

'Ilu.'  Niagara  region  amain  hecaniethe 
theatre  of  war  in  iSj^j,  when  the 
i'alriiils  iMidertook  Id  njiscf  the  ( lovern- 
nient  of  Canada,  While  the  fust  revolt 
occurred  at  \'ork,  now  Toronto,  the 
entire  Canadian  h.uik  of  tin-  Niagara 
ri\'er  was  kt'pt  in  a  tennent  for  .several 
months.  Navy  Island  was  at  one  time 
the  ])rineipal  rendezvous  of  the  Patriots, 
and  from  there,  on  December  17,  1837, 
William  I. yon  Mackenzie,  the  leader, 
signing  himself  "Chairman  ])ro  tem  of 
the  provincial  (a  printer's  error,  which 
should  read  provisional)  goverimieiit  of 
the  .Slate  of  t'pj)er  Canada,"  issued  his 
famous  proclamation  l(j  the  inhabitants 
of  the  Province. 

Without  reference  to  the  various  in- 
trigues carried  on  all  along  the  frontier 
by  the  Patriots  with  their  American 
sympathizers,  of  whom  there  were, 
doubtless,  a  goodly  number,  the  writer 
would  mention  only  the  crucial  event  of 
the  war,  the  Caroline  episode.  It  was 
openly  charged  by  the  Canadians  that 
substantial  aid  was  being  rendered  from 
the  American  side  to  the  Patriots,  both 
by  ])rivate  indixiduals  in  various  ways, 
and  especially  by  reason  of  the  non-in- 
terference of  the  national  and  New 
York  .State  authorities  when  informed, 
on  credil)le  testimony,  that  arms  ancl 
amunition  were  being  shii^ped  and  other 
aid  was  being  furnished  from  American 
.soil  to  the  Canadian  rebels.  This  feel- 
ing was  so  bitter  on  the  part  of  the 
English  that  it  is  not  surprising  that 
they  seized  the  first  opportunity  for 
retaliation. 

A  small  steamer,  the  Caroline,  had 
been  chartered  by  some  ])eople  in 
Buffalo  to  run  between  that  city,  Navy 
Island  where  the  insurgents  were  en- 
camped, and  .Schlosser,  on  the  Ameri- 
can side,  where  there  was  a  landing 
place  for  boats  and  a  hotel.  They 
maintained  that  If.  was  a  private  money- 


making  venture,  trans]iorting  the  sight- 
seers to  tile  Patriot's  c,nii|)  ;  but  (rom 
the  Canadian's  vit'W  the  real  ()l)jcct  was 
to  coiu'c)'  i)ro\isions  and  arms  to  their 
eiiemii'S.  (  )n  tiie  night  of  l)ecemi)er 
2i>,  iS;,7,  tile  Caroline  lay  moored  at 
.SchloN-^cr  dock.  Tile  excitement  of  the 
rei)illion  had  drawn  many  people  to 
this  locality,  the  little  hotel  was  lilled 
and  some  persons  had  sought  a  night's 
lodging  on  th<'  boat. 

At  midnight,  six  boats,  filled  with 
British  soldiers,  sent  from  Chippawa  by 
.Sir  Allan  Mc.N'ab,  silently  approached 
the  Caroline.  Tiie  soldiers  |)roniiitly 
boarded  lu'r,  drove  off  all  on  board, 
both  crew  and  lodgers,  cut  her  adrift, 
set  her  on  fire,  and  again  taking  to 
their  boats,  towed  her  out  to  the  middle 
of  the  river  ami  east  her  loose.  And  u 
£,Iorious  sight,  viewed  merely  from  a 
scenic  standpoint,  it  was.  The  clear 
dark  sky  aljove  and  the  cold  dark  body 
of  water  beneath.  ;\blaze  all  along  her 
decks,  her  sh.ipe  clearly  outlined  by 
the  flaiius,  she  drifted  grandly  and 
swiftly  towards  the  Falls.  Reaching 
the  rapids,  the  waves  extinguished  most 
of  the  tl.unes  ;  but,  still  on  tire,  racked 
and  brt)ken,  she  pitchetl  and  tossed 
forward  to  and  over  the  Hor.se  .Shoe 
I'"all,  into  the  gulf  below.  The  whole 
affair,  the  incentive  therefor,  the 
methods  employed,  and  the  manner  of 
the  attack  caused  intense  excitement, 
ami  once  again  the  Niagara  frontier  was 
threatened  with  war,  and  the  militia 
along  the  border  were  actually  called 
into  the  field. 

Long  diplomatic  correspondence  fol- 
lowed, the  British  (iovernment  assum- 
ing full  responsibility  for  the  claimed 
breaches  of  international  law  and  the 
acts  of  her  ofticers.  During  the  melee 
at  the  dock,  one  man,  Amos  Durfee, 
was  killed.  A  British  subject,  Alex- 
ander McLeod,  claimed  to  have  been 
one  of  the  attacking  force,  was  soon 
after  arrested  on  American  s-oil  and  was 
tried  for  the  murder  in  New  York  State, 
but  was  finally  accjuitted.  War  was 
wiselv  averted,  but  another  fateful  chap- 
ter had  been  added  to  Niagara's  history. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Fenian 
outbreak  on  the  Canadian  siile  of  the 


N/.l(;.lk\l    /X  ///STOA')'. 


.vs  I 


lent, 
was 
litiii 

illcd 

lol- 
um- 
111  ed 

the 
clcc 
rfce, 
|\lex- 
3con 
soon 

was 
tate, 

was 
liap- 
tory. 

nian 
f  the 


rivi  r  in  iSAf),  tlu'  n'j^ion  has  been  fiie 
("nun  war's  alarms  siiuc  thi-  days  of  ilu- 
Patriots.  Tiie  I'"i'iiiaii  oiitl)nMl<  was 
one  of  the  results  of  the  pi, in  nf  the 
revohitionary  Irishmen  to  oppose  the 
I'.n^Iish  ( icnernment,  and  to  compel 
tiiat  j^overnnunt  to  resture  Ireland's 
rights.  The  I'enian  hostility  to  Canada 
was  solely  because  of  the  fact  that  the 
latter  was  an  lMi)j[lish  dependency.  Tlur 
special  time  was  selected,  ht'canse  of  the 
actual  service  that  manv  loval  Irishmi  n 


In  iSSt,  th(>  .Stat(>  of  New  ^■ork,  alter 
an  agitation  1)V  proniiiu'nl  men  for  st'V- 
eral  vears,  |)nrch,isi'd  the  land  on  the 
American  side,  includinji;'  ( ioat  Island 
.iiid  all  the  smaller  islands  adjacent  to 
the  I'all>,  and  above  and  below  tin  in, 
for  a  State  Reservation.  In  1SS7,  the 
I'rovince  of  t)ntaiio,  (\mada,  took  a 
similar  action.  The  Canadian  (io\crn- 
nient,  many  years  aijo,  with  rare  Ibre- 
siyht  had  reserved  a  stri|)  of  land,  sixty- 
>ix    fe(  t  witle,  alon;^   the   water's    ed;^e 


Till-;   STl.AMl.R   CAKDMM;    m   UNI'    AMI    I  ciKLI.I)   <>\  in    Tin;   1  ALLS  O.N    lil.Ll.Mlll.U    :'),  I8.i7. 

I  I'lOiii  .TU  Old  ICiigraviiigj 


had  ju>t  then  seen  in  the  I'nited  .Stales 
army  during;- the  Rebt'llioii.  Of  actual 
hostilities  on  this  frontier  there  was  but 
one  occurrence  duriii!^  the  brief  at^ita- 
tion,  fcju.yht  on  the  Canadian  side 
opposite  Biilfdo,  from  which  city  the 
Fenians  invaded  Canada.  It  was 
known  as  the  battle  of  Ridj.jew:iy,  the 
main  contest  ha\in,2^  been  at  that  [joiiit, 
with  a  subordinate  ent^ayement  at  a 
hamlet  called  Waterloo,  close  to  the 
water'sed_^e.  The  henians  were  tempo- 
rarily successful,  but  were  ultimately 
entirely  defeatetl  and  their  invading 
force  quickly  disi)crsed. 


abox'c  the  b'.ills,  and  aloiii^'  the  edt^e  of 
the  lii.nh  bank  below  them,  from  Lake 
lirie  to  Lake  ()iitario,  as  a  military 
reser\e.  This  is  now  under  the  control 
of  the  Canadian  J'ark  Commissioners, 
and,  to.i^elher  with  the  additional  hmds 
acfiuired  near  the  halls,  and  the  land 
around  Brock's  Monument,  forms  an 
ideal  £^o\eriinient  reservation. 

The  hfinour  of  first  suq-^estini,''  the 
])reservation  of  the  .scenery  about  the 
h'alls  has  been  claimed  for  many  ]Hr- 
sons.  Others,  later  on,  simi^e^led  it 
ol'ficially  ;  others  still,  advocated  it 
more  publicly  and    more   persistently, 


il  11: 


f^m 


i  I 


3,S2 


GASSIER '  S  MA  GAZINE. 


I  i 


-It 


It       I 


!•  ^■■.,. 


V 


A  RliCENT  Vri:\V  OF  NIAGARA  FALLS. 


NIACAKA    IN  mS'IORY. 


hut  the  first  real  su'^.y'cstlon,  tlioutjli 
inade  witliout  any  rL't'erence  to  details, 
came  from  two  Scotchineii,  Andrew 
Reed  and  James  Matheson,  wiio,  in 
i.S;,5,  in  a  work  descril)ini,f  their  visit  as 
a  dejjiitation  to  the  American  churches, 
first  broached  the  idea  that  "  N'ia,<,fara 
does  not  Ijeioni^'  to  Canada  or  Anuriia. 
Such  s|)ots  sliouUl  he  deemed  the  |)roi)- 
erty  of  civilized  mankind,  and  nothing;' 
should  he  allowed  to  weaken  their  effi- 
cacy on  the  tastes,  the  nujrals,  and  the 
enjoyment  of  men." 

Such,  in  the  ordinary  accept;'!:. -li  of 
the  word  and  in  the  l)riefc'st  form,  is  an 
outline  of  the  history  of  the  Xiai^-.ira 
region.  Many  points  and  fads  of  in- 
terest have  necessarily  heen  left  un- 
touchid,  i>ut  brief  reference  should  he 
made  to  the  old  tramwaw  built  fi'om 
the  water's  edge,  at  tlie  \er\'  head  of 
navigatifjn  on  the  K)wer  ri\ei,  up  the 
almost  per|)endicu!ar  bank,  300  feel 
higii,  close  to  Hennepin's  "  three  nK)un- 
tains."  It  was  used  in  very  early  davs, 
probably  before  the  American  Re\'olu- 
tion,  for  raising  and  lowering  heavv 
goods  between  the  vessels  and  the  port- 
age wagons,  and  consisted  of  a.  tlat  car, 
on  broad  runners,  mo\ing  on  wooden 
rails.  It  was  raised  and  lowered  by  a 
windlass,  and  this  latter  was  o]ierated 
b\'  Indian  labour  tlien  accessible  only 
at  the  Indians'  own  price.  Hraves  who 
orilinarily  would  scorn  to  work  at  any 
manual  labour,  gladly  toiled  all  day  for 
a  ])!ug  of  tobacco  and  a  ])int  of  whiskey. 
Tlu'  tramway  was  notabk;  as  being  tiie 
iirst  kncnvn  ada|)lalion  of  tlu'  crude 
principle  of  a  raih'oad  in  the  I'nitcd 
States. 

It  ma)'  not  be  amiss  to  mention  also, 
the  reservation  of  the  Tuscarora  Indi.ins, 
east  of  Lewiston,  where  the  half  breed 
remnants  of  the  last-embraced  tribe  of 
the  .Six  Nations  now^  reside,  cultivating 
their  fields,  and  educating  their  chikh-en 
under  the  care  of  the  State.  A  tribute 
also  is  (\\\v  to  Canadian  foresight  in  the 
building  oi  the  Wellaiid  Canal  which 
connects  Canada's  frontage  on  the 
(ireat  Lakes  with  her  s\-stein  of  St. 
Lawrence  canals  to  the  seaboard. 
Mention,  tinally,  should  he  made  of  the 
modern    suggestion   of  a   ship   railway 


arouiul  llie  b'alls,  touching,  at  its  termi- 
nals, about  the  same  points  on  the 
upper  and  lower  river  as  those  held  in 
\'iew  ill  the  |iie\-iouslv-suggested  sliip 
canal,  and  pro|)osing,  in  the  ascent  and 
descent  of  the  Lewiston  mountain 
f which  was  the  old  shore  of  Lake 
(  )ntai"io  before  it  receded  to  its  present 
level),  as  remarkable  a  trium])h  of  engi- 
neering skill  as  was  shown  in  the 
inormous  projected  locks  and  uu.  I.iin- 
dred  acre  basin  of  the  ship  canal. 

Next,  glance  hark  to  the  111, mv  Indian 
\illages  which,  long  years  ago,  dotted 
the  region,  the  four  or  more  of  liie 
.\eut(.r  nation,  or  Kahku.is,  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  ri\'er,  and  a  much 
larger  nuiiil)er  on  the  western  side  ; 
later  on,  to  the  gradual  occupation  ot 
these  lands  by  the  Senecas,  almost  three 
generations  aftt'r  their  ancestors  had 
annihilated  the  Neuters  ;  then,  to  the 
.Seneca  village,  built  on  the  site  of  the 
lire.seiit  city  (jf  Huffalo,  and  then  to  the 
one  built  years  ago  on  the  site  of  tli .' 
village  still  called  Tonawanda,  where, 
ot  late  \'ears,  at  the  "  long  Iioust\"  was 
.mnually  held  the  cc^uncil  of  the 
remnants  of  the  .Six  Nations;  and  then 
at  till'  docks  in  that  \illage  wlu're  once 
floated  the  Indian's  canoe,  and  where 
now  is  seen  the  m.ize  of  \'essels  whose 
cargoes  ha\e,  in  the  list  two  decades, 
built  up  the  coiuiuercial  trade  of  this, 
the  second  largest  lumber  market  in 
America. 

Turn,  next,  to  the  gt'ological  page 
and  recall  the  ever  fresh  and  still  miK-li- 
disciissed  (pu-stion  ,as  to  the  ages  that 
it  has  taken  the  I""alls  ti^  cut  their  w.iv 
back  from  Lewiston  to  their  present 
location  ;  consider,  too,  the  ([uestion 
regarding  the  time  when  a  great  inland 


sea  covered  the  whole  res 


ion 


of  which 


proof  is,  even  to-day,  found  in  the 
shells  which  underlie  the  soil  on  ( ioat 
Island  and  tlu.'  adjacent  country.  Coii- 
.sitler,  liirlher,  the  ipiery  as  to  when 
and  why  the  great  flood  of  waters 
abandoned  its  old  channel  which  r.ui 
westward  from  the  whirlpool  to  the 
edge  of  the  bluff  at  St.  D.ivids,  fir  to 
the  west  of  the  present  outlet  of  the 
river  into  Lake  Ontario,  and  how  that 
old  channel,   still  easily  traceable,    was 


I  -m 


lii-  1 

m)^  I 

1 

3«4 


GASSIER' S  MAGAZINE, 


m: 


filled  up  to  nearly  the  level  of  the  sur- 
rounding country. 

Look  also  at  the  view,  cjiven  in  very 
recent  years  by  nature,  of  how  iier  forces 
worked  to  excavate  thj  Niai>a.-a  gorge 
in  the  mass  of  old  Table  Rock,  left  hang- 
ing over  the  abvss  for  years  and  falling 
by  its  own  weight  in  1S53.  Remember 
the  thrilling  trij)  of  the  little  steamer 
"Maid  of  the  Mist,"  which,  from  the 
fjuict  v.'.ucrs  of  her  usual,  circumscribed 
limit  below  the  Falls,  was,  in  i86r, 
taken  through  the  mad  rapids  safely 
into  the  whirljjool  and,  thence,  tlirough 
the  lower  rapid-s  into  Lake  ( )ntario, — 
the  only  vessel  that,  during  the  100 
vears  of  Ouecnston's  existence  as  a  port 
of  entry,  ever  entered  it  from  up-stream; 
and  which  vessel  was  compelled  by  the 
canny  officer  then  in  charge  of  the  port, 
to  take  out  entrance  and  clearance 
papers,  although,  according  to  these, 
she  carried  ''no  passengers  and  no 
freight."  The  trip  of  that  litde  steamer 
proved,  so  {\\k  as  the  river  below  the 
Falls  was  concerned,  what  the  courts 
have  since  decided,  that  the  Niagara 
river  throughout  its  entire  length  is  a 
navigable  stream. 

Finally,  think  of  Niagara  as  the 
Mecca  of  all  travelers  to  the  New  World, 
think  of 

"  what  tioo],   (if  tourists  have  eiicainpcil  upon 
tlu-  ii\er's  lirink. 
Wlial  piKts  have  slu-dfroin  countless  quills, 
Niagaras  of'ink.'' 

Turn  also  to  the  long  list  of  noted 
persons  wlio  have  paid  their  devotions 
and  tributes  at  Niagara's  shrine.  Poten- 
tates and  princes  have  come,  gazed  on 
the  Falls,  and  gone  aw.iy,  their  visit  to 
Niagara,  perhaps  like  their  lives,  color- 
less and  without  a  trace.  Then,  with 
greater  8atisficti'.:\  turn  to  the  large 
number  of  funous  men  and  wumen,  un- 
crowned, but  still,  by  reason  of  their 
abilities,  rulers  of  the  people,  who  by 
their  words,  their  pens,  or  their  pencils, 
have  given  their  imi)ressions  of  the 
cataract  to  the  world,  and  have,  at  least, 
earned  for  themselves  thereby  the  right 
to  be  allowed  a  niche  in  Niagara's 
temple  of  fune.  And  numerous  are  the 
names  of  men  and  women  who,  in  these 
and  other  ways,  have  coimected  their 
names     .vith    Niagara,    embracing    the 


leaders    in    every    branch    of    science, 
knowledge  and  an. 

There  is  yet  another  set  of  men  whose 
greatest  notoriety  has  been  accjuired  at 
Niagara.  Among  these  are  Francis 
Abbott,  "the  iiermit  of  Niagara," 
whose  solitary  life,  close  to  the  Falls 
themselves,  and  his  death  bv  drowning, 
have  stood  as  a  perpetual  proof  of  the 
intkience  of  the  great  cataract  on  human 
nature;  Sam  Patch,  whose  daring  led 
him  to  make  two  jumps  from  a  scaffold, 
100  feet  high,  into  the  deep  waters  at 
the  oa.e  of  the  (ioat  Lsland  cliff,  sat'  ^ 
in  both  cases,  although,  not  long  after- 
wards, a  similar  attempt  at  the(  ienesee 
Falls  proved  to  be  his  last  ;  Blondin, 
whose  marvelous  nerve  led  him  repeat- 
edly, and  under  various  conditions,  to 
cross  the  gorge  on  a  tight- rope  ;  Joel 
Robinson,  whose  life  was  often  risked 
thereabouts  to  save  that  of  others  ; 
and  ^Lltthew  Webb,  whose  j)rowess  as 
a  swimmer  led  him  to  try,  unaided  by 
artificial  appliances,  to  swim  through 
the  whirl]iool  rapids,  in  which  attempt 
he  lost  his  life. 

(Kearly  Lidian  names  on  the  frontier, 
two  are  s|)ecially  prominent, — Red 
jacket,  a  .Seneca,  the  greatest  of  all 
Indian  orators,  who  spent  most  of  his 
long  life  near  Buffalo,  and  died  there, 
and  who  fought,  with  the  rest  of  his 
tribal  warriors,  in  the  American  army 
in  the  war  of  r8 1 2  ;  and  John  Brant,  son 
of  iiie  famous  Joseph  Brant,  a  Mohawk, 
educateil  mamly  at  Niagara  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river  in  Canada,  whose 
first  leadership  in  w;ir  was  as  an  ally 
of  the  British  at  the  battle  of  Oiieenston. 

Forever  and  inseparately  connected 
with  the  Niagara  region  will  be  the 
names  of  all  of  the  persons  here  refernxi 
to,  some  mention, 'd  merely  as  members 
ofachiss,  others  individually.  Among 
the  first  on  this  roll  of  honour,  as  they 
were  among  the  first  to  view,  depict, 
,uid  <lescribe  the  h'alls,  are  the  names 
t)f  La  .Salle  and  I  lennepin, — theintrei)iil 
ex])lorer,  and  the  noble,  though  much 
villifietl,  |)riest,  for  since  1678  there  has 
been  no  portion  of  the  globe  to  which 
the  attention  of  mankind  has  been  more, 
and  in  more  ways,  attracted  than  to 
this  Xiag.ara  region. 


:    I 


MS 


SOME    INDUSTRIAL 


SUBJECTS 


ILLUSTRATED. 


■\-^ 


AIR  AS  AN   INDUSTRIAL  FACTOR. 


■(♦ 


I    ill--" 


.  1)1 


if  ^ 


«  '1, 


i<)NSII)HRED  fnini  ;i  humanitarian  standpoint,  no 
iX'])res(.'ntati\'e  cnt^inL'cr  or  architect  of  to-tlav  will 
undcrestiniatc  the  value  of  pure  air  for  ventilating 
and  heating  pur|)oses,  or  fail  to  provide  suitable  flues 
for  its  introduction  and  etluction  for  schools,  tliea- 
tres,  churches,  halls  of  audience,  legislative  buildings 
and  the  like,  and  large  manufactories  with  their  hun- 
dreds of  operatives.  It  is,  however,  doubtful  if  the 
importance  which  air  plays  in  industrial  pursuits  has 
ever  been  calculated. 

New  and  extensive  fields  for  the  use  of  air,  as  fur- 
nished by  fan  blowers,  either  cold,  or  first  tempered, 
or  heated,  by  steam  coils  or  other  heating  agencies,  as 
the  situati;Mi  may  require,  are  frequently  develop- 
ing. Improving  the  ]>roduct  of  the  industry  or  les- 
sening cost  of  output  are  the  usual  avenues  through 
which  these  uses  open  up.  .Special  study  of  the 
problems  incident  thereto,  with  detailed  e.\])eriments, 
must  then  be  carried  on  until  an  economical  in:;!  rdialile  basis  for  calculating  the 
proper  sizes  of  a])paraius  are  establishetl.  These  tests  have  entailed  the  manu- 
facture of  a  number  of  delicate  and  special  instruments  and  devices  for  making  air 
tests  under  a  variety  of  atmospheric  conditions  and  temperatures.  The  engrav- 
ings a|)i)earing  in  connection  with  this  article  have  been  preparetl   from  sketciies 


1  Ii..   I.      .\IK    SICTION   KEMtlVI.NC    K.MERY  GKINBINGS. 

iS 


.///.'   .IS  .IN  /N/)rS7'h'/.U.    /'.IC'rOA'. 


m 


FOKCKD   AIR      IlKArc'.lIT    r.NllKK   IIOII.EK    C.KATKS. 


t.ikeii  ,it  iMiKhmi, 
aiul  soiiK'  iiu'- 
cliaiiical  rfaturi'S 
art'  iidt  as  cor- 
rectly pdi'lfavcd 
In'  the  artist  as 
th(>il!j;ll  llicv  had 
J  l)ecn  made  troin 
orii^inal  jihdtd- 
,t,na|)hs.  Since  the 
recent  attitude  ot" 
tlie  \ari(iiis  State 
U'!:;islatiires  has 
been  S(j  forcil)Iy 
directed  Knvard 
tlie  abatement  of 
e  x  i  s  t  i  n  l;  nui- 
sances in  facto- 
ries, easily  ac- 
complished I)\- 
the  introduction  oi  fans  and  the  improving  ot  the  atmosphere  in  all  cases 
where  rendered  foul  by  the  incident  processes  of  manufacture,  we  (ibserve  a 
threat  many  fans  used  for  accomplishing;'  these  results,  heretofore  found  only  in  the 
lar^yer  and  more  com])leto  mills  whose  (jwners  did  not  want  to  be  ct)nipelled  by 
law  to  introduie  them,  but  who  appreciate  the  j)ossibility  of  their  obtaininij  more 
work  from  their  o|)eratives  by  rendering-  the  workint,^  apartnU'Uts  habitable. 

In  the  fust  illustration,  we  ha\e  what  is  known  as  a  "H"  \'olume 
Ivxhauster,  haiullinL;  the  refuse  from  a  series  of  emery  wheels.  There  are  two 
tvjjes  of  fans  used  for  this  class  of  work, — steel  plate  exhausters,  specially  built 
and  extra  heavy,  and  also  cast  iron  fans  as  shown,  the  latter  beinq'  more  durable. 
The  former  style  of  fans  are  built  in  larger  diameters  and  capacities,  .lud,  there- 
tore,  are  more  readily 
adapted  to  large  plants. 
The  operation  of  an 
emery  exhaust  outfit  is 
exceedingly  sim])le  and 
readily  understood.  The 
construction  of  the  fuis 
is  such  as  to  handle  a 
comjiaratix  ely  hu^ge  \'ol- 
unie  of  air  at  a  strong 
pressure,  .and  the  rush 
of  the  air  toward  the 
exh. Ulster  carries  with  it 
the  emery  grindings. 
K;  -1  the  fni  the  griml- 
ing->-  are  ordinarily  de- 
posited in  a  vat  of  water, 
or,  by  the  use  of  a  prop- 
erlv  constructed  sepa- 
rator in  .1  closed  bin  or 
room.  Blast  gates  are 
usually  employed  at  each 
Ijranch     pipc%     and    by 

closing'   these    ^Vtlcn    that  i  „,   ,      whkrk  a  strom,  aik  iu.ast  is  i.sdisi'h.vsaulk 


Ti 


19 


AIR  AS  AN  INDUSTRIAL   FACTOR. 


rU',..).      AIK    CAUKIHS    WOOD    RKllSK   TO   TllK    IIUII.ICK    IIUI 


1* 

i  -m^  i 

1  . « 

4    1 

H    ; 

■<(,. 


particular  wheel  is  not  running,  a  saving  in  power  is  effected  in  proportion 
to  the  number  closed  off,  and  the  consequent  reduction  of  the  amount  of  air 
allowed  to  pass  through  the  exhauster. 

h'oundry  tumbling  barrels  in  many  States  are  now  recpiired  by  the  factory 
insjx'ctors  to  be  connected  to  an  exhauster,  the  kinds  above  mentioned  being 
suitable.  With  a  barrel  of  proper  construction,  many  of  those  now  on  the 
market  being  very  convenient  and  efficient,  the  working  conditions  oi  employes 
are  no  longer  what  they  used  to  lie.      We  ha\  e  now  an  atmosphere  comparatively 

The   "H"    volume   fan   blast   wheels  may 
other    special    nondestructive    metals    for 


free  from  dust  and  other  impurities 
also    be    constructed    of    copper    or 
handling  fumes  from  acid  baths,  the 
mateiial. 

The  second  engraving  illustrate: 
made  of  air  as  furnished  by  blow- 
ers in  recent  \ears.  The  largest 
and  most  complete  boiler  plants 
are  now  erected  with  short  chim- 
neys at  great  reduction  of  first 
cost,  tall  ones  being  renderetl  en- 
tirely unnecessary  to  obtain  sufti- 
cient  combustion  of  fuel,  because 
fins  are  applied  either  to  force 
air  under  the  boiler  grates  or  in 
connection  with  fuel  economizer 
])lants  to  create  an  induced 
tlraught.  By  forcing  the  air 
under  the  grates,  it  is  possible  ^ 
to  obtain  perfect  combustion  of 
cheap  grades  of  fuel,  such  as 
hard  coal  screening  and  soft  coal 
slack.      Mixed  in  the  percentage 


shells  ha\in<'  an  interior  Iinin<r  of  the  same 


what   is  perhaps   the   most   important  us-e 


PROC.RKSSIV        SMITHS    DON'T    ISE    IlELLOWS. 


20 


AIR  AS  AN  INIH'STRIAL    I  ACTOR. 


■^ 


\'AV^ 


of  25  of  till'  latter  with  75  ol'  the  fi)riiR'|-,  the  l)cst  \\w  is  ()l)taiiir(l.  The  iisiiar 
arranL^ciiicnt  is  to  e(|iii|)  the  laii  witli  a  chrcrtcoiinected  eni^ine,  its  speed  heiiii; 
cdiurolled  automatically  by  a  re^i^ulatinj^  valve  acted  upon  direct  by  tiie  steam 
pressure  in  the  boiler,  the  rise  of  pressure  reduciuji;  the  speed  of  the  fan,  and 
vice  versa.  The  \'al\'e  is,  of  course,  adjusted  to  the  steam  pressure  which 
it  is  desired  to  maintain  in  the  boilers.  The  air  is  delivencl  under  the 
i4r<ites  into  a  closed  ash-pit,  beint;'  introduced  at  the  brid.m-  wall.  The  idea  ot 
biu'ninff  this  class  of  fuel  was  first  orij^inated  at  Buffalo,  it  beiny  a  threat  shiijpin,!^ 
centre  for  mine  operators,  with  the  cousetpieiit  accumulation  of  tini'  coal  dust 
screening;',  etc.  I'recisely  the  same  a])paratus  has  been  successfully  tritd  in  the 
coal  rejL^ifJiis,  with  the  result  of  fmdinL;  that  the  millions  of  tons  ot  lulm  now 
piled  u|)  in  these  sections  can  be  readiU'  consumed  with  results  practicall)'  equal 
til  mini'  run  coal. 

Xot  m.niy  years  ai^o,  it  w.is  L;cnerall\'  accepted  by  tbundrymen  that  nothini; 
short  of  a  |)ositive  bl.isi  blower  could  ever  fill  the  rcciuirements  of  mcltiii|Lj  iron  in 
loundrx'  cui)olas.  To-d,i\-,  few  are  ])urchased  for  such  service.  The  thirtl 
ennr.uiuL;'  iiluitrates  the  most  efficient  and  economic, il  arran.q;ement  in  jjower  and 
duraljility.  It  is  now  an  established  fact  that  the  proper  amount  (/f  air  at  an 
ordinary  ])itssure  affords  tar  better  results  in  foimdrv  work  than  an  insuthcient 
su])pl_\'  at  a  hijLjh 
pressure,  the  latter 
beint;  the  usual  re- 
sult where  jjositive 
blast  blowers  are 
used,  the  former 
with  the  fan  type  of 
cupola  blower. 

l-'ew  planing  mill 
operators  now  fol- 
low the  old  time 
practice  of  remov- 
ing the  refuse  by 
hand,  but  insteac 
use  air  as  a  con- 
veyor to  the  boiler 
fires  through  jiiping 
systems  and  dust 
sei)arators  with  fur- 
nace feeds  attached. 
Another  and  more 
important  use  for 
air  in  wood- working 
industries  is  its  ap- 
plication f^>r  season- 
ing timber.  Rajiic 
and  cfihcient  work 
calls    for    a    contin- 


THE   AIR   IIRKATHES   UPON    US   HERK   MOST    hWKliTI.V. 


Irmpeil. 


21 


»T,_- 


AIR  AS  AX  ixnrsiRiAi.  i-AcrcR. 

11, il  and  tVefiuciU  cliaiiJLje  ol  air  in  (irvini^  a])arlim'nts,  at  a  comparatively  Iii.uh 
tLMniicrature,  witli  tlu'  luiniiilily  uiukr  pnlict  contml.  Tliis  n'siilt  is  obtained  liy 
llu' combination  ofaslcci  plate  tan  ami  steam  hot  blast  heater,  with  an  air  chanL^e 
capacity  in  the  drying  a])artments  a|)|)ro.\imately  two  or  tiirec  times  per  minute, 
and  of  he.iter  cajiacit}'  suiruient  to  maintain  ,i  temi)er,itiire  of  from  120''  to  i.So". 
The  lumiidity  is  principally  res^ulated  by  the  introduction  of  a  steam  jet  into  the 
main  air  duct  between  the  fan  and  the  dryer. 

The  space  at  command  prohibits  not  only  a  brief  description  but  even  a  com- 
plete enumeration  of  all  the  uses  of  air  as  an  industrial  factor  in  the  present  state 
of  ])ronress.  A  few  of  the  more  common  ones  are  the  remoxal  of  odors  from  oil 
ami  grease,  sanitar\'  arrangements,  steam  dryins^  cyliiulers,  dje  houses,  bleacheis, 
.ylue  pots,  laccjuer  and  picklinii^'  rooms,  \-a<^  warehouses,  removal  of  steam  from 
])aper  mills,  and  abating  dust,  etc.,  in  multitude  of  particnhu'  jirocesses  lor 
brin^in^  forth  the  various  manufacturers'  products. 

The  heatiiii^'  and  ventilating  system  to  day  first  considered  for  important 
pn!)lic  or  manu(acturinjL>'  buil<lin,<;s  of  any  size  is  the  one  in  which  air  is  the  prime 
feature,  viz.,  the  fan  system.  Embodied  in  it  are  the  vital  elements  of  the  ideal 
outfit,  |)erfect  control  of  the  cpiality,  (piantity,  humidity  and  temperatmx'  of  air 
and  economy  of  operation.  I'"or  legislative  buildint^s,  schocils,  halls  of  audience, 
manufactories  and  all  larye  structiu-cs,  the  system  stands  uniciuc  in  adaiit.ibility 
and  (ksir,il)ilit\'.  There  is  almost  an  endless  number  o*^  ways  in  which  the 
ap|)aratus  may  be  applied  to  Uicet  existing'  conditions  in  In.'ldins^s  of  this  class. 
The  presentation  of  the  i^reatest  amount  of  data  ever  publihed  and  hitherto 
una\ailable  relatinj^'  to  the  a])plication  of  fans,  fan  svstem  i)f  huatinij,  ventilating.;- 
and  dr\'int;'  ap])ears  in  the  1S95  catalogue  of  500  pas.;;es  issued  by  the  Hultalo  hOr^e 
Com|)any,  Butialo,  N.  V.  It  is  embellished  with  hundreds  of  handsome  and 
exi)ensive  enyravint^s,  and  the  tabulated  data  and  formulas  ori!.;inated  by  the 
above  company  places  this  work  as  a  standard  for  basis  of  all  computations  upon 
the  movement  of  air  by  fans  for  all  classes  of  work. 

Tiir:  lUiiAi.o  FoRciE  Comi'.wv, 

Bulifalo,  N.  V. 


^'•i' 


MODERN   BUILDINGS. 


\  i:    ;  «■      I 


i  Ji  • ' 


4  4  t^xci-:l.sior 

r^      in  no  depar 
■*— '     last  decade. 


XC1-1L.SIOR  "  seems  to  be  the  motto  of  all  modern  art  and  industrv  and 
irtment  of  social  science  has  this  been  more  api)arenL,  in  the 
u  than  in  architecture. 

The  magniticent  buildings  of  recent  construction  that  atlorn  the  thorough- 
fares of  our  Metropolitan  cities  were  not  dreamed  of  by  the  architects  of  ])reced- 
ini;-  j^-enerations,  and  all  this  is  due  to  the  advent  of  steel  in  building-  constructit)n. 
So  general  has  the  use  of  steel  become  in  the  more  pretentious  .structures,  that  it 
is  now  indispensable,  and  extends  to  all  sorts  of  industrial  buildings  ;  in  fact  it 
was  the  industrial  building  that  gave  the  impetus  to  o])cn  framework  construction 
and  from  which  the  towering  office  building  of  the  city  has  grown. 

While  the  highest  and  proper  aim  of  tlie  architect  is  to  be  an  artist,  he  needs 
the  assistance  of  the  engineer,  as  a  builder,  to  determine  the  strength,  character 
and  fabrication  of  his  material,  esi)ecially  in  metallic  construction  where  great 
care  is  re<|uired  to  provide  for  all  superimposed  loads,  stresses  of  \vind  pressure, 
etc.,  in  which  the  most  minute  details  have  to  be  considered,  for  in  the  event  of 
tiie  sluaring  of  a  few  rivets  where  enough  have  not   been   provided  to  resist  the 


j/f vv.AW  iniij)i.\i,s. 


stresses,  (ir  \\w  l)reakiii,in'  ol  a  Wracket  siistaliiin;^  a  i^irdi-r.  \\w  collaii^e  nfaii  cntlri' 
structure  may  hi'  canned. 

In  manul'aclurinj^-  i'stal)lisliiiieiUs,  sucli  a>  Stct'l  l'laiit>,  KdUini,;  Mills, 
I'liiiiulry  and  Macliint'  sliops  while  cranes  and  olliei  inaeliini  r\- ari'  cdn^tanlK' 
wnrkint;,  the  detenninatinn  nfstre^ses  and  the  pmixirtioninL;  nt  material  tn  resi>t 
them,  is,  in  this  ai;e  of  scieiitil'ie  kiiowlcdt^e  and  i>i-,utieal  art,  liL;nred  with  tlir 
;^realest  accnracy  and  the  pmnrietor  ot' an  induslri.il  |)l.int  of  to(la\'  kVw^  not 
think  ol  eonstructint;'  liis  hiiikiinj^'  witliout  the  aid  ot"  the  e\|)erienced  engineer. 

The  construction  of  iron  i)ridnes  ante-dates  the  o])en  framework  of  ihc 
industrial  huildinn'  and  the  enyineerinij'  science  re(|uired  to  determine  the  stresses 


:  '  ' 


U» 


\\ 


iixE  OF  Tin;  xi;w  sudps  oi-  Tin;  \vi;sti.V(;hcii-si-:  i;i.i:ctiih:  axu  M.VNfiwcTCKixc,  iii.mi'anv, 
11RI.XTC1X,  r.\.     i;ui;cTi'D  iiv  tiik  siiiiti.i.r  iiridck  comi'Axy,  i'ittsiur(,ii,  i'a. 

of  loads  on   bridi^es,  it  may  he  said,  has  been  tlie  forerunner  of  the  eniiineerint^ 
knowled,!L;e  reiiuired  to   properly  design  and  construct   the   industrial   l)uilding. 

'las 


Tin 


us  throu''h  the  ordinarv  course  of  events  it   is   the   l)rid 


'■e  designer  w 


ho   1 


developed  into  tiie  Iniilder  of  the  nianuficturin<>  plant  and  the  framework  of  the 
artistic  i)usiness  hlock.  Xatundly,  therefore,  some  of  the  bridge  building  establish- 
ments have  departments  in  their  works  es])eciallv  ada|ited  to  this  kind  of  con- 
struction which  is  now  in  demand  e\erywhere  from  the  fact  th.it  the  scarcitv  of 
timber  and  its  miadaptability  to  present  needs  ])recludes  its  use. 

A  magnificent  exam |)le  of  uKKlern  steel  construction  in  an  industrial  establish- 
ment, is  shown  liy  the  accompanymg  illustration  of  a  warehouse,  76'   2"  wide  b" 


/.-I 


4'  long,  taken  dur 


ui<> 


he  course  of  erection. 


It  is  one  ot  a   numl 


.f  i)uild- 


ings  of  the  Westinghouse  Electric  and  Manufacturing  Company  at  Hrintoii,   V 
constructed   by   the  Shiftier   Bridge  Com])any  of  I'ittsburgh,    Pa.,  to   w 


lom    we 


\re  indebted  for  this  cut  and  informat 


ion. 


TlIK    .SllIIM.l.R    HRIlJlif.    CoMl'.VW, 

Pittsbup'h,    ]• 


23 


TURN  ON  THE  SEARCH  LIGHT. 


COXSCIOUS  tliat  this  article  is  acklressftl  to  men  ol  the  hit^hest  culture  in 
science  and  that  the  audience  is  a  \ery  large  one,  the  writer  liesitates  to 
use  ether  than  the  simplest  language  in  otifering  to  the  Mechanical  ICngi- 
neers  of  America,  claims  or  explanations  for  an  engine,  which  is  believed  to  be 
the  very  best  e.x|)ression  of  intelligent  and  progressive  thought  in  the  line  of  steam 
engineering  that  has  been  brought  to  general  attention,  since  the  day  that  the 
Corliss  typ('  of  engine  was  designed. 

During  tlu-  present  wonderful  electric  ])criod,  great  strides  ha\e  been  made 
in  the  various  phases  of  electrical  develo])ment,  the  possibilities  of  which  are  so 
generally  admitted  as  bevond  conception,  and  the  exacting  demands  for  perfection 
in  the  generating  power  jjehind  tl;e  dynamo  are  so  great  that  it  has  recjuired  con- 
siderai)le  courage  on  the  part  of  engine  builders  to  |)romise  satisfaction.  The 
uncertainty  as  to  whether  the  f.uilts  were  with  the  electric  or  steam  machinery  and 
the  natur.il  tendency  on  the  part  of  the  electrician  and  the  engineer  to  disclaim 
responsibilit)'  for  imperfection,  has  reslraineil  the  engine  builder,  for  commercial 
reasons,  from  entering  a  tield  in  which  he  was  so  uncertain  of  success.  The  time 
has,  however,  now  arrived,  when  the  electrician  has  so  far  mastered  the  many 
phases  of  his  subject  that  to-day,  there  is  no  longer  hesitation  on  the  part  of  the 
general  public  for  the  installation  of  needed  electrical  machines,  and  the  steam 
engine  builder  is  forced  to  stand  abreast  with  the  electrician  in  the  perfection  oi 
his  profluct. 

Ha\ing  duly  considered  all  this,  and  after  many  years  dealing  with  the  sub- 
ject of  the  best  u'le  of  steam,  it  was  decided  by  The  Atlas  Engine  Works  of 
Indianapolis,  Ind.,  to  undertake  to  meet  the  recjuirements  of  the  day. 

To  tell  the  story  that  has  led  to  the  development  of  this  high  grade  engine 
in  the  sim])lest  way  seems  the  most  forceful  manner  of  bringing  the  engine  to  the 
attention  of  those  who  are  best  |)repared,  by  :,tudy  and  experience,  to  appreciate 
its  merits. 

It  was  determined  to  design  an  engine,  with  the  end  in  view,  of  building  the 
most  perfect  machine  possible,  without  reference  to  what  others  were  olTering  or 
without  reference  to  the  cost  of  construction.      To  this  end,  al!  known  designs  of 

24 


/YAW  ('.\'  riiii  si-:.\i<(  II  i.ii.iir. 


lie 


cniijincs  wLTi'  cari'l'iilly  studied  and  invest i_i,Mtt'd  to  discoNer,  it'  possiUU',  the  most 
vaiual)lt' fuatiircs  of  cacli  and  everyone,  with  the  ileterniiiiation  of  iniprovinij  upon 
everytliini;  tliat  had  already  been  done,  if  it  were  jjossihle  to  do  so. 

As  a  result,  the  Atlas  Cycloidal  I  leavy  I  >uty  llnijine  is  presentid  to  the 
world  as  tiie  most  conspicuous  forenuiner  in  all  that  relates  to  merit  in  steam 
enjLjinecrinL;'  that  is 
now  known,  and  this 
article  is  written  in 
the  hope  of  l)rinjiin,n 
it  to  the  attention  of 
that  class  of  experts, 
who  have  ^iven  so 
much  thouyht  alonj^ 
the  lire  of  better 
things,  and  who,  we 
believe,  will  readily 
recotj;ni/e  tlu'  sin'eral 
meritorious  features 
of  the  various  j)arts 
that  enter  into  the  so 
generally  successful 
plan. 

The  minimum  use 
of  lieat  and  water  and 

the  most  uniform  speed,  under  varyiny^  conditions,  supported  by  the  greatest 
strenj^th,  is  what  has  been  obtained  in  the  desit,ni  of  this  engine. 

Accepting  the  four-valve  system,  as  ])roven  the  best  in  principle  for  the 
(juickest  use  and  release  of  steam,  the  effort  was  made  to  simplify  the  valves  and 
the  valve-operating  mechanism,  and  to  substitute  for  the  rotating,  the  llat  multi- 
jiorted  valve.  Either  high  or  moderate  speed  necessities  are  accommodated, 
with  economical  results. 

Clearance  is  reduced  to  the  lowest  i)os;ible  limit  by  form  of  valves  and  short- 
ness of  ports. 

I'inished  inner  faces  of  cylinder  heads  and  finished  piston  heads  reiluccs  con- 

nd     fi.xcs 


1   \MilM  i.n.\HM)rM>  ATI.AS  (.'Vll.Olli.M.  lll:AVV    HI  T  \     I   M.IM., 
Till.    ATLAS    I  XCINI;    WOKKS,    I  M  11  AN  A  I'l  IMS,    l.NI). 


iini.i   \\\ 


densation 


the  amount  of    clear- 
ance. 

Th"  ease  with 
which  admission,  re- 
lease and  compres- 
sion can  be  regulated 
is  a  conspicuous  feat- 
ure of  excellence. 

The  direct  pas- 
sage fnjui  high  to  low 
|)ressure  cylinders  in 
double  expansion, 
avoids  loss  of  heat 
■    -        "      ""  and  pressure. 

iKONT  \ii  \v.  The   full  opening 

of  the  steam  port  is 
so  slight  a  movement  ot  a  very  light  valve  that  it  admits  of  possibilities  of  range 
in  speed  that  is  remarkable,  and  the  lightness  of  the  valve  avoids  the  trouble- 
some momentum  so  common  in  valve  motion,  under  high  speed. 

The  strains  are  held   to  straight  lines,  without  sacrifice  of  attractive  form. 


-1^,1 


25 


^, 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


128 


1^ 


m  m 


■  2.2 

•u  ..,.    Mia 


12.0 


1.25  |U      1.6 

« 6" 

► 

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/A 


WVW' 


7 


Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSSO 

(716)  873-4503 


''^^^■^ 


k 


M 


•'•»  iif  I,: 


imiii 


TURN  ON    77//:    S/w\/<C//   /./Gl/T. 


i;t Ticix.vi.  \  ii.w  111-  i;X(.iXK. 


A  four-vaUc  cylinder  with  shortest  possible  ports  ;  live  steam  jacket  to  pre- 
vent condensation  ;  valve  seats  removable  for  inspection  or  renewal  ;  cylinder 
linintj  removab'e  for  repair  or  renewal,  afTords  im|)(irtant  convenience  lor  increase 
or  decrease  of  cylinder  diameter  to  a  reasonable  detjree. 

Steam  valves  that  are  multi-ported,  flat  surf.iced,  tight-wearinj^,  quick  open- 
ini^,  short  traveling;  ;  operated  for  any  port  o|)enint>;  by  the  least  motion  of  a 
simple  cycloid  ;    closed  by  steam   pressure  ;  without   motion  when  under   heavy 

pressure  and  removable  for 
examination  and  return  in 
three  minutes  time,  without 
adjustment. 

Positive  motion  multi- 
ported  exhaust  valves  o])- 
erated  by  a  fixed  eccentric  ; 
inaintainiufr  uniform  com- 
l)ression  under  all  load  vari- 
ations ;  remoxable  same  as 
the  steam  vahes  for  exam- 
ination or  exchanj^e  for  new 
parts. 

The  mechanism  operat- 
ing the  valves  is  strijiped  of 
all  crab  claws,  trips  ar  1  dash 
pots.  Rods  direct  from  the 
i,fovernor  and  two  eccentrics 
work  in  lateral  motion  sim- 
ple cycloids  for  the  steam 
valves  and  cranks  for  the  ex- 
haust valves.  All  are  made 
of  clo.sest  steei,  are  free  from 
perceptible  wear,  conven- 
iently accessilile  for  care, 
with  but  very  light  duty. 
Every  part  is  constructed  in 
Kxiivrsr  vAi.vK.  the  most  particular  and  best 

manner  known. 
A  heavy  locomotive  main  cross  head  of  abundant  weight  to  take  the  impact 
of  steam  on  the  i)iston,  ecjualize  the  pressure  on  the  crank  pin  and  diminish  wear 
upon  the  piston  and  cylinder. 

Direct  connection  between  eccentrics  and  valve  rods.  Absence  of  objection- 
able rock  shafts.  Diminution  of  wear  by  the  mounting  of  one  slide  upon  the  other. 
Only  the  diflerenlial  motion  occurs  between  the  two  ports  of  the  valve  cro.ss  head. 

36 


STKAM    VAI.Vi;, 


-^ 


7 1 'AW  O.V    nil:    Sh.ARCII   l.K.hT. 


A  i)l;iin  heavy  straj) 
joint  rod,  llic  slia))  ot  whirli 
is  the  special  feature.  Xo 
parts  strained  by  liendini;. 
Huilt  lip  of  two  silks  aiul 
one  eiul  i)iece.  T(.'nons  on 
the  I'nds  ecpial  in  strenj;th 
to  tile  sides  take  tlu'  entire 
strain.  The  throni^h  i^joinj^ 
bolts  nie'X'ly  hold  tlie  parts 
toirether. 

A  removable  main  bear- 
ing, whose  diameter  equals 
in  inches  one-half  the  cyl- 
inder diameter  and  whose 
leMj^th  measures  the  same  as 
the  full  diameter  of  the  cyl- 
inder, the  frictionless  journal 
box  of  which  can  be  taken  out 
for  renewal  by  simply  jack- 
ing up  the  shaft  and  wheel. 

A    strong    roller    bearing 


wheel  form  controls    the    light   weight,    non- resisting  bal; 


yi^ 


STTAM   VM.Vl:   r.KACKTT 


shaft   governor  ot 


rtia  or 
uiced   v; 


;:'l: 


CVI.IMU   K    SIXTIO.V    THKIlM.ll    V.\I.V1;S. 


with  so  little  eflort  tha':  there  is  practically  no  variance  in  sjieed.      All  the  joints 
of  the  governor  have  roller  bearings.     Tv.rn  on  the  .Search  Light. 

Tin:  An. AS  Kn(;im-.  Co., 

Indianapolis,  Ind. 


a? 


!*! 


'  <l 


f    1 


If  1 


m  :'■ 


!*■!  "• 


kii 


TIM.   CAS  CONSlMICIl    IN    O.NK    \' 


l:.  I'    i.AS  ji;r  ir  isi:i>  wini  a  iu.in   las  iiNciiNi;  wii.i.   i-kddiii; 
riiKii;  i6  c.  r    i:i.i.i.tkh.'  i.k.mts. 


ECONOMICAL   POWER. 

01'"  ;i!l  tlic  machines  that   mark   tlie  iiKhislrial  j,'rc'atncss  ot   tlic    Ninett'cnth 
Century,  the  eiitijiiie  iMKiuestionably  stands  first.      It  is  a  thermometer  of 
our  progress,      l-'or  in  snch  clet^ree  as  it  lias  Ijeen   made  a  ready  and  effi- 
cient serv.mt  ;  so  has  our  commercial  life  expanded.      For  many  years  the  ster.m 
entjiiie  h  is  been  the  motor  which   has  chietly  contril)ntcd   to  this  result.      Hut  it 
has  now  reached  the  point  where  its  improvement  is  very  slow,  ;uul  its  |)ractical 
efficiency  very  near  liie  theoretical,  that  can  be  obtained.     It  is  but  com|)arativcIy 
recent  that  the  j^as  enq^ine  lias  come  to  the  front.     The  last  fifteen  years  marks  in 
it  a  jjcriod  of  remarkable  growth.      I-roai  a  crude  aff.iir,  continually  getting  out 
of  order,  and  noisy,  it  has  become  a  quiet,  highly  economical  and  reliable  machine 
of  the  first  order.     I'"or  a  gas  engine  to  come  up  to  the  ideal  standard  it  must 
\)c  simple  in  design  ;  not  liable  to  get  out  of  order  :  the  parts  must  be  accessible  ; 
it  must  be  econoinic.il   in  the  use  of  fuel  ;  the   ignition  of  the  charge  must  be 
positive  :  the  governing  must  be  close  ;  it  must  run  quiet  ;  anil  it  must  l)e  durable. 
These  points  of  excellence  have    been  striven  for   by    many    builders   and 
designers  with  varying   success.      Hut   to  get  the   foregoing  combination   in  the 
highest  degree,  without  sacrificing  one  good   ])oint   for  another,  is  not  so   easy. 
However,  as  illustrative  of  what  has  been  done,  and  can  be,  attention   is  invited 
to  the  engines  of  The  Oliii  (">as  I*'ngine  Company  of  HutTalo,  N.  V.,  whose  agents 
in  .New  ^'ork   City  are  the   Ruggles-Coles  Engineering   Com|)any,   39-41    Cort- 
landt  street.      This  company  manufacture  two  general  types  of  engines.      That  is, 
engines   getting  an   im|)iilse    every    revolution  ;    and    those   getting   one    every 
second  revolution  ;  or  four-cycle  and  two-cycle.      The  two-cycle  are  built  only  in 
sizes  of  10  h.  p.  and  over  and  are  horizontal  in  style.     The  impulse  every  revolu- 
tion  is  obtained  by  enclosing  the  crank  chamber  into  which  ])ure  air  is  drawn, 
then   slightly  compressed   and  transferred  to  the  working  end  of  the  cylinder  : 
also  by  an  independent  gas-pump  for  pumping  the  gas  into  the  working  cylinder 
with  the  air  just  before  the  charge  is  compressed  and  fired.     The  cycle  of  o|)era- 
tioiis  is  as  follows  :  the  piston  on  its  instroke  dr.iws  air  into  the  crank-chamber  ; 
then  on  its  out  stroke  slightly  compres.ses  it  :  when  the  jiiston  has  gone   three- 
fourths  of  its  out-stroke   the  exhaust  valve  is  o|)eiied  and  the  exhaust  relieved  ; 
then  as  the  piston   completes   the  out  stroke  it   uncovers   |»orts  admitting  the 
slightly  compressed  air  to  sweep  through   the  cylinder  ancl  clean   out   the  old 
charge   and  replace  it  with  the  pure  air  from  the  crank-chamber.     Then   when 
the   |)iston   has  made  about  one-half  of  its  instroke  a  little  gas  valve  is  tapped  by 
the  governor  eccentric-rod,  and  it  admits  a  charge  of  gas  into  the  working  cham- 
ber irom  the  independent  gas  pump  ;  then  the  exhaust  closes  and  the  mixed 

28 


/•(V'.\(  >.!//(. /A    /'OU  /:A: 


lievod 


a 


tin 


lie   old 

wliL-ii 

heel  bv 

Ich; 


iiii- 
liiiixcd 


VI    KTUAl.    III. IN    <.AS    I.N. .INI. 


i'hari^c  is  (.■oiniirt'ii.M'd  and  tired.  Tluis  every  revolution  .m  ini|)iil.^e  is  oht.iiiied 
when  workinjjj  at  lull  power.  This  engine  is  characterized  by  j^reat  smoothness 
and  steadiness.  The  desij^ii  is  Mich  as  to  admit  ot"  a  leather  se.it  lor  the  air-suction 
valve  ;  and  the  exhaust-valve  is  handled  by  rockin.i;  lever  and  eccentric.  m.ikiiiL; 
it  c.xceedinjrly  (juict.  Lubrication  is  so  provided  tor  that  it  is  thorouj^h  and  relia- 
ble. All  friction  surfaces  subjected  to  heat  are  water-jacketed.  I-lven  the 
<'.\hausi- valve-stem  is  w.iter-jackiti'tl  ami   means  proviiled  lor  its  lubric.ition.      in 

tliis  cntjine  the  compression  of  the  charj^e 
btoirinin}.,^  at  one-half  in-stroke  .ind  the  e.xhaust 
ojicninj;  at  thn-e  ipiarter  oul-stroke,  the  expan- 
sion is  carrietl  much  f.irtiier  than  in  other 
enii;ines  ;  thus  tendinj,^  to  tjri'ater  economy  and 
.1  (piiet  exhaust. 

These  en^inesjire  ada|>ted  for  mannf n  t- 
ured,  natural,  or  producer  ijas.  The  four 
cycle  enjjines  built  by  this  coin|  any  are  both 
vertical  and  horizontal.  The  vertical  ones 
ranginjr  from  two-thirds  to  S  h.  |). ,  and  the 
horizontal  ones  from  lo  h.  p.  upwards,  and 
are  adipted  for  any  kind  of  jL^a',  or  gasoline 
direct  from  the  tank,  Th.eir  rem.irkable  >,im- 
plicity  will  be  a|)|)reciated  from  the  following 
statements  :  The  j^as  engine  has  three  simple 
pop])ett-valves  and  two  \'al\e  chambers,  and 
the  irasoline  engines  only  two  |)()j)i)ett  \al\es 
and  one  v.ilve-chamber.  Any  one  of  these 
valves  can  be  easily  removed  and  put  back  in  place  a.ijain  in  a  minute's  time. 
No  fine  adjustments  are  re(piired  in  any  jiart  of  the  t'nj.,Mne.  The  ^^overiiinjr  is 
accomplished  by  automatically  controllinj^  the  exhaust-valve  ;  that  is,  hoklin^ 
it  o])en  when  the  speed  is  up  to  the  normal.  This  metiunl  has  been  founil  to  be 
ecoiiouiical  as  well  as  efficient,  as  it  relieves  the  piston  from  doinij  work  in  com- 
l>ressinj.j  idle  charges  of  air  when  the  engine  is  running  iight.  The  governor  is 
located  in  the  gear  and  is  sensitive  enougli  to  please  tlie  most  fastidious.  Ihe 
work  thrown  upon  it  is  very  light,  as 
its  Junction  is  merely  to  indicate  the 
time  tiiat  the  engine  is  to  take  an 
impulse. 

All  horizontal  engines  of  this  type 
are  so  designed  th.it  the  speed  may 
be  varied,  and  all  parts  lubricated, 
while  the  engine  is  nmning.  Tliis  is 
found  desirable  in  l.irge  engines  for 
many  kind  of  manuficturing  and  imlus- 
trial  work.  The  effort  to  make  this, 
as  well  as  the  other  type  of  engine, 
silent  has  been  crowned  with  succes>, 
as  the  action  of  the  valves  in  seat- 
ing is  so  easy,  and  their  moving  parts  so  cushioned  and  murtied  that  the  noise  is 
very  slight. 

The  gasoline  engines  take  gasoline  directly  froni  a  tank  (which  may  be  at  a 
distance  from  the  building  i  by  a  simple  pump.  The  vaporization  of  the  gasoline 
is  so  perfect  that  the  heaviest  grades  may  be  used,  even  low  grades  of  kerosene 
have  been  used  with  success. 

In  the  manufacture  of  these  engines,  the  interchangeable  system  has  been 
.Jidopted  ;  standard  gauges,  re.imers,  jigs  anil  temi)lates  being  used,  so  that  any  part 

39 


IKIKI/.O.ST.M.  OLI.N   l..\S   ll.NOINi;. 


I'm: 


H^ 


"  "■ 


"'I 


/■( o.vo.w/i.i/.  /'(>ii7:a\ 

trnm  ,1  r.t'.v  |)i^tipiMin!L;  t^  .i  new  l);i>c  cm  l>c  (ndiiid  uitli  tlic  ((Ttiiiiilv'  nl  its 
Ijfinii;'  ri.nlit.  l^'>|ic'(i,il  ciii-  i>]L;i\(ii  ['<  ilic  (lu.ilitv  nf  iimti  ri.il  um(I.  N'olliini;  luit 
tiiL'  best  is  11  niiixiiii  with  tlic  liiiil(l(i>.  All  cr.mks  .trc  steel  ;  i  vliiidcrs,  |)i>t<)ii-, 
riiiys,  viiKt.'se.its,  etc.,  an-  cast  tVoin  a  special  line  <;i',nne(l  tutij^li  iioii  :  iiIidsjiIkh- 
bro'ize,  A  i  babbitt,  chilled  iron,  and  hardened  tool  >teel  Ibr  such  jiiurii.ils  .iiici 
weariiii^f  surfaces  as  i'\]KTieMce  has  |)i'n\en  best  adapted. 

I'DP  isdl.ited  lit^lituij^  |)lants  the  ,i,Ms  en),;iiie  is  cuniin;^  into  .^rcil  Lixor,  and  Ini- 
a  ninnber  ol  re.isons,  viz.:  the  price  of  i;as  is  practicdiv  a  fixed  thini;  for  any 
j^iven  loc.ility,  and  is  not  subject  to  tiie  ciprice  and  yreed  of  electric  lijiiht  conijia- 
nies  :  ayain  it  is  a  motor  e.isily  handled,  not  reipiirini^  a  licensee!  cnijinecr,  but 
snn|(ly  the  occision.d  attention  ol  a  careful  m.m  or  woman  of  fiir  intelligence.  It 
is  cle.mlv  and  s.ile  as  there  is  no  lire-bo\  with  its  attend. ml  dirt  and  ashes,  and  no 
boiler  with  its  ste.im  and  d.mi;er  ol  ex|jl()sion.  Its  economx'  as  com|)are(l  uith 
the  steam  eni^ine  is  ver\'  m.irked,  as  tlu- average  n.is  entwine  will  convert  five  or 
six  times  the  number  of  heat  miits  in  the  fuel,  into  work  that  the  axerat^e  ste.un 
ciiiiine  will  do.  The  followiii!:;  jirobleni  uill  make  clear  the  economy  of  the  gas 
engine  for  electric  lil:^htin,l,^ 

We  will  take  for  example  an  en_gine  iisini;  20  feet  of  iC)  can(ile-|)ower  i^as  tor 
each  liorse-])o\\(r  an  hour.  This  j^as  would  furnish  four  5  foot  burners  j.(ivin)4  16 
candle-power  of  li!L;;ht  each— or  (^  candle-power  of  light  for  one  horn'.  Now,  this 
same  20  feet  of  gas  used  in  the  gas  engine  gives  one  horse-power  one  hour,  which 
horse  power  will  run  ti'ii  ib  candle-power  incandescent  electric  lights — or  160 
cantUe-powtr  of  light  for  one  hour.  Thus  making  a  clear  gain  of  the  difference 
between  160  and  64 — or  cj6  candle-i)ower  of  light  more  than  the  20  feet  of  gas. 
In  i)roducing  arc  lights  12  times  the  light  is  obtained  from  the  sanu-  ])owcr  or  gas 
consumption  as  would  be  (jbtained  in  producing  incandescent  lights.  In  produc- 
ing electric  lights  with  natural  gas  used  in  tiie  engine,  the  economy  is  greater 
than  the  pro|)ortionate  diffi'ivnce  of  price  of  the  two  gases,  as  natm'al  gas  contains 
more  heat  units  to  the  cubic  foot  than  the  illuminating  gas.  These  are  fair  esti- 
mates and  show  the  remarkable  economy  of  the  gas  engine  for  electric  lighting. 
Why  not  use  electric  lights  instead  of  gas  lights? 

Ul.I.N    (i.\S    K.NCINI-;    CoMTANV, 

Buffalo,  X.  V. 


THE   GEYELiN-JONVAL  TURBINES. 


k      Z  > 


l^t 


i 


Tl  1I'~  accomp.mying  cut  is  a  general  view  of  the  now  famous  series  of  (ieyelin- 
Jonval  Inverted  Turbines,  each  of  1 100  hor.se-])ower,  erected  for  the 
Niagara  I'alls  I'.iper  Coiujiany,  Niagara  I'"alls,  N.  ^'.,  by  R.  1).  Wood  iV 
Co.,  I'hihulelphia,  which  are  especially  notable  in  th.it  they  were  tlie  fust  to  be 
installed  and  oijer.ited  with  the  water  power  su|)])licd  by  the  Niagara  I'alls  Power 
Company  through  their  s|)lendiil  canal  and  tunnel. 

.\s  is  clearly  shown,  the  great  pressure  due  to  the  140  feet  of  fall,  instead  ol 
tending  to  decrease  the  efficiency  of  the  turbines,  is  in  part  utilized  through  the 
ado|)tion  of  the  inverted  tyjie  of  wheel,  to  counter-balance  the  weight  of  the 
verticil  shafts  and  gearing  ;  tlu-  installation  including  the  iron  and  steel  supports 
in  which  these  heavv  vertical  shafts  anil  gearing  are  carried.  These  turbines 
have  now  been  in  operation  some  eighteen  months,  giving  a  high  percentage  of 
efficiency,  and  showing  a  surprising  degree  uf  durability  and  steadiness  under 
X'arving  conditions  of  service. 

The  builders  of  the  rievelin-Jonval  Turbiiu's  are  i)repared  to  offer  both  single 
and  double  wheels,  especially  adapted  to  meet  local  conditions,  and  for  any 
required     service.        They    are     also     prepared     to     build     l)oth     single     and 

30 


Illy  iii  Its 
)tliiii.L;  I'Ul 
•  ,  i)i>t(iii>, 

|)ll()y|ill<ir- 
ni.il-i  ami 

ir,  ami  tnr 
;  fur  any 
lit  coiiipa- 

ilU'LT,    tilll 

,'i'!u:c.  It 
I'S,  aiul  111) 
a  red  uilli 
■rt  the  or 

iqi'  ;^liMlll 
)l  tlic  i;as 

cr  i^as  lor 
jrivint;  i^> 
Now,  til  is 
lur,  wliicli 
;s — or  1 60 
(litlL-rL-iKc 
■ct  of  JL^as. 
Acr  or  i^as 
11  proiliic- 
is  s^ri-atcr 
IS  contains 
lair  rsti- 
c  lijilitiiijL;. 


X.  V. 


7///-;  (,/■:)■/■:/. /.v-/(  >\i :  //.    /  /  a'/,'/.\7-:x 


jfticvtliii- 

1    for    the 

Wood  .\: 

first  to  lie 

ills  Power 

instead  ot 
iroiinh  tile 
:;lit  of  the 

1  supports 
e  tiirl)ines 
centajtie  of 
less   under 

otli  sinj^de 
d  for  any 
nj;le     and 


d<Mil)Ie  actiiii;  Iiori/ontal  and  ver- 
tical water  power  pumps,  for  Mr- 
vice  in  connection  with  their  tur- 
bines ;  and  as  they  have  Ioiil; 
been  huildi'rs  of  such  turliiiie-^ 
and  |niiiips,  and  have  uneiiualed 
lacilities,  they  are  jirepared  to 
coiuiMct  lor  the  largest  installa- 
titins,  and  can  point  with  satisfiu  - 
lion  to  numerous 
plants  tlironj^hout  the 
countrv  that  have 


stood  the  test  of  years  ofscrvice. 
TlicSuperintendentof  the  I  )art 
mouth  (( ia.)  Spinning  Coiiipan\ 
writesofthcdeyclin-joinalTur- 
bincsused  in  his  mill,  as  follows: 
(h/r  7i ■(!/)>'  7i7/t(/s  iirr  !^/z'/>/l; 
inlirc  satisfactioi.  They  hair 
iiOu' run  ovir  four  viars  with- 
out a  luttikdi^c  or  sto/>/>oi^('.  bc- 
iiii;-  (onipact,  iioisc/iss,  nonouii- 
cat  ami  if/'fdtrc" 

R.  i).  WociDiS:  Co., 

Philadelphia.  I'a. 


,  i 


31 


THE  CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  TUNNEL 


illl'.RI^  is  IK)  iiKjre  iiilercsliii)^'  cliaptei  ol  tlic  Niin;.tr.t 
I-'alls  cMitcrprisc  than  that  rflatinjf  to  tlu- coiist ruction  ul 
tin- liiniiL'l.  I-'asi  tiiniul  driving;  in  tlic  I'nitod  Slater 
l)(.'iL;an  witli  tliu  ('(instnictidi;  of  tlie  Wfst  Shore  Raih'oacI, 
till'  liiniiL'ls  of  tliat  Koad  licinL;  aljont  the  liir^t  to  miploy 
ro(  k  (hills  of  tile  niodern  type  and  almost  every  ini|)oitant 
tmnu-l  niadi-  since  the  West  Shore  Road  was  l)i:ili  has 
seen  a  new  record  made  for  s|)eed.  To  this  the  .Niaj^ara 
I'alls  tnnnel  is  no  exception,  the  speed  made  there  ijein^' 
nothinj4  less  than  phenomenal  and  fir  in  advance  of  anv 
other  record.  To  c()m|)lete  the  tunnel  within  the  lime 
recpiired  it  was  necessary  to  sink  three  shafts  Iroin  the 
surlace  from  which  the  tunnel  was  driven  in  Ixjtlulirection^. 
In  tnnni'l  driviui;  the  up|)er  portion  or  "  headinin  "  i> 
taken  out  fu'st,  the  remainder  bein.t''  removed  in  one  or  more  "  beiirhes."  In 
previ(Mis  work  there  lias  been  much  loss  of  tinv:  and  labor  due  to  reh.mdlini;  tiu- 
broken  rock  from  the  headiui^  wl/ich  was  tlu,n])e(i  over  the  hrst  bt'uch  and 
reloaded   at   its  bottom.      In   the   Niagara   I'"alls  work   a   removable  platform  was 


I  ! 


s»»»,. 


<r 


r  1. 


AT  WdKK  IN   riii:  r  IN  M.I,. 


suspended  at  tiie  level  ot  the  ujjper  bench  over  which  the  broken  rock  from  the 
headinjj  was  taken  and  dumped  into  cars  at  its  further  end,  the  ,i;"atherinjj  of  the 
broken  rock  from  the  bench  beinu^  carried  on  beneath  this  platform.  In  this  wav 
a  j>reat  amount  of  labor  w.is  saved  as  will  be  readily  seen.  The  plan  described 
was  also  of  assistance  in  reaching  the  remarkable  speed  with  which  the  tunnel  was 
driven. 

The  fust  of  the  accompanying  illustrations  is  from  a  flash  light  photograjjh  ot 


.^J 


TtrR  coxsTRfrc  77o.y  OF  77 m  rr-xx/'if.. 


A   CiUDt  I-   C)l     COMrRllSSllRS. 


M 


\ 


a  tunnel  hcadinj;^  at  work.  It  accurately  shows  the  niethods  employed  and  is  the 
first  authentic  picture  of  its  kind  to  find  its  way  into  the  pui)lic  print  and  illustrate 
the  doinjrs  of  the  underground  world.  No  picture,  however,  can  reproduce  the 
stirring  scene  which  forms  the  reality,  than  which  there  is  none  more  impressive 
in  the  entire  fiekl  of  legitimate  industry.  It  is  a  hand  to  hand  contest  with 
nature  in  her  stronghold.  The  deafening  roar  of  the  drilling  machines,  the 
shadowy  forms  of  the  workmen  seen  through  the  smoke  and  dust  and  rendered  barely 
visible  by  the  flickering  light  of  the  torch  lamps,  while  over  all  hangs  the  sugges- 
tive odor  of  dynamite,  all  combine  to  form  a  scene  not  to  be  f(jrgotten  by  any 
one  who  has  once  witnessed  it. 

The  rock  drills  will  be  seen  in  position  mounted  upon  their  columns,  which 
latter  are  held  in  position  by  powerful  jack  screws.  The  drill  holes  are  arranged 
in  vertical  rows,  the  two  centre  rows  inclining  toward  one  another,  forming  what 
is  called  the  \'  or  centre  cut,  this  disposition  of  the  holes  being  made  to  assist  in 
breaking  out  the  central  portion  of  the  rock  by  the  dynamite  blast.  Outside  this 
centre  cut  two  rows  of  holes  are  usually  jjlaced  on  each  side.  The  entire  set  of 
holes  is  drilled  before  the  machines  are  removed,  after  which  the  holes  are  loaded 
with  explosive  and  fired — the  centre  cut  first,  and  the  first  and  second  "side 
rounds"  following  in  succession. 

The  excavating  machinery  employed  consisted  of  three  18  x  ,^0  duplex  air 
compressors  and  twenty-five  Little  Giant  rock  drills  furnished  by  the  Rand  Drill 
Company,  23  Park  place,  New  York.  The  second  illustration  shows  the  plant 
of  compressors  in  position  and  at  work,  their  large  cajjacity  being  reciuired  by  the 
pumping  occasioned  by  the  immense  quantity  of  water  met  with. 

The  highest  record  of  work  for  a  single  heading  was  338  lineal  feet  of  tunnel 
in  26J2  days,  which  as  before  stated  leads  the  record.  Great  credit  is  due  to 
Messrs.  Rodgers  &  Clement,  contractors  for  the  tunnel,  which  is  unicjue  among 
such  enterprises  from  having  been  completed  in  less  than  contract  time. 

The  R.\nd  Drim.  Company,  23  Park  Place,  New  York. 


33 


ECONOMICAL  POWER  DISTRIBUTION. 


I 


1 


'III'",  clfitric  (lisliil)utioii  of  powt-r  in  shops  is  now 
rcLL'ivinvj   considi'rablc    attintion.      It  has  Ikh-u 
(Icnionstiatrti  in  many  cases  that  tliis  nuthcKl  is 
the   most  economical,  as  well  as  liavinj^  many 
aclvantaj^i's  over  the  usual  method  where  a  series 
ol"  shafts,    countershafts  and    lultin^    are   em- 
ployed.     ICxperience  has  tauuhl  that  in  sho])s 
where  both  larj^e  and  small  machinery  is  used 
it  is  economy  to  operati-  each  larye  machine 
with  a   separate   motor,   and    to   j^roup  the 
small  macliinery  toj^elher  in  sections,  drivinj; 
each  section  with  a  motor. 

The  principal  savinj^  in  power  realizi-d 
'  by  the  electrical  system  of  disliilmlion  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  when  a  machine  is  stopped 
the  power  required  to  drive  it  stops  at  the 
j4enerator  and  not  simi)ly  at  the  machine  it- 
self, as  is  the  case  when  driven  by  a  system 
of  shaftinjj.  Further,  when  the  load  is  re- 
duced the  loss  in  line  wire  between  j^enerator  and  motor  is  reduced  directly  in 
proportion  to  the  reduction  of  current  consumed  by  motor.  This  rej^ulation  is 
instantaneous,  and  at  any  one  time  the  dynamo  only  generates  as  nuich  current 
as  is  needed  by  the  motors  at  that  particular  time. 

The  attention  of  shopi  owners  is  invited  to  the  followinjj  fitjures  taken  from 
the  books  of  the  Hrown-Ketcham  Iron  Works  Co.,  Indianapolis,  Iniliana,  where 
Jenney  electrical  apparatus  is  in  operation. 

This  com])any  is  enj>;ajred  in  the  manufacture  of  structural  iron  work  for 
buildings  and  bridges,  and  fre(iuently  handles  pieces  of  from  2o,(X)o  to  30,000 
pounds  weight,  the  average  yearly  output  being  from  eight  to  twelve  million 
pounds.  The  principal  shop  is  fitted  with  heavy  machinery,  very  much  scattered 
on  account  of  the  bulky  character  of  much  of  the  work  done.  P'ollowing  is  a 
partial  list  of  machines  in  operation  : 

A  heavy  shear  capable  of  cutting  off  a  6"  x  6"  x  i"  angle  iron,  operated  by  a 
seven  and  one-half  horse-])ow'er  motor  directly  belted  to  lly  wheel. 
A  heavy  i)late  shear  similarly  driven. 

.Six  (6)  punches  capable  of  punching  a  ijj"  hole  in  ^'4"  steel,  each   run  by 
three  horsc-])o\ver  motor,  one  of  which  is  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration. 
A  double-headed  rotary  planer  capable  of  facing  otTthe  ends  of  a  column  2' 
6"  in  diameter  and  34'  long. 

A  short  shaft,  ojierated  by  a  ten  horse-power  motor,  runs  several  lathes  and 
shapers,  seven  machines  in  all. 

A  ten  horse  motor  on  a  .Sturtevant  blower,  consiuning  fourteen  horse-power 
during  ten  hours'  run  (has  been  doing  this  for  nearly  three  years). 

In  addition  to  the  above  is  a  15,000  pound  traveling  crane,  traversed  by  a 
three  horse-power  motor. 

The  maximum  power  taken  by  these  machines  was  thirty-five  horse-power, 
and  the  average  load  about  twenty-five  horse-power,  actually  shown  by  the  elec- 
trical meters  in  power  room.  (What  would  it  have  been  with  the  ordinary  shaft 
and  belt  transmission  ?)  This  may  be  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  all  machines 
do  not  run  at  maximum  |)ower  at  same  time. 

In  the  old  and  smaller  building,  burned  and  replaced  by  the  present  structure, 


34 


ECONOA//C.I/,  rowEK  iusTRinvrio\\ 


shiiftiiij^,  j;i';irs,  coiintcislial'ts,  (niiiitcr-turii  Ixlts  iuul  hiiii^jcis  wciv  iiscil,  and 
wlicn  a  machine'  was  sliilltjd  in  position  a  n-alii^inncnt  of  shafting  oltfii  lu-caini.' 
necessary. 

We  have  from  tlie  company  tiiat  iheir  average  yearly  expense  for  power 
maintenance  in  old  plant  amounted  to  ?3(xm).  On  the  other  hand,  with  present 
e(|uipment  an  averaije  taken  for  the  twiiity  C20)  weeks  endinij  June  30,  1894, 
shows  a  yearly  cost  of  maiiUeiiance  with  the  electrical  system  of  549,V 

If  the  present  shop  (much  larj^er  than  its  predecessor)  were  run  by  shaftinjf, 
it  would  he  necessary  to  use  counters,  hanjjers,  pulleys  and  helt  for  each  machine 
and  to  drive  the  whole  system  from  a  shaft  y,(i  feet  lonjf.  All  of  this  shaftiujf 
would  have  to  he  run  whether  the  machines  did  or  not,  and  the])ower  thus  expended 
would  he  a  larjje  per  cent,  of  the  total  enerj^y  (generated  hy  the  |)ower  plant,  an<l 
this  loss  would  he  continuous  throughout  the  entire  runninj^  time. 

Here,  then,  has  heen  u\ade  a  direct  comp.uison  hetween  tlu'  cost  of  oi)eration 
of  a  modern  machine  shop  hy  the  electrical  and  the  old  methods,  and  we  tind 
nearly  a  six-fold  advanta^^e  in  use  of  the  former. 

A  recent  test  of  ])ower  recpiired  to  drive  a  hicycle  factory  devel()|)ed  that  to 
drive  line-shaftinji;  and  counter-shafting  with  all  machinery  out  of  service  required 
ahout  twenty-five  horse-power,  and  with  averaj.;e  workinj^  load  the  total  power 
consumed  was  only  about  thirty-five  horse-ijowir.  It  will  he  seen  from  the  fore- 
y;oing  that  when  the  ordinary  belted  sho|)  is  run  on  lij^ht  capacity  the  percentajje 
of  loss  in  shafting  is  j^reatly  increased.  Aside  from  the  economy  there  are  many 
other  advantati^es  realized  in  electrical  distribution. 

In  large  shojjs  it  is  often  necessary  to  shut  down,  cither  to  t'lx  a  helt,  to  cool 
a  hot  box  or  for  some  other  cause.  \Vhile  the  stop  may  only  last  for  hve  or  ten 
minutes,  the  loss  due  to  a  large  number  of  men  stopping  work  amounts  to  con- 
sitlerable.  The  electrical  system  of  distribution  overcomes  this  loss,  for  the  sto])- 
ping  of  one  machine  or  section  does  not  interfere  with  the  balance  of  the  works. 
Furthermore,  irregular  power  due  to  slipping  of  belts  is  overcome,  and  on  acc(  unt 
of  the  electric  motor  being  under  control,  more  work  can  be  done  in  a  given  time. 
There  are  other  advantages  which  we  w  ill  not  enumerate  at  this  time. 

In  order  to  get  the  best  results  with  greatest  economy,  it  is  essential  that  the 
electrical  apparatus  be  constructed  in  a  thorough  manner  to  insure  durability  and 
that  it  should  have  high  efficiency. 

The  a])paratus  ]mton  thema.ket  by  this  company  is  the  result  of  many  years' 
experience  in  building  electrical  machinery,  and  we  have  therefore  long  ago  passetl 
the  experimental  stage. 

Jenney  dynamos  and  motors  have  been  in  use  for  many  years  all  over  this 
country  and  in  many  foreign  countries. 

This  com|)any  builds  a  complete  line  of  nuiltii)olar  generators,  adapted  for 
direct  connection  to  steam  engines  ;  also  a  full  line  of  nuiltipolar  belted  genera- 
tors, for  large  sizes,  and  bipolar  machines  for  smaller  sizes. 

The  last  few  years  special  attention  has  heen  given  to  electric  elevator  service, 
and  we  are  now  supplying  motors  especially  adapted  for  this  service  to  several 
elevator  companies. 

Our  latest  type  of  elevator  controller  is  a  very  simple  device  and  was  especially 
designed  with  a  view  to  safety,  and  it  is  of  such  construction  that  any  inexperi- 
enced operator  can  handle  it  w  ith  safety. 

We  are  also  building  motors  of  different  sizes,  expressly  for  operating 
launches,  and  our  motors  were  used  in  two  very  fine  launches  which  were  used 
on  the  lagoons  at  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

We  are  prepared  to  furnish  complete  power  equipments,  street  railroad  or 
power  generators  and  electric  light  plants.     Correspondence  solicited. 

Jenney  Electric  Motor  Company, 

Indianapolis,  Indiana,  U.  S.  A. 


•\\ 


m 


I..S;« 


35 


>'     ! 


]!\ 


THE  USE  OF  "GIANT"  PORTLAND  CEMENT  ON  THE 
NIAGARA  FALLS  TUNNEL 

WIIKN  the  work  of  putting  in  the  heavy  brick  lininjj  of  the  Tininel  was 
bejfun,  tests  were  made  of  a  number  of  dilferent  cements,  and  fuially 
"Giant"  Portland  was  selected  on  account  of  its  superior  merit. 

The  work  to  l)c  done  was  considerable,  there  being  i3,(X3o,fX)o  brick 
required,  together  with  much  massive  cut  stone  in  the  Wheel- I'it  and  connecting 
timnels,  and  what  was  absolutely  necessary  was  a  cement  that  combined  strength 
and  uniformity  in  ([uality. 

The  matter  of  price  was  a  secondary  consideration,  as  the  ultimate  success 
of  the  whole  stupendous  undertaking  was  dependent  on  the  stability  anil  sound- 
ness of  the  masonry  lining  of  the  Tunnel,  for  should  this  be  faulty,  the  rushing 
water  passing  through  with  a  velocity  of  26J  ii  feet  per  second  would  soon  tear  out 
the  lining  and  render  the  Tunnel  useless  until  repairs  could  be  made. 

The  heavy  brick  lining  was  necessary  on  account  of  the  rock  formation  being 
a  friable  shale,  which  crumbled  badly  upon  exposure  to  the  air  for  a  few  hours. 

As  Division  ICngineer  in  chaige  of  Construction,  it  was  1  important  part  of 
my  duties  to  see  that  all  materials  furnished  for  the  work  were  fully  up  to  stand- 
ard, and  in  all  about  70,000  barrels  of  "  Giant "  Portland  cement  were  used  and 
with  the  most  gratifying  results. 

The  mortar,  composed  of  i  part  Cement  and  3  parts  Sand,  set  up  finely, 
and  after  the  work  was  completed  it  was  necessary  to  cut  through  the  brick  lin- 
ing to  connect  the  small  lateral  Tunnel  from  the  Niagara  Falls  Paper  Co.'s 
Wheel-Pit.  This  Tunnel  is  about  7  feet  in  diameter,  and  it  required  four  men 
working  for  two  days  before  the  opening  could  be  cut  through  to  the  sc>Iid  rock 
wall.  The  bricks  of  the  tunnel  lining  were  shattered  and  split  into  small  frag- 
ments, and  the  mortar  was  found  to  be  much  harder  and  stronger  than  the  brick, 
and  not  a  whole  brick  was  taken  out. 

"  Giant  "  Portland  was  put  to  a  j)eculiar  "  boiler  test  "  on  the  work  here. 
A  discharged  employee,  for  revenge,  cut  a  hole  in  the  side  of  one  of  the  boilers 
used  on  the  ])umps,  and  it  was  necessary  to  keep  these  pumps  at  work  and  there 
was  no  time  to  ])ut  on  a  jxitch,  so  as  a  makeshift  a  patch  oi  neat  "(iiant" 
Cement  was  plastered  on  the  outside  of  the  boiler,  and  si.\  hours  afterwards  the 
boiler  was  filled  and  steamed  up.  It  was  found  that  the  improvised  jiatch  was  all 
that  was  required,  and  the  boiler  worked  in  this  condition,  under  iio  lbs.  press- 
ure of  steam,  until  the  work  was  completed  (about  three  weeks).  This  is  a 
remarkable  tes^  to  put  any  cement  to,  and  goes  to  show  the  strength  and  adher- 
ing (jualities  possessed  by  "Giant"  Portland  Cement. 

Yours  very  truly,  Wm.  S,  Humbert. 

NiAc.AKA  Falls,  N.  Y.,  June  10,  1895. 

On  the  next  page  will  be  found  a  series  of  Long  Time  Tests  of  Giant  Port- 
land cement  on  the  Niagara  Tunnel  and  other  important  work  in  America. 

Leslie  ik  Trinkle, 

22  South  15th  Street,  Philadelphia. 


36 


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ELECTRIC  MOTORS  APPLIED  TO   PUMPING  MACHINERY. 

TIIIC  vast  imi)r()veiiii.'iits  made  in  tin-  last  few  years  in  l^lectric  Motors,  has 
increased  the  many  uses  to  wliich  I'llectrie  Power  can  l)e  a|)|>Iied.      Aihoiiil; 
the  more  recent  is  the  ai)])lication  to  drivinj^  I'ower  I'nmps  lor  water-works 
for  llie  s!ii>|)ly  of  towns  and  villai^es. 

It  has  been  found  that  where  a  Water-Works  Plant  and  an  I'.leetric  l.inhtinjj 
Plant  can  he  operated  from  the  same  boilers  and  in  the  same  buildint;,  there  is 
much  greater  econt)my,  and  especially  so,  if  the  plant  can  be  located  on  the  line 
of  a  railroad  where  fuel  can  be  procured  without  the  ex])ensc  of  hanlini;  ;  but  the 
troul)le  is,  a  good  water  supply  cannot  always  l)e  ol)tained  on  or  near  the  railroad, 
and  it  Ininij  necessary  to  place  the  Pumpinji;  Machinery  in  close  proximity  to  where  a 
,H()od  water  sujjply  can  be  secured,  and  that  sometimes  a  lontj  distance  from  a  railroad 
and  often  from  the  village,  makes  it  very  expensive  and  inaccessible.  I  lere  is  where 
the  ecoiUMny  comes  in  by  putting  in  a  Power  Pumping  Plant  opiiated  by  an  IClectric 
Motor.  The  generators  can  be  i)laced  at  the  lighting  ])lanl  and  the  current  carried 
to  the  motor  at  the  pumping  plant.  The  Pumps  can  be  driven  direct  from  Motor 
by  worm  gear,  or  by  belt  from  the  motor  to  pulley  on  pinion  shaft  of  Pumj). 

The  accompanying  engraving  shows  a  l)u])lex  Power  Pump  of  3,txx),cxx) 
gallons  capacity  in  7;.  hours.  The  plungers  are  18"  diameter  by  iS"  stroke,  and 
the  I'umps  are  designed  for  a  safe  working  pressure  of  I25ll»  ]H'r  square  inch. 
The  pinion  on  this  particular  Pum|Mng  Engine  is  placed  on  top  of  the  spur  wheel, 
so  as  to  be  near  the  floor  level,  as  the  Pumps  are  placed  in  a  i)it  about  5'  deep  to 
get  them  closer  to  the  water  supply.      The  length  ot  I'um|)s  overall  is  19' and  the 

width  11'.  The  diameter  ofs|)ur  wheel  is  c/  2"  and 
the  pinion  wheel  2'  6".  The  diameter  of  steel  crank 
shaft  is  9'_"  and  the  pinion  shaft  5".  These  Pumps 
have  18"  suction  and  16"  discharge  and  were 
erected  at  Logans])ort,  Ind.,  by  the  Laidlaw-Dunn- 
("lordon  Company  of  Cincinnati.  Pumps  of  this 
type  can  be  used  for  mines,  where  Pumps  driven  by 
IClectric  Motors  can  be  used  to  great  advantage, 
also  in  hotels  or  any  other  place  where  pumping 
water  is  necessary. 


DUPLEX    PUWKR    I'lMl"   M ANUFACTIKKI)  BV   THK   I.AIDI.A W-DUNN-tiOKDON  CO.,  LINCINNAII,  OHIO 


3S 


LABOR   SAVING   DEVICES. 


-  •»*r<i» 


II',  (ilolic  ("(imi)aiiy,  of  Cincinnati  and  New  ^'<)^k,  have  laid 
till'  (oundation  ot  lliL'ir  piu'iionicnal  siuxx-ss  l)v  llu-  ifcoijni- 
tioM  i>t  that  niDSt  vit.d  principle  ol  l)usincss  siicii'.-.s  ;  namely, 
llic  direct  relation  of  producer  and  consumer. 

No  otlu-r  dealers  in  Office  l''nrniture  and  I'iiin^  Devices 
in  this  country,  so  far  .is  we  know,  make  their  own  j^'oods  and 
sell  them  exclusively  diri'ct  to  the  consumer,  and  we  are  the 
only  ones  sellinij  similar  ^oods  to  the  user  who  are  not 
either  jobbers  of  t>()ods  made  by  various  manufictuiers,  or 
who  make  only  a  portion   of  the  article  they  sell. 

The  ( ilobe  Company  has  lont^  been  the  leader  in  the 
(|uality  and  extent  of  their  stock  of  the  ditferent  I  ,abor  .Saving 
Devices,  with  which  modern  offices  are  daily  becouiin^  better 
e(iuippecl.  No  one  who  has  any  rej^ard  for  the  time  and 
labor  of  himself  or  his  subordinates,  will  think  ot  doinjj; 
l)usiness  without  all  the  tievices  for  systematizinij  and  arrant;- 
ini,f  the  different  classes  of  papers,  and  the  information 
contained  in  them,  that  can  bv  used  to  advantaj^e. 

For  the  systematic  |)reservation  of  ])ai)ers,  the  (ilobe 
I''ilini;-.Systeni  is  without  a  ])eer,  and  any  ])aper  or  li'tter  that 


A    UK  WVl   K    I  KliM    A    f.I.lllM.   CARD    1NI)1;.\   SV.STllM   CAIII.NKT. 


may  be  wanted,  can  be   produced  instantly,  and  without  any  of  the  annoyance 
and  inconvenience  of  handling  a  larj^e  (juantity  of  more  or  less  dusty  pajier. 

It  is  fre([uently  the  case  that  one  wants  a  more  comi)rehensive  system  o, 
filinii^  than  can  be  j^otten  by  a  division  of  matter,  either 
by  name  or  subject.  Constantly  we  desire  to  index  a 
paper  under  not  only  the  name,  but  also  the  subject  as 
well,  and,  in  addition,  make  many  cross  references  there- 
to. It  is  manifestly  impossible  to  have  one  pa])er  in 
more  than  one  place,  and  we  are  therefore  compelled  to 
use  an  outside  index  or  reference.  For  a  complete  and 
comprehensive  index  of  this  character,  nothing  has  yet 
been  devised  which  can  compare  with  the  (ilobe  Card 
Index  System.  Originating  as  it  did  from  the  necessity 
for  indexing  the  contents  of  libraries,  the  uses  of  it  have 
spread  to  almost  every  branch  of  the  professional  and 


I   '.iioN-iKM.!;  1  ii.i;s 


39 


LABOR   SAVING  DF.  VICES. 


f" 


\^ 


5 


:nf  ■ 


1 


A   MODKRN    DESK. 


business  world.     In  no  profession  is  its  use  more  advantageous  than  to  engineers. 

For  keeping  track  of  the  cost  of  construction  and  maintenance,  as  an  index  for 

any  facts  worth  preserving, 

to  classify  and  arrange  any 

growing  lists  of  names  or 

things,  its  advantages  are 

apparent  on  the  most  casual 

inspection,    and    the    long 

use   simply   confirms   and 

strengthens     the     opinion 

formed  in  the  first  place. 

Anyone  who  has  ever  tried 

to  keep  an  index  of  facts, 

or  arrange  a  growing  list 

of  names  in  a  book  index, 

must   have  recognized  its 

limitations  and  vexations. 
All   this    labor,    fore- 
thought and  worry  can  be 

avoided  by  the  use  of  the 

Globe  Card  Index  System.     Its  advantages  are  manifold.     Reference  to  the  same 

paper  can  be  had  und-r  as  many  names  or  subjects,  or  both,  as  may  be  deemed 

<lesirable  ;  everything  pertaining  to  a  certain  subject  can  be 
kept  by  itself,  and  this  subject  can  be  again  sub-divided 
into  as  many  parts  or  sub-subjects  as  may  be  necessary. 
The  fact  that  this  system  can  be  extended  and  elaborated 
indefinitely,  is  its  chief  advantage.  Dead  matter  can  be 
instantly  removed  from  the  index,  without  disturbing  any- 
thing else,  and  additional  information  can  always  be  put  in 
its  proper  place,  even  down  to  the  minutest  subdivision. 

After  matter  has  once  been  written,  it  is  never  necessary 
to  re-write  it  ;  and  should  a  re-arrangement  of  the  index 
seem  at  any  time  desirable,  it  can  be  accomplished  by  sim- 
ply transferring  the  cards  to  the  proper  location. 

No  matter  how  complete  the  stock  of  Filing  Devices 
and  Business  Furniture  is,  there  is  a  constant  demand  for 
things  to  be  made,  according  to  the  ideas  and  requirements 
of  individual  cases.  We  have  built  up  a  large  business  in 
doing  work  of  this  character,  and  will  always  be  pleased  to 
make  estimates  and  submit  designs  for  anything  of  this  kind 
that  may  be  desired.  We  also  solicit  correspondence 
upon  anything  relating  to  indexing  or  the  systematic  ar- 
rangement of  office  methods,  that  our  wide  experience  in 
these  matters  would  render  us  competent  to  answer. 

Correspondence  from  the  Eastern  Seaboard,  and  its 
adjacent  Territory,  should  be  addressed  to  our  Eastern 
House,  at  No.  42  Beaver  street.  New  York,  where  a  full 
hne  of  samples  can  be  seen,  and  all  information  desired  can 
be  obtained. 

We  issue  a  catalogue,  fully  illustrated,  containing  over 
100  pages,  and  would  be  pleased  to  send  you  one,  and 
(juote  special  net  prices,  upon  receipt  of  information  as  to 
what  your  requirements  may  be. 

The  Globe  Comp.vny, 
Cincinnati,  O.  42  Beaver  street,  New  York. 


-« „A>ty 


LETTER  FILE  FOR 
SMALL  SPACE. 


40 


index 
by  sim- 


and  its 

Eastern 

ire  a  full 

:sired  can 


York. 


THE   BALI.   NOZZLE-A   MARVELOUS   CONTRIVANCE. 

From  tiii:  Hai.timorf.  Undkku  kii  i.u. 

IN  the  liap])eninjj  of  the  unexpected,  a  contrivance  for  a  new  and  curious  appli- 
cation of  the  water  that  is  still  our  main  reliance,  has  l)ecn  added  to  onr 
*  hre  tiyhtinj^  ecpiipnients  by  the  American  Bail  N'oz/le  Company  of  New 
\'{)vk  City. 

^  VVe  do  not  pretend  to  see  further  throuj;h  a   <|rindstone  than   other  ])foj)le, 
nor  tlo  we  claim  a   hij^her  ^r.ide  of  intuitive   jjerception  than  the  averas^e  ;  Imt 

when   we  first  saw  the  liall  Nozzle  in 

•     /     A  .  operation,  its  capabilities  tlash^d  upon 

^Ts-\    }  us  in   a  twinkling.     We  saw  at  once 

^^vih,'"***' ^'u-  that    the  funnel-slia|)ed  stream    would 

"*'  extinj^iiish  tlame  without  drowning  and 

ruining  valuable  property.    We  saw  at 


Till;  ii.vi.i,  M)//I,i;. 

entire  blaze  with  a  deflected  and  a 
scril)ed      single 
to  speak.    We  saw 

ing  the  amount  of 

was   raining  drops 
mist    that    would    undergo    rapid 
original    elements    and     thereby 
to  the  flame.      We  saw  its  special 
ships,  to  theatres,   to  manufactur 
ber  yards.   VV^e  saw  that  there  was 
the  sedimentitous  deposits  or  cor 
damage    automatic  sprink 
sooner  or  later  it  will  come 
it   will,  more   than  any   in 
minimize  the   ratio   of  fwe 
duction   of   fire    insurance 
gradual  realization  of  these 
to  talk   in    the    "we    told 
of  intelligent  lookers-on  must 
they  appeared  to  us. 


lav 


a  glance   that   it  is  a  ixiwerfui  smoke 
i\  driver  •  and  in  forcing  suiok^  before  it, 

T  it  will  enal)lea  fueman  holding  the  l)ipc 

to  advance  at  a  rate  that  has  heretotore 
been  impossible  in  the  rescue  of  im- 
periled lives.  We  saw  that  in  contest- 
ing the  spread  of  a  tire,  it  covers  the 
distributed  sheet  instead  of  throwing  a  circiun- 

stream   in  si)ots  so 

"^V  . .    TY  that  without  lessen- 

water    delivi'red    it 
— n  o  t     intangible 
separation    into   its 
furnish  hy<lrogen   to  add  new  fuel 
applicai)ihtv    to     hotels,     to 
ing    estabiishm-nts,  to  luiu- 
no  chance  for  inipairment  by 
rosion    which    so    seriously 
lers.    We  saw,  in  short,  th.al 
into  universal  use,  and  that 
strumentality  now  employid, 
loss  and  pave  the  way  for  re- 
rates.       In    the   steady    an<l 
"■*'  promises  we  do  not  i)retend 
you  so  "   style.     Thous.uuls 
•e   interpreted   these  forecasts  just  as  plainly  as 


lAl.l.  NDZ/I.I 
Kl;Vl>I.VINl. 
SI'KINKl.lCR 

I'OK  rAcriiR 

NI)   STANDI'II'K.S. 


Ill 


!  it' 


41 


.s A  Firry  wathr  columns. 

While  it  is  a  mysterious  principle  involved,  and  difticult  to  explain  why  the 
ball  remains  against  pressure  ;  whatever  the  cause  is,  the  fact  remains  ;  and  at 
one  bound,  as  it  were,  the  ball  noz/le  has  become  one  of  our  most  valuable 
possessions.  It  is  destined  to  take  a  place  in  the  fire  extinguishing  ecpiipments 
as  indispensible  as  that  of  the  telephone  in  the  transmission  of  intellij^ence. 

American  Hai.i,  No/.zi  k  Comi'anv, 

837-847  Broadway,  New  York. 


SAFETY   WATER  COLUMNS. 


Tiii.ik  Tunc  Valine  P'rom  an  Economic  Standpoint, 


*.«;;;!. 


IH) 


T 


By  A.  J.   Wiii^ht. 

*IIE  argument  of  economy  is  a  threadbare  one,  and  he 
who  uses  it  courts  ridicule,  and  must  be  prejiared  to 
defend  the  proposition,  but  if  the  recent  developments 
at  Niagara  Falls  enforce  proper  consideration  of  the  subject  on 
the  part  of  the  steam  user,  that  influence  will  not  merely  be  of 
assistance  to  me  in  this  connection,  but  will  hardly  be  less 
valuable  to  the  manufacturers  of  the  United  States  than  the 
direct  results,  for  most  of  the  "economy"  as  practiced  in  the 
present  age,  instead  of  being  "the  road  to  wealth,"  is  a  short 
cut  to  the  poorhouse,  and  accounts  for  a  very  large  part  of  the 
ninety-five  per  cent,  who  fail  in  business. 

There  is  no  room  here  in  which  to  pay  respects  to  that 
large  class  of  steam  users  who  willingly,  but  unwittingly,  pay 
the  coal  dealer  over  and  over  again  for  appliances  which  they 
feel  too  poor  to  buy,  under  the  erroneous  impression  that  fuel, 
no  matter  how  much  it  takes,  is  a  necessary  expense  ;  or  to 
those  who  will  renew  their  boiler  plant,  when  the  old  boilers  are  worn  out,  because 
they  consider  it  necessary  to  do  so  ;  but,  ridicule  the  argument  of  economy  as 
much  as  you  may,  the  fact  remains  that  .steady  water  at  the  proper  level  in  a 
steam  boiler  saves  coal,  saves  the  boiler,  and  obviates  repairs,  all  of  which  co.st 
money. 

Each  of  these  savings  is  greater  and  more  important  than  would  at  first  be 
supposed.  The  saving  of  fuel  dejjends  very  largely  upon  the  location  and  con- 
sequent cost  per  ton,  but  being  continuous,  no  matter  how  small,  it  is  important, 
and  as  applied  to  a  safety  water  column  may  be  realized  to  some  extent,  at  least, 
when  the  fact  is  taken  into  consideration  that  a  saving  so  small  as  five  cents  per 
day  per  boiler,  will  agregate  a  saving  equivalent  to  a  dividend  of  75  per  cent,  to 
100  per  cent,  per  annum  on  the  cost  of  the  appliance. 

With  proper  care  and  steady  water,  a  well  made  steam  boiler,  instead  of 
being  short  lived  and  expensive  to  maintain,  would  be  practically  indestructible. 
A  clean  boiler  is  not  burned  with  the  water  at  the  proper  level,  nor  is  it  racked  and 
strained  and  worn  out  by  contraction  and  expansion,  if  the  water  is  carried 
steadily  ;  nor  is  there  trouble  even  with  leaky  tubes,  under  ordinary  circumstances. 
It  follows  therefore  that  the  question  of  the  value  of  safety  water  columns  hinges 
upon  the  question  as  to  whether  their  use  does,  or  does  not  result  in  steady  water. 
I  know  of  no  better  way  in  which  to  settle  that  question  than  by  bringing  it  home 
to  every  steam  user.     What  therefore  would  be  the  result  if  you  had  safety 

4a 


SAFirr)     WATER  COLf'A/NS. 


water  columns  in  use  in  your  plant?  If  you  had  them,  and  your  eni|)loyec's  were 
so  blind  to  their  own  interests  as  to  allow  these  columns  to  whistle,  yon  would 
hear  the  whistles  and  hear  them  frequently,  and  your  engineer  and  superintendent 
and  everyone  else  interested  would  hear  them.  Remembering  that  the  alarm 
points  are  at  the  upper  and  lower  gauge  cocks,  extremes  which  the  water  line 
is  never  supposed  to  reach  ;  and  remembering  that  the  water  tender  has  the  water 
gauge  and  three  gauge  cocks  on  each  boiler  for  his  guidance  ;  and  remembering 
that  fuel  is  being  wasted,  irregular  power  is  being  furnished,  and  that  your  boilers 
are  being  worn  out  more  rapidly  than  they  can  l)e  in  any  other  way,  by  reason  ol 
the  expansion  and  contraction  incident  to  unsteady  water,  would  you  tolerate 
any  such  action  on  their  part  ? 

The  logical  conclusion  is  that  you  would  say  to  these  employees,  if  they 
were  so  lacking  in  personal  pride  as  to  furnish  an  occasion  for  your  doing  so, 
that  the  water  gauge  and  gauge  cocks  are  there  for  their  guidance,  and  that 
you  expect  them  to  keep  the  water  at  least  within  the  prescribed  limits,  thus 
keeping  the  whistles  quiet,  and  that  their  failure  to  do  so  would  at  least  call  for 
an  explanation  ;  and  the  actual  fact  of  the  matter  is  that  personal  i)ride  on  the 
one  hand,  and  discipline  on  the  other,  causes  any  class  of  help  that  has  any  right 
to  be  tolerated  in  a  boiler  room,  or  to  have  a  place  of  responsibility,  to  watch  the 
water  closely  and  continuously,  and  thereby  to  carry  it  steadily  as  nearly  midway 
between  the  two  alarm  points  as  possible,  for  obvious  reasons. 

What  then  Is  the  true  value  of  the  safety  water  column  ?  We  will  not  men- 
tion the  uncertain  value  of  lives  lost  ;  the  average  loss  by  steam  boiler  explosion 
which  has  been  placed  at  53ooo,  nor  the  extreme  cases  where  the  loss  was  many 
times  greater,  as  for  instance  at  Shamokin,  I'a.,  where  twenty-seven  of  thirty-six 
boilers  exploded  on  October  iith,  1S94,  with  an  estimated  loss  of  $iocj,ooo,  but 
will  ignore  the  question  of  explosions  entirely. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  steady  water  resulting  from  the  use  of  these 
ap|)liances  increases  the  durability  of  the  boilers,  decreases  the  cost  of  maintenance, 
anil  reduces  the  fuel  account.  If  the  life  of  a  boiler  costing  $1000  is  thus  prolonged 
25  per  cent.,  the  safety  water  column  effects  a  saving  of  $250  for  its  purchaser  in 
this  way  alone,  and  if  it  saves  $15  per  year  in  re[)airs,  the  aggregate  in  twenty 
years,  from  this  source,  would  be  $300,  and  this  estimate  is  probably  not  high,  for 
repairs  to  leaky  tubes,  burned  crown  sheets,  etc.,  etc.,  are  never  inexpensive,  and 
they  are  ])ractically  unknown  where  safety  water  columns  are  used.  Add  to  this 
as  small  a  saving  as  you  wish,  or  say,  5  cents  per  day  for  fuel,  and  counting  three 
hundred  working  days  to  the  year,  you  have  another  saving  of  $15  per  annum, 
or  $300  more,  during  twenty  years,  the  period  selected  for  convenience  for  this 
estimate.  Here  is  a  saving  of  $850,  with  explosions  left  out  of  the  consideration, 
along  with  the  general  protection  to  life  and  projierty,  all  resulting  from  the  use 
of  an  appliance  which  costs  on  the  average  about  $20.  It  may  be  said  that  this 
estimate  is  extravagant.  Taken  as  an  aggregate  it  looks  so,  but  taken  item  by 
item  you  will  admit  that  it  seems  to  be  reasonable,  but  cut  it  in  two  and  divide  it 
by  ten  and  you  still  have  a  return  of  200  per  cent,  per  annum  on  the  investment. 
Divide  it  again  and  still  again  by  ten  and  you  still  have  left,  after  all  this  dividing, 
a  return  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum,  or  the  ecjuivalent  of  a  dividend  sufficient  to 
delight  any  financier.  Is  there  any  practical  difference  between  dividend  saved 
and  a  dividend  earned  ?  Make  enough  such  investments  as  this  and  the  divi- 
dends will  take  care  of  themselves.  I  believe  that  I  have  establi.shed  the  fact 
that  it  is  not  the  safety  water  column  but  getting  along  without  it  that  is 
expensive. 

All  these  remarks  are  made  with  special  reference  to  the  Reliance  Safety 
Water  Columns,  appliances  which  have  been  on  the  market  since  1884,  and 
which  are  in  general  use,  and  known  to  be  reliable,  for  it  is  obvious  that  the 
desired  results  cannot  be  secured  through  the  medium  of  an  unreliable  appliance. 


III 


■'  i, 


1  > 


ii 


43 


SAFETY    WA7T.R   CO/ J /Jf /ATS. 


Sp.ice  here  is  too  liiuitcd  and  too  valuable  to  justify  a  detailed  description  of  these 
columns,  but  it  is  in  order  to  say  that  their  success  is  due  laritjely  to  the  fact  that 
the  floats  are  reliable,  less  than  2  per  cent,  ever  either  fillinjf  with  water  or  collap- 
sing— and  even  these  beinjj  rc|)laced  free  of  charge,  no  matter  how  long  they 
may  have  been  in  use.  Without  reliable  floats  no  safety  water  column  can  be 
depended  upon  for  anything  except  trouble  and  exj)ense.  Hardly  less  potent  in 
securing  success  for  the  Reliance  Columns  is  the  sediment  chamber,  which 
obviates  trouble  from  sediment,  and  kje|)S  the  glass  and  gauge  cocks  clean,  a 
feature  possessed  by  no  other  safety  water  column,  which  is  pronounced  by  no  less 
authority  than  President  |.  M.  Allen,  of  the  Hartford  Steam  Holier  Inspection  and 
Insurance  Cf)mpany,  to  be  one  of  the  finest  ideas  ever  brought  to  his  notice  in 
connection  with  a  steam  apjiliance.  Other  ])oints  of  superiority  are  the  short 
and  direct  outlet  to  the  whistle  and  the  mechanical  construction  and  workmanshij). 
Everything  is  of  mechanical  proportions,  the  parts  all  l)eing  ecpially  and 
sufficiently  strong,  insuring  freedom  from  trouble  even  with  such  minor  details  as 
the  gaskets.  Some  idea  of  the  construction  of  these  columns  may  be  had  from 
the  fact  that  they  are  constructed  for  use  up  to  250  lbs.  pressure,  with  a  factor  of 
ten  for  safety. 

Any  information  desired  may  be  had  from 

The  R!;i.i.\N(  k  Cj.\i'(;k  Comi'ANV,  Sole  Manufacturers, 

No.  93  to  103  Kast  Prospect  street,  Cleveland,  O. 


i 


'!:[:<■ 


44 


on  of  these 
le  fact  tliat 
r  or  collap- 

lonyf  they 
inn  can  he 
s  |)otent  in 
ber,  which 
ks  clean,  a 
1  l)y  no  less 
jcction  ami 
is  notice  in 
i  the  short 
knianship. 
[iially  and 
r  details  as 
e  Iiad  from 

a  factor  of 


ers, 
land,  O. 


THE  JAMES  LEFFFX  WATER  WHEEL  AT  THE  FALLS. 

During  the  progress  of  tiie  work  on  tlu'  'I'lninel  Company  Hex  el()i)meiil  the 
Cliff  I'aper  Co.,  lessee  of  the  Xiajjara  hails  Hydraulic  i'ower  tS:  Manufacturinj; 
Co.,  contracted  for  two  of  the  I)owbK'  Discharge,  Horizontal  Shaft  Water 
Wheels,  s|)ecially  desiu;ned  and  e.xchisively  built  by  J.imes  I.effel  iS:  Co.,  of 
Sprinjrfield,  Ohio,  The  illustrati(Mi  herewith  shows  only  the  nnuKr  or  wheel 
proper  of  these  turbines.  The  runners  were  designed  of  6f)  inches  outride  diame- 
ter, that  a  re(piirc(l  speed  of  .2"25  ri'volutioiismi^ht  be  obtained,  which  was  si't 
forth  in  the  s|)e(ificati()ns  of  the  piiriii:i><rr  ""Jj^','  '•"^* 

The  central  jxirlion  <if  the  wheel  consists  of  a  hub  and  spokes  built  of  iion  ; 
and  the  circumference,  or  bucket  portion,  of  the  best  bronze.  The  yates  and 
portion  ot  the  ^Miide  casini;  are  made  of  steel,  .md  the  water  chami)er  surrouiulinij 
the  tjuide  casinj,'',  of  cast  and  steel  plate  iron. 

The  water  is  admitted  to  the  wluels  at  the  bottom  of  the  casiuju  throuj^h  a 
6-foot  pipe  entering  between  the  perpendicular  draft  tubes.  The  draft  tulles  extend 
from  the  centres  of  the  horizontal  shafts  to  the  tail  water,  a  distance  of  iMj^hteen 
feet. 

The.se  Leffel  wheels  were  built  upon  a  guarantee  to  use  not  more  than  a 
specified  ([uantitv  of  water  to  each  ton  of  wood  pul])  ground  ])<r  hour  ;  and  ui)on 
a  contint^ency,  that  if  the  first  wheel  put  in  o])eration  did  not  ])erform  in  every 
way  .satisfactorily,  the  second  wheel  would  not  be  required  or  taken.  Hoth  are  lon^ 
since  in  daily  |)ractical  o|)eration,  and  are  fulfilling  all  requirements  of  the  j^uaran- 
teed  service,  not  only  in  the  execution  of  the  work,  but  in  the  durability  of  their 
construction. 

Each  of  these  wheels  are  of  1 200  horse-power  nominal  capacity,  but  the  diame- 
ter and  style  of  wheel  is  capable  of  a  tarj.;reater  power  ;  they  beiiijn  limited  in  this 
instance  to  the  particular  powers  required  by   the  limited  number  of  grinders  of 

special  ca|)acity.  The  unusual  iliam- 
eter  of  wheels  being  necessary  for  the 
sjK'cific  speed  ;  recently  the  Power 
Com])any  iforemeiitioned  have  pur- 
chased and  jiut  in  operation  another 
James  I.etfel  Wheel  of  the  same 
design,  of  600  horse-])ower  ca])acity. 
I'our  pulp  grinders  are  driven  by 
direct  connection  t(>  each  wheel  shalt; 

^Ifff^fff  /^^^HB^~^?^^P*^^SB^  ^''^^^  grinders  being  located  upon  each 
'■jflw^^^^W^  .^^mBBS^SS^^  side  of  each  wheel,  while  other  ad- 
ditional machinery  is  driven  also,  but 
by  pulley  and  belt  connections.  The 
wheels  and  their  attachments  are 
illustrated  and  described  in  detail  in 
a  i)a])er  giving  a  full  description  of 
the  Cliff  Paper  Company's  Mill,  read 
attheannual  convention, June,  1895, 
of  the  American  Society  of  Civil 
j  Engineers,  by  Wallace  C.  Johnson, 
a  member  of  that  society. 

Three  pairs  of  Samson  Turbines, 
built  by  the  same  Water  Wheel  Com- 
pany, of  20  inches  diameter,  aggre- 
gating 1800  horse-power,  are  transmitting  their  power  at  the  Falls  of  Juanacitlan, 
Mexico,  a  distance  of  eighteen  miles,  thus  demonstrating  the  practicability  of 
long  transmissions  and  the  future  available  power  of  Niagara  Falls  by  that  means. 

Jamks  Leitkl  &  Co. 


Tin:  wiiKKi-  1'R()Pi;k. 


J5 


ELECTRICAL    ACCUiMULATORS. 

I  low  to  operate  economically  electric  plants  muler  extremely  HucliiatiiiK  tiemaiids  has 
l)ec()iue  a  (piestion  (jr;;reat  iniportaiice,  owinj;  to  the  enciriiious  increase  in  the  iiunihcrand 
maKnitnde  of  such  installations  for  hoth  li^jhlinj;  and  railway  work.  It  is  unnecessary  to 
demonstrate  the  IiIkIi  edicieiu  y  and  (•onse(|Ueiil  ecouonu  of  a  ^eneralin^  plant  workinjj 
under  a  constant  load  as  a^jainst  one  working;  under  a  varyinj;  load,  i'lie  prohlem  has  been 
how  to  convert  a  lliictuatinvrload  into  a  steady  one.  I'".lectrical  sl()raj;e  is  of  course  the  most 
feasihk'  way  of  accomiilishinK  the  desired  result  ;  heretofore  the  liijjh  lirst  cost  ami  the 
expensive  maintenance  have  hindered  the  application  of  storaj;e  batteries  for  this  purpose. 
I'ntil  (|uite  recently  the  first  cost  of  a  storage  batterx  installation  was  approximately  tiiree 
times  that  of  a  direct  >;eneratinsj;  jilatit,  including;  boilers,  eiijrine  ami  dynamo  ;  to-day,  owing 
to  the  decre.ise  m  the  cost  of  manufacture  resulting;  from  a  larger  demaiul  for  batteries, 
ti  ^etlier  with  a  more  perfect  battery  capable  of  (lischarjjing  at  hinii  rates  without  undue 
deterioration,  a  storaj;e  battery  pl.int  can  be  installed  (or  less  than  two-thirtis  the  cost  of  a 
direct  plant  of  the  most  modern  and  approved  type,  and  the  dejireciation  on  the  battery  will 


CHLORIDE   ACCUMCLATOH,    MAMKACTURED   IIY  TUK   ELECTRIC    STORAGE   BATTERY  CO.,    PHILADELPHIA.  PA. 


•i 


iii 


be  less  than  on  direct  apparatus.  Conse(iuent'y  in  stations  where  the  maximum  load  is 
more  than  double  the  average  load,  the  introduction  of  a  battery  connected  across  the  line 
in  multiple  with  the  generators  will  allow  of  discarding  between  forty  and  tifty  per  cent,  of 
the  generating  capacity,  and  enable  the  remaining  portion  to  be  operated  at  a  constant 
load,  and  consequently  at  maximum  efficiency.  Great  economy  can  be  shown  in  all  sta- 
tions, in  proportion  to  the  variation  in  load  ;  the  greater  the  variation  the  greater  the 
benefits  derived  from  the  application  of  a  battery.  The  battery  would  be  so  arranged  that 
it  would  charge  when  the  tiemand  for  jiower  on  the  line  is  less  than  the  output  on  the 
generators,  and  will  discharge  when  the  power  demanded  is  greater  than  the  generator 
output,  thus  automatically  transforming  a  variable  demand  into  a  constant  one.  Another 
advantage  gained  is  the  higher  efficiency  of  the  system  owing  to  an  approximately  constant 
voltage  on  the  line.  Not  the  least  of  the  advantages  to  be  derived  fron.  the  application  of 
a  storage  battery  is  the  great  reliability  resulting  from  its  use,  owing  to  its  ability  in  ca.e  of 
accident  to  the  generating  plant  to  take  up  for  sliort  periods  the  wliole  of  the  load. 

The  production  of  a  cheap,  efficient  and  durable  storage  battery  has  opened  a  new 
field  of  electrical  industry,  which  it  has  heretofore  been  impossible  to  enter,  owing  to  the 
limitation  of  direct  current  distribution,  which,  without  storage,  is  as  a  gas  works  would  be 
without  a  gas  holder. 

The  Iu.ectric  Storage  Hatterv  Co. 

Drexel  Building,  IMiiladelphia,  Pa. 
46 


i^^'M^ 


IS 

line 
of 
taiU 

sta- 

the 
that 

the 
ator 
ther 
tant 
n  of 
e  of 

lew 

the 

l)e 


^^m^-^     Corliss  Engines      ^^^gUM 

THE  EDWARD  P.  ALUS  COMPANY,. 


Milwaukee,  Wis. 


MANUPACTURIRS  OP 


(Reynolds  iSijo  Frame  Undine. I 


Hlowiiig  P'tifjines,  Hoistiiij^  Knjjines, 
I'uiiipiiig  Engines,  Air  Coinjjres- 
sors,  S' .ecial  IviiKines  for  ICk-clric 
Lighting,  Street  Railways  and 
Rolling  Mills,  Ore  Crushers,  Crnsli- 
ing  Rolls,  Stamp  Mills,  Concentra- 
tors, General  Mining,  Milling  and 
Smelting  Machinery. 


Some  of  our  Recent  Sales  for 
Electric  Street  Ry.  Purposes. 

3-1000  HP.,  Peoples  Traction  Co.,  Phila. 

2- 1 500  H. P. ,  I )etroit  Citizens  Ry . Co. ,  Detroit. 

1-500  H.P.,  Kl  Paso  Klec.  Ry.,  Col.  Springs. 

2-600  H.P.,  Portland  Ry.  Co.,  Portland,  Me. 

1-300  H.P., 

2-1000  H.P.,  Detroit  Rv.  Co.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

2-500  H.P., 

I  Pair  of  2000  H.P.  Union  Depot,  R.  R.,  St. 

Louis. 
1-400   H.  P.,    Kansas  City   Cable   Ry.    Co., 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 
6-300  H.P.,  Akron,  Bedford  and  Cleveland 

R.R.,  Cleveland. 
2-400  H.P.,  Orleans  Ry.  Co.,  New  Orleans. 
1-500  H.P.,  Atlantic  Coast  Ry.  Co.,  Asbury 

Park.  N.  J. 
i-iooo  H.P.,  Albany  Ry.  Co.,  Albany,  N.  Y. 
Besides  a  great  many  Engines  for  Factories, 
Breweries,  Tanneries,  etc.,  etc. 

BRANCH 

New  York  City,  Rodm  I  It  I,  Havemeyer  Bldg. 
Ohicaso,  III.,  Room  500,  Home  Ins.  BIda;* 
Mlnneapolla,  Minn. .Room  4  16,  Corn  Cxch. 
Denver,  Ool.,  1316  18th  Street. 


REYNOLDS-CORLISS  ENGINES. 

Reynolds  Patent  Vertical  Boilers. 


Reliance  Roller. 


OFFICES. 

San  Francisco,  Cal..  31  Main  Street. 
Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  Room  702,  Oer.  Nat.  Bk.  Bidg. 
Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  Deseret  Bank  Bldg. 
Kansas  Olty,  Armour  Bldg. 


Butte,  Mont.,  Room  7,  Lewia^hn  Bldg. 
E^Send  For  Our  Illustrated  Catalogue.*«» 

65 


} 


litt' 


I.  «i' 


:i> 


:»! 


m 


.#!' 


Iifn 


iilf^^^/^^'     Corliss  Engines      "'il^^ 


ROBT.  WETHERILL  &  CO.,  Chester,  pa. 

BUILDERS  OF  CORLISS  ENGINES. 

CONTRACTORS  FOR  STEAM-POWER  PLANTS  COMPLETE. 

66 


te?^^'-      Corliss  Engines      ^^^§ffl 

THE  HOOVEN,  OWENS  &  RENTSCHLER  CO, 

HAMILTON,  O. 

HAMILTON-CORLISS   ENGINES. 


ENaiSES  FOR  ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS.  ELECTRIC  LIGHTS  A^D  ROLLING  MILLS. 
ENGINES  OF  ALL  SIZES  AND  FOR  ALL  PURPOSES. 

46  S.  CANAL  STREET.  CHICAGO.  39  and  41  CORTLANDT  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

10-12  CARNEGIE  BUILDING,  PITTSBURGH,  PA.  ROOM  A,  LACLEDE  BUILDING,  ST.  LOUIS.  MO. 

C.  C.  MOORE  ft  CO.,  SAN  FRANCISCa 


u 


, 


THE  LANE  &  BODLEY  GO. 

BUILD    A    FULL    LINE    OF 

GORUSS  AUTOMATIC  ENGINES, 

Shafting,  Hangers  and  Pulleys, 


Of  standard  excellence.    Send  for  circulars. 

67 


IVI 


m-'' 


m 


Wi 


''ifi'U 


■m 


^^^^-^'^^     Corliss  Engines 


IMPROVED  PAYNE  CORLISS  ENGINE 

EeoBOBj  Equals  any  Corliss. 


The  nrrangeraent  ond  conntruction  of  the  valves  in  this  enfrlne  are  the  same  as  used  in  the  ordinary 
Corliss.  As  there  is  no  trippini;  Rear  the  dash-pots  are  dispensed  with,  and  the  valve  motion  greatly  simple 
fied.  The  eugine  can  therefore  run  at  the  nigh  rolttlve  speeds  necessary  to  olose  regulation.  Having 
independent  exhaust  valves,  the  eleartnoe  Is  reduced  to  a  minimum.  Hur  a  Riven  horse  power,  the  floor 
space  ticcupied  and  the  cost  of  foundation,  are  far  less  than  for  the  older  type  of  Corliss  engine. 

Advantages  ofTcred  by  this  form  of  engine :  PERFECT  REGUUTION,  SIMPLICITY  OF  CONSTRUCTION, 
SMOOTH  RUNNING,  DURABILITY,  ECONOMY.    ALSO    AUTOMATIC    AND    COMPOUND    ENGINES. 


B.  W.  PAYNE  *  SONS,  «— ^  -  -  -  ^ 


lew  York  Offloe,  41  Day  Straat 


BASS   FOUNDRY  ^"^  MACHINE  WORKS, 


SIMPLE,  CONDENSING  and  COMPOUND. 


Unsurpassed  in  Kxcellence  of  Workmanship 
and  rerforniauce. 


TUBULAR   BOILERS  AND  COMPLBTB   STBA.M    POWER  OUTFITS  for  Factory,  Electric  Light  and 
Railway  Service.       Send  for  illustrated  Catalogue. 

NEW  YORK  OFFICE:  3Mi  CORTUNOT  ST.     CHICIGO  OFFICE:  ROOM  707,  THE  ROOKERY 

68 


the  ordlnnry 
eatly  gimuli- 
lon.  IlavliiK 
f  er,  the  floor 

NSTRUCTION, 
ENGINES. 


ay  Street 


^ 


KS, 


'orkmaiiship 

H.F=, 
ro 
)     H.F>. 


1^ 


Ught  and 

t  ROOKERY 


mm^^.-^^     Corriss  Engines      ">ii!^;ot« 


BATES  M  ACHIME  CO.,  Jollet,  111. 

Exclusive  Manufacturers. 

Complete   Motive   Power   Plants 
Furnished. 

BO  lo  1600  HORSE-POWER. 

Wk  Oi'Akantkk  lliKhcst  I'A'oiioiiiy.    f 
ClDStst    KrKlllntioii,    I.rnst   Com-     '' 

1)licnte(l    Valve    <".tur,     <".riatrsl    * 
)iiral>ility.  'I 

Heavy    Fly-Wheels 

A  SPECIALTY. 


XT 

SAGimAW,    E.    S.,   MICH. 


Sc   CO. 


ENCINES. 


High  Pressure  and 

Compound  and  Condensing 

CORLISS   GEAR. 

Marine  and 
Stationary  Slide  Valves 


Bound 
Volume 


W. 


will  exchange  bound  volumes  in  cloth,  for  unbound  copies  ol 
Cas.sier's  Magazine,  if  in  good  condition,  for  75  cents  each. 

Bound  in  half  morocco,  $1.25  each.     Packages  cor  taining  magazines 

should  be  plainly  marked  with  address  of  sender. 

VOLUMES  END  WITH  APRIL  AND  OCTOBER  ISSUES. 


Vol.   VI,   May,   '9-1-Oct.,     '94. 

V,   Nov.,'03-AprU, '94. 

"     IV,  May,   'Oa-Oct.,     '0.3. 

••     III,  Nov.,  '02-Aprll,  '93. 

II,  May,  '92-Oct.,     '92. 

I,  Nov.,  '91- April,  '92. 


•t 

•  4 


e  Cloth. 

Half  Morocco. 

HalfShccp 

$2.00 

$2.75 

$2.00 

2.00 

2.75 

2.00 

2.00 

2.75 

2.7B 

2.00 

2.75 

2.75 

3.00 

8.75 

8.75 

None. 

10.00 
Very  scarce. 

None. 

BACK   NUMBERS  WANTED. 

We  will  pay  $1.00  each  for  copies  of  Nov.,  '91,  Dec,  '91  and  Jan.,  '92. 


THE  GASSIER  MAGAZINE  CO.,     World  Building,  N.  Y, 

69 


m  . 


The  Brown  Engine 


— ^    I  ■       »'^.    I  ■■    ^'•v— ^— ^v_ 


„~i^    _  I       -"i. 


The  Buckeye  Engines 


u? 


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IMI 


High=Speed  Engines  e^SiP^"" 

THG  iDnAL  nNomn. 

Direct  connectfd.    direct  belted,    simple  m  compound,    automhtic  self-oilinb. 


THK  IDEAL  KNCINE 
Direct-couuected  to  External  Armature  Multipolar  Dynamo,  with  sub-base  and  out-board  self-oiling  bearing 

A.  L.  IDE  &  SON,  Springfield,  III. 

ROBNTSi 
A.  L.  IDE  dc  SON,  308  Home  Iniursnce  Building,  Chicago.  MAOHINBRV  etIPPI.Y  CO., 
Loi  Angelea,  Cal.  W.  H.  POST  dc  CO.,  69  Home  Bank  IBalldlDg,  Detroit.  J.  H.  eiBORIST,  Jr.,  dc 
CO.,  13  Larlede  Building,  8t.  Louia,  Ho.  J.  tt.  R0BBRT60N,  Oermania  Life  Building,  Nt.  Paul, 
Minn.  M.  T.  MORRILL,  Golden,  Colo.  R.  M.  JONB8,  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah.  EN»LI8H  HVPPLY  dc 
B\OII«K  CO.,  Kanaas  City,  Mo.  HDNTBR  dc  B0080,  Dallaa,  Texaa.  HOU.STON  OBKEBAL 
BLBCTRir  CO.,  Houaton,  Texaa.  Send  for  Catalogue  of  Half  Tone  Illustrations  of  D.  C.  Engines  with 
different  type  dyuamos,  also  large  halftone  cut  suitable  for  framing,    mcntion  this  papsm. 

Economical  Results  in  Cuba. 

Havana,  Cuba,  May  i8th,  1895. 

The    Westinghouse    Machine 

Company,  Pittsburg,  Pa., 

U.  S.  A. 

Gentlemen  : — We  began  running 

the  large  ( 23  in.  and  40  in.  by  20  in. 

—600  H.  P. 


ffestinghottso  Compottni  Sngine 

and  the  250  K.  W.  Dynamo  last 
Monday.  Everything  went  off  all 
right  the  first  time  and  has  since 
been  running  perfectly,  making  a 
saving  of  over  4,000  lbs.  of  Coal  each 
nigbt,  over  and  above  what  we  were 
using  with  the engines. 

We  have  been  able  to  shut  down 
three  boilers,  and  do  not  have  to 
force  the  remaining  ones  at  all. 

The  whole  story  is  told  in  one 
word,  "Perfection." 

Yours  truly, 

SPANISH-AMERICAN  UGHT 
&  POWER  CO. 
(Signed )_F.  H.Thompson. 


7a 


iling  bearing 


PPIiV    CO., 
II8T,  Jr.,  <& 

ig,  at.  Paul, 
SUPPLY  <lc 
GKIVERAL 

ngines  with 


iSth,  1895. 

Machine 
tG,  Pa., 


in  running 
11.  by  20  in. 

i  Sngine 

namo  last 
■ent  off  all 

has  since 

making  a 
if  Coal  each 
at  we  were 

nes. 

hut  down 
It  have  to 

at  all. 

Id  in  one 


^  LIGHT 


IPSON. 


High=Speed  Engines^ 


HarrlBburK  Ideal  Engine,  Direct-Connected. 


From  25  to  400  Kilo-watts. 

for  Light  and  Railway  Strviof. 


Manufactured  bv 

HARRISBURG 


U.  S.  A 


AND    MACHINE    \A'Cjf\r\S, 

HARRISBURG,  PA. 


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cMfB^s<y}    High=Speed  Engines    U^iSM 


iyi-±ii2^ 


Mcintosh  and  seymour  engines. 


Slow,  Medium  and  High  Speeds.    Horizontal  and  Vertical. 

Engines  of  all  types,  from  30  to  3,000  Horse  Power,  of  highest  attainable  excellence  in 
service  rendered  and  economy  of  operation. 

DIRECT  COUPLED  ENGINES  AND  HEAVY  ENGINES 
FOR  ELECTRIC  RAILROAD  SERVICE  A  SPECIALTY. 

Mcintosh,  seymour   &   CO.,    Auburn,    N.  Y. 

PHENIX  IRON  WORKS  CO., 

MEADVILLE.    PA. 


"DICK  &  CHURCH  "  AUTOMATIC  CUT-OFF  ENGINES. 

Simple,  Compound  and  Triple  Expansion.    25  to  500  H.  P. 

16  Oourtlandt  St.,  New  York.  519  Tlie  Bookery,  Chloage. 

SEE    OUR    ADVERTISEMENT    OF    BOILERS. 

74 


0. 


High=Speed  Engines '^-'^l^j^M 


AMES  AUTOMATIC  ENGINES 

SIMPLE, 

TANDEM    COMPOUND, 
CROSS   COMPOUND. 


AMES   IRON   WORKS,  oswego,  n.  y. 

38  Cortlandt  Street,  New  York  City.        60  Oliver  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

18  South  Canal  Street,  Chicago,  III.  1026  Filbert  Street,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

THE  BALL  ENGINE 


UNEQUALLED  FOR 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING, 
ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS. 


1. 

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1 

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THE  BALL  ENGINE  CO.,  -  EBIE,  PA. 

Chicago   Office,   606   "The   Rookery." 


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75 


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High=Speed  Engines 


SOUTHWARK  FOUNDRY  AND  MACHINE  CO. 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA. 

SOLE    MAKERS    OF 

THE  PORTER-ALLEN  AUTOMATIC  ENGINE. 

•  IMPLK,  COMPOUND  OR  TIIIPLK  KXPANSION. 


We  guarantee  the  most  refined  economy,  closest  regulation  and  greatest  durability. 
These  qualities  have  made  the  Porter-Allen  a  favorite  wherever  used. 

We  can  refer  to  many  examples  where  our  engines  are  in  use  driving  electric  gen-- 
erators  both  direct  connected  and  belted.     Careful  tests  have  been  made  showing  the 
highest  economy. 

Estimates  for  power  plants  cheerfully  given. 

We  are  also  Builders  of 
BLOWING  ENGINES,  REVERSING  ENGINES,  CENTRIFUGAL   PUMPS. 

BOILERS.  TANKS,  Etc. 

ST.  LOUIS,  Laclede  BuildinK.  CHICAaO,  The  Rookery.  CINCINNATI.  Perin  BulldlnK. 

STEARNS  MANUFACTURING  CO. 


THE  IMPROVED  WOODBURY  flUTOMIITIG  HI6H  SPEED  ENGINE 

FOR   DIRECT  AND   BELT   CONNECTION. 

As  between  no  load  and  full  load  an  instantaneous  change 
of  speed  of  less  than  one  per  cent,  is  guaranteed. 

Write  for  description  of   the  new    Shepherd    Governor.     The    perfection  of   simplicity. 
No  lost  motion  after  long  service.     Close  regulation.     No  oil  to  fly. 

We  build  governors  for  other  engines  that  are  not  regulating 

satisfactorily. 

ADDRESS-ERIE,    PENN., 

OR 

"^ijRHORN  Ot  GRANGER,  136  Liberty  Street,  New  York. 
A.  a.  RIDDELL,  81  Forrest  Bidg.,  Phlla. 

KELLOGG  &  WITHERBEE,41  Federal  Street,  Boston. 
W.  J.  CREELMAN,  818  Granite  Bidg.,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
GEO.  CAYWOOD,  1120  The  Rookery,  Chicago. 

THE  W.  T.  SPRAGUE  CO.,  Lumber  Exchange,  Minneapolis,  Minn. 
JOHN  D.  ELY,  29  and  31  Spear  Street,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 

7« 


E  CO. 


^E, 


durability, 

;ctric  gen-- 
>wing   the 


IMPS. 
a  Building. 


). 


ENGINE 

hange 

mplicity. 

listing 


Minn. 


■H^J^  High=Speed  Engines  ^^^ 


WILLANS'  PATENT 
HIGH  SPEED 


For  Electric  Llehting, 
Mill  Driving 
Purposes. 


Cver:   95,000     H.    P.    In    use 
or  on   Order. 


Economy  of  Steam,  Space. 
Oil  and  Attendance  Surpass' 
ing     that  of    the   Highest  Class  of 
Slow-running    Engines. 


M.C.Bullock  MFG.Co.,'rsn^ 


T"^  BROWNELL 

DAYTON,    OHIO, 


AUTOMATIC  AND  THROTTLING 
ENGINES, 

BOILERS     °^  ^^^"^ 
W  I  b  B  n  O       DESCRIPTION, 

STAND  PIPES,  TANKS, 

AND  General  Sheet  Iron  Work. 


DO  YOU  USE  WATER? 

Do  you  want  it  only  when  the  wind  blows  just  right  ?  Do 
you  want  to  buy  new  pumping^  apparatus  after  a  stifif 
windstorm?  If  you  do,  a  windmill  is  wliat  you  want.  But 
if  you  like  to  know  that  you  have,  or  can  have,  an  abundant 
supply  at  all  times,  without  waiting  for  the  wind  to  blow,  or 
fearing  its  blowing  too  hard,  write  us  for  Catalogue  "C  "  of 
Improved  Rider  and  Kricsson  Hot-Air  Pumping  Engines. 

Present  users  of  our  Engines  are  invited  to  send  for  Directions 
for  Running  "  up  to  date ^"  free. 


RIDER   ENGINE  CO. 


86  LAKE  STREET,  CHICA60. 


37  DEY  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

77 


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MB^MSW'^  Engines,   j^^^^^t^^ 


THE    DAYTON 

GAS  AND  GASOLINE  ENGINE 


Can  be  changed  from  gas  to  gasoline 
without  stopping  the  Engine. 

TQeDaytoiiGas  Engine  awiiiiro.  Go. 

DAYTON,   O. 


CSTABLISHCO  10TO.         INCOHPORATCD  1893. 

CDir  ENGINE 

liiIlworks 

(CLEVELAND  &  HARDWICK.) 

ERIE,PA. 

Manuftetartrt  of 

STEAM  ENGINES 

AND  BOILERS. 


ACME  AUTOMATIC  EN6INE 

WITH    PATENT    NON-EXPLOSIVE    BOILER. 


sizes  1  to  4  H.  P.  Fuel,  Kerosene  CCoal)  Oil  11(1"  to  120"  fire 
test.  No  dust,  ashes  or  smoke.  No  skilled  engineer  reqnired. 
"  Brake  "  Tests  show  that  3%  gallons  of  fncl  will  deliver  a  full 
H.  P.  on  belt  for  ten  hours  in  the  case  of  our  1  H.  P.  Engine 
and  Boiler.    No  extra  charge  for  insurance. 

MANUKACTUKEl)     BY 

ROCHESTER  MACHINE  TOOL  WORKS, 

ROCHESTER,  N.  Y. 


The  Star,  Wilson,  N.Y.,  an  8-page  paper,  is  printed  ou  Cylinder 
Press,  while  "  Jobl>er  "  is  running. 

The  Tribune,  Medina,  N.  Y,,  has  been  using  a  8  H.  P.  "Acme," 
for  40  mouths,  driving  Cylinder  Press  and  three  Jobbers,  and  has 
not  cost  one  cent  for  repairs. 

The  Berlin  Courant,  Berlin,  Wis.,  ruus  Potter  Cylinder  and 
Peerless  Jobber  with  a  1  H.  P.  "  Acme,"  and  the  exhaust  steam 
heats  the  office. 

The  Florence  Times,  Florence.  S.C,  a  l*i-page  paper,  is  printed  on  a  new  Scott  Cylinder  Press  at  the  rate  of 
1600  per  hour,  with  aS  H.  P.  "Acme  "  and  Boiler,  on  a  fuel  consumption  oi  six  gallons  of  oil  for  10  hours'  work. 

Beloit  Weekly  CiVii^n,  Beloit,  Wis.,  runs  two  large  Cylinder  Presses  with  a  SH.  P.  "Acme,"  and  have 
power  to  spare. 

Send  for  Catalogue  with  Complete  List  of  Testimonials. 

78 


^1 


'A^SJIER'S), 


/ix. 


>M^^'^^& 


^0^^ 


Engines. 


RACINE  AUTOMATIC  ENGINES 


Vertical  and  Horizontal 

FOR    ELECTRIC    LIGHT    AND 
GENERAL  PURPOSES 

From  1  to  100  HP  Carried  In  Stock. 

Ktigiiies  and  I'orciipiiie  Iloilers  from  i  to  i>  HI', 
luoiiiited  on  one  base  aud  filled  with  Feed  Water 
Heater,  Pump,  Water  Regulator,  Oil  Burner, 
I'iltiuKS,  etc.,  making  a  complete,  SMALL 
POWER  PLAINT.  Doiler  fitted  with  combina- 
tion grate  for  Imrning  coal  and  wood  in  connec- 
tion wilh  it. 


RACINE  HARDWARE  CO. 


W.  F.  FABISH,  General  Sales  Manager. 
Works;   Racine,  Wis. 


UAEQUETTE  BUXLSINO, 
CHICAGO,  ILLS.,  U.  S.  A. 


I 
( 'I' 


I  Cylinder 


GREENFIELD 


E3tal)lisheoL  1874^ 


Steam  Engine  Works 


COR.    FIFTH    AND   CROSS  STS.. 

EAST    NEWARK,    N.    J. 

W.  0.  &  0.  GREENFIELD,  Engineers  and  Machinists. 


Manufacturers  of- 


Greenfield  Stationary  Engine. 
"      Yacht  Engine. 
"      VariableCut-offEngines. 
"     Steam  Pumps. 


Horizontal  and  Vertical  Boilers  for  Stationary  and  Marine  Purposes, 
Shafting,  Pulleys,  Hangers,  etc, 

ADAMS'S  PAT'D  GRATEBAR.    BEST  IN  USE. 


79 


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'^di^ERts:;;'     Sturtevant  Engines     jto5iA^a 


Catalogue   No.  81 

shows  application  for 

Electric  Work, 

Direct  Connected, 

Etc. 


IFSTl/RTEVANTCOj 


SINGLE,   DOUBLE, 
VERTICAL,    HORIZONTAL, 
SIMPLE  AND  COMPOUND. 


OVER 

5000 

SOLD. 


RTEVy^T} 


(riBFSWRTEVANTCOl 


STORES: 
BOSTON.  NEW  YORK. 

PHILADELPHIA.  CHICAGO. 

LONDON, ENGLAND. 


80 


r^^'g-J-^i^C^'-  "-'  '.J...V.-->.:J«*t  : 


casSerSs:)?^     Sturtevant  Blowers    i}(Afi^^mm 


Catalogues 
Issued 

describing 
Application. 


SIv'RTEVANTCO 


"    ! 


1 1;  ■ 


■  i 


OVER 
I  00,000 
SOLD. 


ALL  SIZES  and   STYLES 

for  Every  DUTY  a 

BLOWER   OR    EXHAUSTER 

can  be  used. 


{5T\/RTEVANT> 
KBLOWEgi/ 


BF  STURTEVANT  col 


STORES: 

BOSTON.  NEW   YORK. 

PHILADELPHIA.    CHiCACO. 

LONDON,  ENGLAND. 

8i 


Ik 


:^        \ 


1^^^0rj^,^"    Blowers    j*|gpi|g 


STANDARD    IMPELLER. 

Beit  adapted  to  nil  kindsof  smeltiiiK  purposes, 
furci'<l  drau);ht  or  suction. 


TRUE    CIRCLE    IMPELLER. 


Ilest  adapted  to  higli   pressures,  pneumatic 
tubes,  etc. 


MECHANICAL    CONSTRUCTION    UNEQUALED. 

TOP,  BOTTOM  OR  SIDE  DISCHARGE. 

P.  H.  ^  F.  M.  ROOTS  CO. 


Chicago  Office,  1405*10  IVIanhattan  Building. 


Home  Office,  Connersville,  Ind. 


S.  S.  TOWNSENO,  Gen.  Agent, 
COOKE  St  CO.,  Selling  Age 


®"  '  I       J  63-5  Washington  St.,  New  York, 
nts,  ) 

FRASER  &.  CHALMERS,  Special  Agents,  Chicago. 


/ND. 
PRE55URE 

BLDWER5 


FOR  ANY  PURPOSE  REQUIRING'AIR  DR  CA5  TO  BE  HANDLES 

UNDER  PRESSURE 


^  GUARANTEED    TD  EXCEL  IN  DESIGN  -  - 
CDN5TRUCTIDN-DPERATIDN  (^EFFICIENCY. 


82 


ELLER. 

8,  pneumatic 

ALED. 


>. 


sviile,  Ind. 


trk. 


R5 

40LEDJ 

N-  - 
:NCY. 


i^Jvj; Air  Compressors 


.r' 


THE  COMPRESSORS 

MANUl-"ACTURi;i)  HY 

The  Norwalk  Iron  Works  Co. 

SOUTH  NORWALK,  CONN., 

received  the  most  fiivorable  Cdiisideralioii  from  the  very  distinj^uished  enj^iiieers  of  ICurojie 
and  America,  composinjj  the  Iiiteniational  Commission  for  the  consideration  of  ])rojects 
for  the  development  of  the  ])o\ver  of  Niaj^ara  Falls,  and  were  awardi'd  a  prize  and  |)reniinm 
of  one  thonsand  dollars.  These  machines  also  received  the  highest  award  at  the  Worlds 
Columbian  Flxposition. 

They  are  used  by  the  most  critical  buyers  and  arc  approved  by  the  most  eininunt  engi- 
neers. The  machines  are  made  in  great  varietj-,  for  steam,  water,  electrical  ami  other 
])owers.  A  few  prominent  users  are,  for  manufacturing,  ])neumatic  riveting  ;ind  hoistim;, 
Illinois  Steel  Co.,  I'ctina.  Steel  Co.,  New  Jersey  Steel  and  Iron  Co.,  I'encoyd  Iron  Works, 
Cofrode  <t  vSaylor,  Rhode  Island  Locomotive  Works,  Pittsburg  Locomotive  Works,  Hoston 
liridge  Works,  Herlin  Iron  Bridge  Co.,  William  Sellers  iS:  Co.,  William  Deering  it  Co. , 
McCormick  Harvesting  ^lachine  Co. ;  for  o])erating  switches  and  signals,  I'enna.  R.R.  Co., 
Central  R.R.  of  N.  J.,  N.  Y.  C.  vS:  II.  R.R.R.,  C.  15.  &  Q.  R.R.,  C.  .S:  W.  I.  R.R.;  for  com- 
pressing illuminating  gas,  the  I'enna.  R.R.,  the  I'hila.  &  Reading  R.R.,  Lebanon  Gas  Co., 
Danbury  Gas  &  F'lectric  Light  Co.;  for  natural  gas.  The  Indiana  Natural  tias  6o  Oil  Co.,  forc- 
ing Ii6  miles  ;  Central  Contract  &  Finance  Co.,  50  miles  ;  Lal'ayetleGasCo.,  36  miles  ;  also  at 
Van  Wert,  I'rbana,  ''MfTin,  Toledo  and  Kenton,  Ohio  ;  Ihidalo  aiul  Bolivar,  N.  Y.;  for  opera- 
ting ordnance.  The  U.  S.  Proving  Stations  at  vSandy  Hook  and  Annapolis;  for  throwing 
torpedoes,  the  U.  vS.  S.  Vesuvius  and  Terror,  using  2,5(X)  lbs.  jircssure.  ;  for  li(|nefying 
cart)onic  acid  gas.  The  Carbon  Di-oxide  &  ISIagnesia  Co.,  Phila.,  Dr.  V.  Y.  Clark,  Harvey 
&  Wilcox  and  Wm.  L.  Norton,  Saratoga,  N.  Y. ;  for  compressing  oxygen  gas  to  2,000  lbs., 
S.  S.  White  Dental  Mfg.  Co.;  for  hydrogen  gas  to  2,500  lbs.  pressure,  the  U.  vS.  Signal 
Service  Dpt.,  Colorado  ;  and  for  mining  gold,  silver,  iron,  lead,  tin,  copi)er,  salt,  asbestos, 
cement,  coal,  etc.,  hundreds  of  mines  throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Circu- 
lars sent  on  application. 

83 


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w^^imM 


SM^it'^^Z^S:^ 


iS^y^    Air  Pumps 


Have  you  tried  the. 


No.  3  and  No.  4 

DUPLEX  AIR  PUMPS 


MADB   BY  THB 


NEW  YORK  AIR  BRAKE  CO.? 


EFFICIENT. 


DURABLE. 


LOW   PRICED. 


THESE  PUMPS  are  capable  of  delivering  air  at  a  higher  pressure  than  the  steam 
pressure  used  to  run  them  with,  and  are  designed  for  efiQcient  service  in  shops  or 
other  places  where  the  steam  pressure  is  low,  and  a  moderate  quantity  of  air  is 
needed.  They  require  practically  no  floor  room,  ^^an  be  set  up  anywhere  against  a  wall, 
and  are  particularly  adapted  for  Pneumatic  Hoists,  Pneumatic  Tools,  Lard  Refineries, 
Breweries,  Automatic  Dry  Pipe  Sprinkler  Systems,  and  many  other  purposes  in  Manu- 
facturing Plants,  Railway  Shops,  etc.    Prices  and  capacities  as  follows : 

No.  3,  Price,  $l<b3. 

With  6o  pounds  steam  pressure  this  Pump  will  dtliver  80  pounds  air  pressure  at  a 
maximum  rate  of  4  cubic  feet  per  minute,  or  such  an  air  pressure  can  be  maintained 
against  an  opening  3/16  inch  diameter.  With  steam  at  70  pounds  it  will  deliver  air  at  100 
pounds  pressure. 

No.  4,  Price,  $100. 

This  Pump  is  smaller  than  the  No.  3,  and  has  one-half  to  two-thirds  the  latter's  capacity. 
With  steam  at  50  pounds  it  will  deliver  65  pounds  air  pressure  at  a  maximum  rate  of  1.8 
cubic  feet  per  minute ;  or,  if  the  steam  is  raised  to  60  pounds,  at  the  rate  of  3  cubic  feet 
per  minute. 

OUR  GITALOGUE  GIVES  FULL  INFORMATION.    SHALL  WE  SEND  YOU  ONE? 


THE  NEW  YORK  AIR  BRAKE  CO. 

66  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 

Manufacturers  of  Complate  Air   Brake   Equipment  for  all    kinds  of  Engines  and 

Cars,  Vacuum    Brakes,  etc. 

84 


^^j^-SteamPumps^^^^l 


PS 


SAVE     YOUR     CONDENSATION 

BY  USING  THS  «- 


HARSH    STEAM    PUMP 


ATTACHED  DIRECT  TO  RETURN  PIPES  FROM 

Heating  Systems  of  Buildings,  Dry  Kilns,  Paper  Mill 
Dryers,  Mangles,  Steam  Jackets  of  Engines  or 
Kettles,  Clarifiers,  Evaporators,  Multiple  Effects 
or  Vacuum  Pans,  'without  the  use  of  Traps, 
Receiving  Tank,  Float  or  Balanced  Steam 
Throttle  Valve. 

ABSOLUTE  ACTUATION  AND  REGULATION. 


CANNOT  RUN  AWAY. 


ALL  METAL  EASY  SEATING  WATER  VALVES      .      . 
FRICTIONLESS  METALLIC  WATER  PISTON  PACKING 

SEND  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOaUE. 

MANUFACTURED    BY 

BgniE  CHEEK  STEl  POPIP  CO.,  Battle  M,  IHJCH. 

THE  LAIDLAW-DUNUr-GORDOir  CO. 

General  Offices :  Southeast  Corner  Pearl  and  Plum  Sts.,  Cincinnati. 

Kactorles:    Tweedvale,    Hamilton    Co.      Ohio,    U.  S.  A. 


BUILDERS    OP 


Steam  Fumping  Machinery 

FOR    -A-iq-Sr    SERVICE. 

BOILER  FEED  PUMPS.       FIRE  PUMPS.       ELEVATOR  PUMPS. 
Water  Works  and  Sewerage  Machinery. 

CORRESPONDENCE    SOLICITED. 

Branch  Offices: 


New  York,  136  Liberty  Street. 
Pliiladelphia,  45  North  Seventh  St. 
Chicago,  68  &  70  South  Canal  St. 
Cleveland,  O.,  30  South  Water  St. 
Pittsburgh,  410  Lewis  Block. 
London,  England, 

Hay  ward,  Tyler  &  Co. 


85 


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Cameron  Steam  Pump, 

SIMPLE, 
COMPACT, 
DURABLE, 
EFFICIENT. 


NO   OUTSIDE 
VALVE  GEAR. 


FOR  CATALOCUE,  ADDRESS 

THE  A.  S.  CAMERON  STEAM  PUMP  WORKS. 

FOOT  OF  EAST  23d  STREET.    NEW  YORK. 


PUMPS 


FOR  EVERY 
SERVICE 


OHIO, 


.      LIST 

ON     APPLI  CftTION 


Agts. :  J,  W  Parker  &  Co.,  Philadelphia,  Pa.  ;  New  Orleans  Ry.  &  Mill  Supply  Co.,  New  Orleans.  I,a. 
Brnnrh  Hoiiiie,  142.1  E.  ^Iniii  8treet,  Rioliinond,  Va. 


PUMPINS  MACHINERY 
FOR  ALL  PURPOSES.! 


86 


^^'~  ^ >  -n"*^ 


Siii|g|\^g|r Steam  Pumps 


The  SMITH.VAILE  STFflM  PUMPS 

FOR  EVERY  POSSIBLE  DUTY. 

The  only  Pumps  with   Patented    Removable  Water 
Cylinders  and  Adjustable  Water  Pistons. 

LESS  WATER  SLIPPAGE  THAN  IN  ANY  OTHER  DUPLEX  PUMP 

SEND  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE. 


MANUFACTURED    BY 


The  StUwell-Biera  &  Smith-Vaile  Co. 

DAYTON,    OHIO. 

NEW  YORK,  110  Liberty  Street.  CHICAGO,  63  S.  Canal  Street. 


SEND  FOR  catalogue:  •  • 


'  ^Li-L^^ISMaiiSt^ufti.^ 


PULSOMETER  STEAM  PUMP  CO.  SOLE  OWNERS-NEW  YORK 

(COPYRIGHTED    1891 J 


Establislieil  in  nalihviiisvillc,  N.  Y.,  iSfii. 


Keinovcd  to  Svr.icusi-,  N.  Y.,  iSSi. 


The  Baldwinsville 


Centrifugal  Pump 

Oldest,  Best  and  Latest  Improved. 

Kspicially  adapted  for  Contractors'  Use,  r\i:ni)iiig 
CoflfLr-dams,  Sfwers,  Sand  I'liiupiuj;,  etc. 

IRRIQATINQ   PLANTS  A  SPECIALTY. 
Address  for  Catalogue, 

IRVIN  VAN  WIE, 

330  to  2j6  West  Street,  SYRACIJSK,  N.  Y. 


87 


■l^li 


iv^-rr*'    '^, . 


fc^p-^  Refrigerating  Machinesj!pl?|p(fc 


JI'iU 


'  I'- 


354  to  358  N.  PBLSTED  ST., 
,j         CmCIIGO,  ILL. 

Engineers,  Founders  and  Machinists. 

MANUFACTURERS   OF 

Dredging,  Pile  Driving,  Excavating  and  Derrick  Machinery. 

The  Nasmith  Steam  Pile 
Driving  Hammer,  Drop  Ham- 
mers, Leader  Irons,  Nippers 
and  Toggle  Irons;  Steel  Cast- 
ings, Dipper  Handle  Racks, 


Spud  Racks,  and  all  sizes  of 
Chain  and  Rope  Sheaves. 

Ice  Making  and  Refrigerating  Machinery,  Corliss  Engines, 

AMMONIA   VALVES   AND    T^ITTINQS. 

Successors  to  THE  CONSOLIDATED  ICE  MACHINE.  COMPANY,  Chicago,  Ml. 

Our  line  of  patterns  includes 
all  of  the  patterns  for  the  Boyle 
and  the  Consolidated  Ice  Machine 
Co.'s  Single  Acting  Ammonia  Com- 
pressors, with  both  Slide  Valve 
and  Corliss  Engines,  the  latter  of 
both  Vertical  and  Horizontal  pat- 
tern; also  the  latest  Improved 
Featherstone,  Double  Acting,  Hori- 
zontal Ammonia  Compressors,  with 
Corliss  Engines,  built  on  Improved 
Tangee  Frames;  the  heaviest  and 
strongest  machine  in  the  market 
of  double  acting  pattern. 

We  manufacture  and  carry  in  stock  a  complete  line  of  Ammonia  Valves  and 
Fittings  of  every  description  and  of  the  latest  and  most  improved  patterns  and  designs 
and  are  prepared  to  execute  all  orders  promptly.  Small  machines,  with  or  without  power, 
for  Refrigerating  Dairies  and  other  small  Cold  Storage  Rooms. 

CATALOaUES  AND  ESTIMATES  FURNISHED  ON  APPLICATION. 

KREISS  &  STUPP,    READING,   PA.,  General  Eastern  Sales  Agents. 


88 


FOOT  EAST  138th  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

BUILDERS  OF 

Refrigerating 

AND 

Ice  Machines. 


CAPITAL,    $2,000,000.00 


450  Machines 

Now  in  Successful  Operation. 


Capacity  of  these  machines  combined  represent  over  25,000  TONS  of  Ice  melted 
every  24  hours.  Among  them  the  largest  ever  built,  one  of  500  Tons,  and  three  of  300 
Tons.  Used  iu  Breweries,  Abattoirs,  Cold  Storage  Houses,  Markets,  Hotels,  Chemical 
Factories,  etc.    The  most  successful  system  for  Ice  Factories. 

WRITE  FOR   PAMPHLETS  AND   LIST  OF  CUSTOMERS. 


Harrisburg  Pipe  Bending  Co., 

Limited, 

Harrisburg,    Pa., 

Manufacturers  of 

Pipe  Coils^of  every  description. 


Anhydrous  Ammonia   Flaslts  and   Carbonic  Acid  Gas  Cylinders 

of  liighest  grade. 

All  coils  and  cylinders  thoroughly  tested  to  required  pressures. 
Galvanized  Iron  ice  Cans,  all  sizes. 


S9 


^l^^fSI  Water  Wheels      ^ ;  {i^^^m 


;i  h1 


U 


i""LIUIwl     IIM     "A  R  Y  O        aplly  (Inscribes  the  above  engrav- 
ing.    Set  down  in   plain   Knglish   it  illustrates  the   following  tremendous   facts : 

NINETY-FIVE  FEET  HEAD  OF  WATER 

Acting  on  four  of  our  30  inch  Turbines  of  reduced  discharge,  mounted 
horizontally,  resulting  in 

EIGHT    HUNDRED    HORSE    POWER. 

The  practical  results  are 

Electric  Light  for  the  City  of  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 
Motive  Power  for  Ithaca  Street  Railway  Co. 

DICSIGNKD  AND   ERKCTKD  IIY 

THE   DAYTON   GLOBE   IRON   WORKS  CO.,    DAYTON,   0. 

See  article  in  April  number  this  magazine, 
go 


^Wi 


IPi^S^     Victor  Turbines     '^^-ifcfi^fiSM 


STILWELL-BIERCE  &  SMITH-VAILE  CO., 

DAYTON,   OHIO. 

MANUFACTURERS,  ENGINEERS  AND  CONTRACTORS 
FOR  CONSTRUCTION  OF  COMPLETE 

Water  Power  Plants, 

USING  VICTOR  TURBINES. 

Cut  of  5,000  HORSE  POWER  PLANT  now  in  process  of  erection. 


0. 


Tlie  above  cut  shows  llie  5,000  lioisc  power  plant  now  l)eiiig  iiislalled  l)y  lis  at  I'elzir,  S.  C,  tlic  entire 
power  being  electricallv  delivered  in  the  new  Pelzer  Cotton  Mill  now  being  erected.  The  generators  are 
direct,  connected  to  VICTOR  TURBINES. 

WE  HAVE  ERECTED  MANY  OF  THE  BEST  PLANTS  IN  AMERICA, 

AND  OUR  ENGINEERS  ARE  OF  RECOGN  ZED  ABILITY. 

CONTRACTS  FOR  ENTIRE  POWER  EQUIPMENT  TAKEN. 
ALL  WORK  GUARANTEED. 


NEW  YORK  : 

1 1 2  Liberty  St. 


CHICAGO: 

63  So.  Canal  St. 


ATLANTA,  GA.: 

21  So.  Forsyth  St. 

91 


LONDON: 

97  Queen  Victoria  St. 


i 


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1   1 


"•'-^^V'f 


Water  Wheels. 


BULK    HEAD 

GATE 

HOISTINGS. 

.  If 

^  W 

^'"--Ix^           .   , 

^HJl^^B^jfl^Hj^^SHK'^^^'^'T'^ 

■■■ 

^^^^-^v'*-;.;^ 

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J^-^      '—                      ^ 

BUILT  BY  CHASE   TURBINE    MFC.   CO.,   ORANGE,    MASS. 

DESIGNED  BY  SHEDD  A  SARLE,  WORCESTER,  MASS. 
In  use  by  Pelepscot  Paper  Co.,  Brunswick,  Me.  Bridge  Mill  Power  Co.,  Pawtucket,  R.  I. 

WRITE    FOR    ESTIMATES. 


.i^^ 


The  only  governor 
that  has  proved  suc- 
cessful where  water- 
wheel  regulation  Is 
expected  to  come  up 
to  good  steam  engine 
practice. 


LOMBARD  WATER-WHEEL  GOVERNOR  CO., 

6i  HAHPSHIRE  ST.  (Roxbury  District),  BOSTON,  MASS. 

When  writing  for  proposals  send  full  engineering  details  of  water-wheel  plant,  with  blue 

prints  if  possible. 

92 


1»s^|rM     Cassier's  Magazine     fe'iSSii^ 


WHAT  SOME  ADVERTISERS  SAY. 


LANE  &  BODLEY  CO. 
Tlie  finest  engineering  publica- 
tion  that    ever  came   under  our 
notice. 


STAR   BRASS  MFG.  CO. 
Your     -naKaziue    is    tlie    finest 
eiigineeriuif    piil>licatiou    in    this 
country. 

80UTHWALK  FOUNDRY 
MACHINE  CO. 
The   character   of   the    papers 
commend  it  lo  the  highest  praise. 

MICHIGAN  LUBRICATOR  CO. 
As  .-in   advertising  medium  we 
consider  it  invaluable. 


BUCKEYE  ENGINE  CO. 
We  consider  it  very  artistic  ami 
full  of  excellent  matter. 

THOMPSON  A.  BUSHNELL. 
We  think  ajjreat  deal  of  it,  both 
as  an  iidvertising  medium  and  its 
general  line  appearance. 

THE  FISHER  GOVERNOR  CO. 
The  articles  are    practical   and 
the  illustrations  unexcelled.   Ivven 
the  advertisements    are    good   to 
look  over  a  second  time. 


SCHLEICHER,  SCHUMM  &  CO. 
Have  ahvavs  admired  its  push 
and  general  excellence. 


THE  E.  P.  ALLIS  CO. 
We  consider  y(nir  magazine  very 
beautiful     iiidee<l.    and    think    it 
reflects  great  credit  to  all  inter- 
ested in  its  preparation. 


JOHN  T.  NOYE  MFG.  CO. 
Hull  of  valuable  information. 
We  congratulate  yon  on  the 
success  of  your  magazine  in 
accomplishing  the  purpose  for 
which  it  was  intended. 


PHOENIX  IRON  WORKS. 
Are  glad  to  have  our  advertise- 
ment continued  in  a  periodical  ol 
such  high  class. 


I.:  il 


,    1 


STEWART  HEATER  CO. 
We  believe  it  to  be  the  best  of  Us 
kind  issued. 

DEANE  STEAM  PUMP  CO. 
As  liaiulsome  a  gotten  up  maga- 
zine as  we  have  ever  seen. 


O.  S.  KELLY  CO. 
No    publication    is    more   wet- 
comely  received  in  our  office. 


JENKINS  BROS. 
Without  question  the  best  engi- 
neering publicatiou  that  has  come 
to  our  notice. 


GRAVES  ELEVATOR  CO. 
^ye  are  pleased  to  add  a  word  ot 
praise  for  Gassier' s  Magazine  as  a 
mechanical  and  scientific  work. 


JOHN  WALKER,  Walker  Mfq.  Co. 
I  consider  it  the  finest  specimen 
of  engineering   publication   ever 
issued. 


BATTLE  CREEK  MACHINERY  CO. 
We  consider  the  magazine  the 
highest  toned  steam    publication 
we  know  of. 


THE  INQERSOLL  MILLING 
MACHINE  CO. 
The  magazine  is  a  most  attrac- 
tive one. 

BATES  MACHINE  CO. 
Piuest  engineering  publication 
we  ever  saw. 


WESTON  ENGINE  CO. 
We  consider  it  a  masterpiece  as 
a  specimen  of  journalism  in  engi- 
neering. 

THE  DEANE  STEAM  PUMP  CO. 
It  is  as  handsom'.;  a  gotten  up 
magazine  as  we  have  ever  seen. 


A.  S.  CAMERON  STEAM 
PUMP  WORKS. 
Very  fine  as  regards  press  work 
and  appearance,  and  has  articles 
from  the  highest  authority. 


THE  LAIDLAW-DUNN-GORDON  CO. 
Its  printing  and  articles  are  all 
that  could   be    desired.      We  are 
much  pleased  with  it. 


THE  BATTLE  CREEK 
MACHINERY  CO. 
We  consider  the  magazine  the 
highest  toned  steam  publicatiou 
we  know  of. 


ENTERPRISE  BOILER  CO. 
The    finest     publicatiou    of   its 
kind  wc  have  ever  seen. 

GEO.  W.  LORD. 
I  have  gained  much  valuable 
information  and  have  advised 
many  of  my  friends  to  take  the 
magazine,  all  of  whom  agree 
with  me  in  endorsing  it. 

HEINE  SAFETY  BOILER  CO. 
The    combination    of   art    and 
science  is  a  rare  one  indeed. 


PHILADELPHIA  ENGINEERING 

WORKS. 
A  very  handsome  specimen  ol 
engineering  publication. 


CLARK  BROS. 
We  consider  it  the  finest  engi- 
neering publication  that  has  come 
under  our  notice. 


THE  LUNKENHEIMER  CO. 
We  are  very  well  pleased  with  it. 

THE  AITCHISON  PERFORATED 

METAL  CO. 
It  is  always  of  the  highest  order 
in  all  respects. 

93 


HARRISBURQ  FOUNDRY  & 

MACHINE  CO. 

.\Iways  a  favorite  in  our  office. 


PEDRICK  &  AYER. 
.■\s  an  advertising  medium  we 
consider  it  first  class. 


PENBERTHY  INJECTOR  CO. 
The  finest  mechanica!  publica- 
tion we  ever  received. 


SHULTZ  BELTING  CO. 
Are  well  pleased   with   it,   and 
wish  it  great  success. 


Mcintosh,  seymour  &  co. 

About  the  best  of  its  kind   we 
ever  saw. 


THE  north  AMERICAN 
METALINE  CO. 
It  is  the  finest  engineering  publi- 
cation we  have  ever  seen,  ami  we 
heartily  congratulate  you  for  the 
enterprise  and  skill  developed  ir. 
the  i)roduction  of  such  a  work  of 
art  and  literature. 


THE  FRICK  CO. 
It  easily  outclasses  any  i.ssue  in 
the  engineering  publication  line 
which  it  has  been  our  good  fortune 
to  see.  We  congratulate  you  upon 
the  high  plane  you  have  reached. 


THE  BULLOCK  MFG.  CO. 
We  desire  to  congratulate  you 
on  the  very  handsome  appearance 
of  your  magazine. 


THE  JONES  &  LAMSON 

MACHINE  CO. 

The    finest   specimen    of   °ngi- 

neering  publication  that  has  come 

to  our  notice.      We  con,"ratulate 

you  on  your  great  achievement, 


.  X 


i; 


''rl 


Boilers 


THE  MORRIN  "CLIMAX" 


SAFETY 
STEAM  BOILER. 


THE  ONLY  BOILER  TESTED  AT  THE  WORLD'S  FAIR. 

Built  in  Units  from  loo  to  1,500  H.  P. 

See  what  Mr.  Thomas  A.  Edison  says. 

l-'KOM  nil;  I.AiioKA TDKV  1)1"  TiioMAS  A.  I'Idison. 

OUANGK,  N.  J.,  Kcbruary  C),  1894. 
Clonhrock  Steam  lioilcr  Works,  llrooklyn,  N.  V, 

Dkak  Siks:  YiMir  letter  of  3iitli  ultiiiui  is  receiveil.  I  liave  n  Clitiinx  Boilc. 
and  it  is  giviiiK  Kfcat  satisfaction.  Taking  iverythiiiK  in  consideration  it  is,  in 
my  opinion,  i>ractically  and  tlicuretically  the  best  boiler  so  far  invented. 

Yours  truly,  Tiios.  A.  KnisoN. 

MANtFACTURED  BY 

GIOPOGK  STEl  BOILER  WOHKS, 

COURT,  SMITH.  CRAMER  AND  LORRAINE  STS.,  BROOKLYN,  N.  Y. 


iff: 


//^^ 


A  Textbook  of 

Modern  Boiler  Practice  FREE. 


94 


Boilers 


ALMY'S   PATENT  SECTIONAL 

WATER-TUBE  BOILERS, 

NOW    USED     IN 

18    PASSENGER   BOATS 

From  70  to  160  Feet  Long. 

27    STEAM    YACHTS 

From  50  to  160  Feet  Lonq. 

U.  S.  Torpedo  Boat  "Stiletto," 

Nuiufroiis  Stimll  T.aiiiK'lirs  nml  Slatioimry  H<)il>;rs,  all 
arc  K'vitig  iiiDst  ]<;xi.ti;fiit  Resiill.s. 

ALMY    WATER-TUBE    BOILER    CO., 

47  Clifford  Street,  Providence,  R.  I. 


O^ZZEl    I^oST.^XTXjXj 


Safety, 

Economic 


WATER  TUBE  BOILERS. 


Patented.    Class  B. 


IIIc.ItKST  EFFICIENCY  IN  ECONOMY. 

llKSr  WORKMANSIIIIV 
Ill';sr  MAl'i:kIAI,S,  ami 
GKKAT  SAVINC,  IN  HKICK  WOKK. 

NO  wKunrr  on  waij.s. 
OFFICES: 
245  Arcade,  Cleveland,  Ohio. 
614  BettB  Building,  Philadelphia,  Fa. 
34  St.  Charles  Street.  New  Orleans,  La. 
Corbctt  Hill  &  Machine  Co.,  Washington,  D.  C, 
M.  M.  Buck  Ufg.  Co.,  St.  Louis,  Ho, 

W.  D.  McNUUll  S  CO..  ""•■••h'.'-o':"- 


SHIIBOK  BOILEB  WOP 

Limited, 


ALL  KINDS  OF 
BOILERS  AND 
SHEET- IRON   WORK. 


Robert  A.  Keasbey 

54  Warren  St., 
N.  Y. 

Branch  Office : 

//9  Franklin  St., 

Buffalo,  N.  Y. 


MAGNESIA  SECTIONAL  COVERINGS. 


Rank  Al.  They  have 
no  superior.  The 
only  expense  is  the 
first  cost,  not  great. 
The  saving  is  con> 
tinuous. 


Fire-Prool.       Durable. 
Economical. 


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Boilers 


MANUFACTURERS    OF  ''* 

HIGH    GRADE 

KUTOTV^KTIC 

ENGINES, 

HORIZONTAL  TUBULAR,  PORTABLE, 

AND 

ANNINC     PATENT    VERTICAL 

BOILERS. 

See  our  Advertisement  of  Automatic  Engines. 


BEIHEIHTHE  BOILER 


Jusmtss. 


S 


^Iakinq  StationaryTIibular  ^owtns  Exclusively. 
5E14THEH  FOR  LESS  MONEY  sT?}i   ones. 

WErURKlSH^EAHIl  blTH06RAPM5  Arib  PCTAIL  I1.LU5TIWTI0MS  OP 

r'^Bo'^"  ThM  AI^  flRM  IK  TrfE  l/NITED  5TATC5. 

i^ULTSM  STEAM  B9ILER  WgRKSX^i^PgUHDRY.     XlCilflOND,  InD 


•••••  ••••• 

••••  •••• 


cn'.r';us^TH*N0lQSTYil 


THE  TONKIN  BOILER  AND  ENGINE  WORKS  CO., 


MANUFACTURERS  OP 


BOILERS,  OIL  TANKS,  STAND  PIPES, 

ENGINES,  STEAM  PUMPS  AND 

GENERAL  MACHINERY. 


PLANS  PREPARED  FOR  STEAM  POWER  PLANTS  FOR  ALL  PURPOSES. 
BOILERS  SET  FOR  BURNING  CHEAP  FUEL. 


OSWEGO,  N.  Y. 

96 


Feed=Water  Heaters  -•'^feMAG^'ziVEl 


The  Temperature 

of  Feed  Water  depends  mainly  upon  the 
number  of  lineal  feet  of  Tubinj;  in  the  Heater. 


CORRUGATED,  COPPER  TUBES  are  worth  more 
per  foot  than  plain  ones.  We  have  tested  both  kinds, 
and  would  like  to  tell  you  about  our  experiments. 

WE    MAKE -*-^ 


THE 

WAINWRIQHT 

HEATERS. 


THE  TAUNTON  (MASS.)  LOCOMOTIVE  MFG.  CO. 


i''i5's"!fei*'An'"«|f|f«^-.,.«'^''^^^ 


-:f222S2E22y 


'    f^'    ''--^ 


TtiE  H0PPBS'kF'GXo,\.SprmgfieldJ^ 


I0.U.5.A: 


Buffalo  Feed  Water   Heater 

AND  PURIFIER. 

Made  in  all  Sizes  and  to  Suit  all  Conditions. 

ROBERT  LEARMOUTH,  200  Bouck  Ave.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

SEND  FOR  CATALOQUB. 

97 


Feed=Water  Heaters  (^^^#4?^^N^.^i 


Ir  'iN'-l'l 


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ir^ 


THE    OTIS 

TOBDLAR  FEED-WATER  HEATER. 


EXHAUST  [INLET    EXHAUST  f  OUTLET 


With  Seamless  Brass  Tubes. 

The  only  Tubular  Heater  with  settling 
chamber  below  the  tubes. 

The  only  Heater  that  will  separate  the  ^1 
oil  and  condensation  from 
the  exhaust. 

WHAT  WE  GUARANTEE. 

I  St. — One  square  foot  of  heating 
surface  per  each  horse-power. 

2d. — To  heat  the  feed  water  to  the 
boiling  point  (210"  or  212")  with  the 
exhaust  steam  without  causing  any 
back  pressure. 

3d — That  it  will  never  get  foul 
with  scale,  as  it  can  be  thoroughl}^ 
cleaned  through  the  manhole  without 
disconnecting  any  pipes. 

4th. — A  larger  heater  with  more 
heating  surface  and  water  capacity 
than  any  other  heater  for  less  monej'. 

5th. — That  if  Heaters  are  not  as 
represented  it  will  cost  nothing  to 
try  them. 

For  circular  and  further  information, 
address 

STEWART    HEATER    CO 

95  AND  97  NORFOLK  AVE.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y. 

98 


fji 


Sl^P^  Feed=Water  Heaters  i^^^^p^fj 


UTLET 


SCUM 


COlO 

3  MITE* 


o. 


DOUBLE  SYSTEM  HEATER. 


With  two  separate  sets  of 
tubes,  one  for  exhaust  and 
the  other  for  live  steam. 

Entirely  independent  of, 
and  not  interfering  with, 
each  other  in  any  way. 


This  heater  is  adapted  for, 
and  can  be  used  in  Hospitals, 
Laundries,  Hotels,  Breweries, 
or  an}'  place  where  a  large 
amount  of  hot  water  is  i^equired 
and  the  amount  of  exhaust 
steam  is  limited ;  by  using  a 
small  quantit_y  of  live  steam, 
^°^  the  water  can  be  heated  and 
retained  at  the  proper  temper- 
ature. 

For  further  information  send 
for  special  circular. 


STEWART  HEATER  CO.. 

95  ip  97  NORFOLK  AVE.,  BUFFALO,  N.  Y.,  U.  S.  A. 

99 


Miscel  laneouSfi;^^SS;GASE 


S=M/^lc 


iMnth,~\f/A 


POUIIL  TUBE  WOKKS  60. 


Boston,  70  Federal  Street. 


PinsBURGH,  121  Fourth  Avenue. 


New  York,  Havemeyer  Building. 
Chicago,  Clinton  and  Fulton  Sts.       St.  Louis,  938  N.  Second  St. 


Largest  Manufacturers  in  the  world  of 

Wroiiglit  iroD  FlDlslieil  Piiie  M  Tutes, 

SPECIAL  PIPE  for  laying  ELECTRIC  WIRES 


TROLLEY  POLES 
BOILER  TUBES 

of  Wrought  Iron  and  Steel, 

CYLINDERS 


of  all  sizes, 


INJECTORS 

for    Locomotive    and 
Stationary   Engines 


for  Gas  and  Acids. 


100 


10. 


BrEEH'S  EGONOmiZER 

FOR  SAVING  FUEL  IN  STEAM  BOILERS. 


Avenue. 


cond  St. 


IRES 


IRS 

ve    and 
ngines 


ADVANTAGES: — Great  saving  in  coal  from  lo  percent,  to  20  percent.; 

High  temperature  of  feed  water  above  the  evaporative  point. 
Increased  efficiencj'  and  prolongation  of  life  of  boilers. 
Large  reserve  of  feed  water  to  meet  sudden  demands  for  power. 
Utilizes  heat  which  otherwise  goes  to  waste. 

SOLE    MAKERS    IN    THE    UNITED    STATES. 

The   Fuel   Economizer    Co... 

THE  SHERWOOD  INJECTOR. 

Double  Tube  operated  entirely 
by  one  Lever. 

A  higher  degree  of  efficiency  secured  than 
ever  before.  Will  lift  either  hot  or  cold  wa- 
ter, and  isgnaranleed  to  work  satisfactorily 
under  all  pressures  from  20  to  200  lbs.  and  to 
lift  from  10  to  24  feet,  or  take  supply  direct 
I  from  tanks  or  water  works  pressure. 

A  High  Chadc  Machine  for  High  Duty. 

Eagle    Ejectors,    Duplex    Flue 

Scrapers,     Felthousen     Gauge 

Cocks,  Improved  Glass  Oil  Cups 

and    Lubricators,    Cylinder    Oil 

Pumps,  Compression  Grease  Cups,  etc. 

Mention SilfMf.gazine.    Shepwood  Mfg.  Co. ,  Buffalo,  N.  Y. 

Huropenn  Agents,  C'.Hr.i'.N' ,%  not7i,DiNO,  21  Featlicrstone  St.,  London,  E.  C. 


For    All]    Pressures     and      Purposes. 

ECONOMICAL, 

EFFICIENT, 

and  DURABLE. 

If  you  are  Using  or  intend  to  Use  Compressed 
Air  in  vour  Shops  write  for  Catalogue  of  the 
CLAYTON  AIR  COMPRESSORS. 

0LA7TCN  AIB  OOMFBESSOR  WOBES, 

36  Cortlandt  SI.,    NEW  YOHH  CITY. 


lOI 


T 


II 


,:.,, 


If 


::* 


1  I 


m 


i-.m 


Hi 


'  ! 


''  * 


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»    1 :: 

it 


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Miscellaneous 


so. 


THE  BROWH  HOn  HUD  WilW  IDHIIIE 

CLEVELAND,    OHIO,    U    S.  A., 

Complete   Systems  for   Handling  of  Materials. 


'.-•'vi^s:^ 


The  Brown  Patent 

Cantilever  Cranes,  in  use 

on  the  Chicago  Uain 

Drainage  Canal. 


view  sliowiiij;  "CAXTIMiVHKS  "   taking  rock  from  cliannel  and  Iraiislirriiig 
same  to  spoil  bank.     I.enKlh  of  CanlilLver  over  all,  353  ft,     Ma,\imum 
height  of  spoil  bank,  So  ft. 


Working  capacity  ol 
"CANTILEVER"  550 
to  700  yards  "  solid  rock 
in  place  "  per  day  of  10 
hours. 


-v?l5?- 


THE  BBOWH  PflTEUT 


(  Bridge  Tramway. 
<   Cable  Tramway. 
(  Shed  Tramway. 


Sewer  Machine  Tramway. 
Warehouse  Tramway. 
Automatic  Furnace  Hoist. 


The  best  machinery  for  handling  material  in  Ship-Building  Yards,  such  as  Marine  PlateS,  AriTIOr 

Plates,  Structural  Work,  etc. 

Designers  and  Builders  ofTRAVELING,  LOCOMOTIVE,  JIB,  PILLAK, 

aud  other  CRANES,  FRICTION  CLUTCH  HOISTING  ENGINES, 

BOILERS,  SKIP  CARS,  SELF-DU3IPING  BUCKETS, 

FRICTION  CLUTCHES,  ETC. 

New  York  Office,  Havemeyer  Bldg. 


Pittsburgh  Office,  Carnegie  Bldg. 


Wheeler  Condenser  &  Engineering  Co., 

39  and  41  CORTLANDT  ST.,  NEW  YORK, 

I'KOI'KIETOK.S   AND    MANll- AC  ITKKUS   OK 

WHEELER-STANDARD  SURFACE  CONDENSER. 
WHEELER-ADMIRALTY  SURFACE  CONDENSER. 
WhEFLER-LIQHTHALL  SURFACE  CONDENSER. 
VOLZ  PATENT  COMBINED  SURFACE  CONDENSER  AND 

FEED  WATER  HEATER. 
WHEELER'S  IMPROVED  EVAPORATOR  AND  DISTILLER. 
EDMISTON  PATENT  FEED  WATER  FILTER. 

WHEELER'S    IMPROVED    FEED    WATER    HEATER. 

Jenkins   Bros.  Valves. 

Honestly  manufactured. 
Warranted  as  represented.    Look  for  Trade  Mark. 

JENKINS  BROS., 

NiiW  YORK.  PHILADELPHIA.  CHICAGO. 

Cassier's  Magazine  is  got  up  in  the 
usual  sumptuous  American  manner,  and  the 
illustrations  to  tlie  various  articles  are  marvels  of 
effective  engraving.  —  G/asgo"u>  Hcmld. 

102 


JENKINS 

-      MARK 


BOSTON. 


BOSTON. 


'^G^^ER's),|^Kfe'3       Valves       <r^^M^j:^m^Gij^\ii\ 


CHAPMAN  VALVE  MANUFACTURING  COMPANY, 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

Valves  m  Gales  for  Waier,  Gas,  Steam,  Oil,  Hclil, 

Etc.,    Etc.,    Etc., 

Also  GATE   FIRE    HYDRANTS. 

We  desire  to  call  special  attention  to  our  new  Steam  Valves  with  BRONZE  SEATS 
for  high  pressures,  especially  adapted  for  triple  expausioii  engines.  They  are  perfectly 
reliable  for  live  steam  pressures  of  125  to  2.S0  lbs.,  and  are  the  only  vaUes  in  the  market 
that  will  give  satisfaction  in  this  hard  service.    Send  for  descriptive  circular  and  prices. 

Treasurer's  Office  :  72  KILBY  STREET,  BOSTON.    New  York  Office :  28  PUTT  STREET. 

General  Office  and  Works  :  INDIAN  ORCHARD.  MASS.     Chicago  Office :  14  N.  CANAL  STREET. 

St.  Louis  Office :  L.  M.  RUMSEY  MFG.  CO.,  810  NORTH  SECOND  STREET. 


r 


n 


REGRINDING     VALVES 


DO 


V()i_r    I'tti;   vAuviiwv 

YOU    WANT    THli    UKSTY 

If    so    you    want 


LUNKENHEI7MVER*S." 


Why?  Because  they  are  strictly  first  class,  tested  and  in- 
spected liefore  leaving  the  worlcs  and  fully  warrunteil.  Tor 
over  thirty  years  in  use  on  GOVr.RN.MFNT  VESSELS, 
LAKE  and  KIVER  IIOATS,  in  ROLl.lNc;  MILLS,  KE- 
FINERIES,  and  wlicrcver  the  best  valves  arc  wanted. 

Far  superior  to  and  more  durable  than  asbestos  and  rubber 
disk  valves.  Entire  valve,  including  Seat  and  Disk,  niin!':  of 
Oun  Metal,  the  only  composition  that  will  stand  the  screw 
power  of  valve  stem  and  maUc  a  steam  joint.  Always  easily 
taken  apart,  on  account  of  outside  thread  on  shell  and  union 
style  connection  between  body  and  hub,  which  overcomes  cementing  of  hub  to  body.  Can  be  re-ground 
without  disconnecting  from  pipes.  WOTHIN'G  SO  COXVIN'CIXG  AS  A  TRI.\L.  Warranted  for  173 
pounds  working  pressure ;  also  Special  Extra  Heavy  Pattern  for  350  pounds.  See  that  "  LTJNKKX' 
HBIMER  "  is  cast  in  the  shell,  none  genuine  without.  Specify  "  lunkENHEIMER  " 
make,  and  insist  upon  getting  it.  Catalogue  of  superior  Valves,  Whistles,  Lubricators,  Oil  and  Grease 
Cups,  etc.,  gratis  upon  request. 


t 


<i 


STEAM  SPECIALTIES. 


'W       l»tfi 


r«i 


THE  FAIRBANKS  CO.,   311  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK, 
London,  Eng.,  and  all  prominent  oities  of  the  United  States. 


w 


Oils 


WHICH  OF  THESE    QUESTIONS,  IF   ANY,  IS    ANSWERED   WRONG? 


Does  one  oil    lubricate  more   than 
another  ?" 
Yes. 
"  One  oil  in  all  conditions  ?" 

No  ;  every  set  of  conditions  has  its 
oil,  or  may  have. 

''  Is  there,  in  every  set  ot  conditions, 
an  oil  that  lubricates  more  than  any 
other  ? " 

Yes  ;  for  jjrobably  no  two  oils  are 
ever  exactly  alike  in  lubricating  capacity. 

".\re  they  ever  far  apart?" 

Yes. 

"How  far?" 

So  far  that,  with  one,  the  machinery 
works  with  great  ease  and  power  ;  and, 
with  the  other,  it  works  with  difficulty 
or  even  refuses  to  work  :  the  more  diffi- 
culty, the  less  power. 

"  Often  with  difficulty  ?  " 

Yes  ;  but  a  total  failure  is  rare. 

"  The  usual  fact  is  with  difficulty  ?  " 

Yes  ;  but  not  known. 

"  How  is  it  found  out  ?  " 

By  trying  a  better  oil. 

"  What  then,  if  there  was  no  sensible 
difficulty  with  the  inferior  oil  ?" 

The  net  power  is  'increased,  or  less 
coal  is  burned,  or  both. 

"  Is  there  ever  a  sensible  change  in 
power  from  change  of  oil?" 

Yes  ;  when  tiie  power  is  overtaxed, 
any  gain  or  loss  is  obvious  ;  it  can 
always  be  indicated. 

"  How  much  net  power  is  gained  by 
a  change  from  very  bad  or  unsuitable 
oil  to  the  best  ?" 

A  third,  or  even  half  sometimes. 

"  How  much  from  such  changes  as 
are  common  in  business?" 

Ten  ])er  cent  is  common  enough. 

"And  yet  engineers  don't  know  it  ?" 

The  average  man  don't  think  of  the 
power  at  all,  so  long  as  he  has  no 
"  trouble." 

"  Ten  per  cent  gain  or  loss  of  net 
power,  and  nobody  knows  it  ?" 

Yes. 


"Coal  too?" 

\  change  in  the  power  involves  corres- 
pondingchange  in  consumption  of  coal. 

"  How  much  coal  is  involved  in  such 
changes  of  oil  as  occur  in  common  bus- 
iness ?" 

Say  five  i)er  cent. 

'"  What  do  you  mean  by  '  trouble  ? '  " 

Friction  trouble  :  working  with  diffi- 
culty, refusing  to  work,  excessive  wear, 
or  breaking  down. 

"  What  causes  it  ?" 

Low  lubrication  ;  the  cause  of  that  is 
wrong  oil  or  oiling  (unless  the  machinery 
is  out  of  adjustment). 

"What  follows?" 

Excessive  wear  and  strain,  and  break- 
downs :  repairs. 

"  How  much  does  such  change  of  oil 
as  occurs  in  business  affect  repairs?" 

Half  or  three-quarters. 

"Is  this  all?" 

When  repairs  are  going  on,  machinery 
has  to  be  idle  ;  men  too  ;  but  everything 
else  goes  on  :  rent,  interest,  wages  and 
time.  The  oil  that  lubricates  most  saves 
these  ;   disappointments  also. 

"So  that  a  common  change  of  oil  in 
a  mill  is  a  toss-up  for  ten  per  cent  of 
your  power,  five  per  cent  of  your  coal, 
fifty  per  cent  of  repairs,  for  stoppage 
of  work  and  output,  but  not  of  expen- 
ses?" 

Yes,  roughly. 

"  VV^iat  causes  these  changes  ?  " 

The  price,  a  good  salesman,  favor, 
buying  at  random,  sometimes  intelligent 
search  for  good  oil. 

"  Is  there  a  practical  test  of  oil  that 
is  always  correct  and  always  avail- 
able?" 

Yes  ;   the  net  power. 
"  Is  there  any  other  " 
No  ;  there  are  many  indications,  but 
there  is  no  other  test. 

Vacuum  Oil  Company. 
Roches  lER,  N.  Y  ,  U.  S.  A. 


104 


Miscellaneous 


THE  SEIBERT  CYLINDER  OIL  CUP  CO 


'J 


MANUFACTURERS  OF 


SIGHT   FEED   LUBRICATORS 

AND 

OIL   CUPS 


H 

-^ '^w 

. 

c 

r 

1 

• 

r>-^*Tr— ♦ 

J 

fU 

Jg                 1 

Locomotive,   Marine    and    Stationary 
Engine    Cylinders. 

(Under  the  Seibert,  Gates  and  other 
Patents.) 

Originators  of  the  method  of  I-'eedinj; 
Oil  drop  by  drop  to  the  cylinder  through 
glass  filleu  with  water. 

Makers  also  of  DOUBLE  SIGHT  FEED 

LUBRICATORS 

FOR  COMPOUND  ENQINES. 

When  vou  order  an  Engine,  specify  a 
SKIBERT  LUHRICATOk.  Send  for 
Catalogue  and  I'rice  List.  Liberal  dis- 
count allowed.  Thirty  days'  trial  to 
responsible   parties. 

53  Oliver  St.,  Boston,  Mass. 


The  "DETROIT"  METALLIC  PACKING     THE  "  DETROIT ' 


PATENTED. 

SinPLEST, 
CHEAPEST 
and  BEST. 

Contains  no  Springs  or 
Small  Parts. 


Section  of  Stuffing  Box.       EASY  TO   ADJUST. 


CAN    BE    APPLIED   WITHOUT 
DISCONNECTING  THE  ROD. 

Satisfaction  Guaranteed. 

One  Customer  savs  :  "Gives 
better  satisfaction  than  any  other 
Metallic  Packing." 

"Has  used  no  sets  and  no 
complaint," 


Metal  Cone.  SEND  FOR  CIRCULAR. 

DETROIT    LUBRICATOR    CO., 

DETROIT,  MICH. 


Elastic  Cushion. 


SIGHT  FEED 
LUBRICATORS. 

OVER 

150,000  IN  USE 


In  all  parts  of  the 
world,  on  all  kinds 
of  Steam  ICtigines, 
Pumps,   etc. 


improved  Designs. 


ORDER  THE 


it 


DETROIT,"  AND  GET  THE  BEST. 


Qold    Medal   and    Three    Premiums    Awarded   ot 
World's  Columbian  Exposition. 

SBND     FOR     CKTKUOGUB. 

Address.  DETROIT  LUBRICATOR  CO., 

176  Griswold  Street,  Detroit,  Micli. 


105 


m 


:;■  t , 


Miscellaneous 


CllICAC.O. 


lUlSTON. 


ANOTHER  INSIDE  VIEW 

This  is  the  BUNDY  TANK  TRAP. 

.Sent  free  on  30  davs'  trial. 
Don't  cost  you  one  cent  to  try  it. 
Our  book  C  on  application. 
A  postal  to  us  may  save  you  like 
many  others  a  dollar  a   day. 

A.  A.  Criffinc  Iron  Co. 

66-68  Centre  Street,  NEW  YORK. 

l'iriI,;VDUI,PlIIA.  JKRSKY  CITY,  N.J. 


SAMPLE  FREE 


AND  THE  SAMPLE 
TELLS  THE  STORY 

DIXON'S  PURE  FLAKE  LUBRICATING  GRAPHITE 

Is  useful  in  hundreds  of  ways.  A  sample  will  be  sent  free  if  you  mention 
Cassier's  Magazine,  and  accompanied  by  an  interesting  and  instructive 
pamphlet.     Every  engineer  and  machinist  should  send  for  them. 

Jos.  Dixon  Crucible  Co.,  Jersey  City,  N.  J. 


FIQ.   17. 


FIQ,  175. 


NO.  3. 


Michigan    Lubricator   Co. 

661-669  Beaubien  St.,  Detroit,  Mich. 

MANUFACTURE 

SIGHT-FEED   LUBRICATORS,   CLASS   OIL  CUPS, 
CREASE   CUPS,   WATER   CACES,    ETC. 

Catalogues  Furnished  on  Application.  MENTION  CASSIBR. 


]o6 


Indicators 


lAP. 


Co. 

^  N.  J. 

IPLE 
ORY 


intion 
ictive 

.J. 


INC0HH01<A.TtCI>     lh54. 

American 
Steam  Gauge  Company 

(original  STIAM   OAUQK  CO.  I 

SOLE   MANUFACTURERS   OR   THE 


AMERICAN  THOMPSON  IMPROVED  INDICATOR 


nore  than  5,000  in  Use. 

Adopted  by  the  United  States  Navy  for  use  on  all  the 

New  Cruisers  and  tiunboats  to  be  built. 


ALSO  manufaciurirs  of  the 
AMERICAN    POP    SAFETY    VALVE. 

Also  Pressure  and  Veicmiiii  CaUKCs,  Water  Causes,  Oaiigc 
Cocks,  Whistles.  Revoliilioii  Counters,  Marine  Clocks,  I'yroin- 
eters,  Hydrometers,  Salinometers,  and  uU  instruments  incidental 
to  tlie  use  of  Steam, 

:iO   Chardon  St.,  BOSTON,  MASS. 

SEND    FOR    ILLUSTRATKD   OATALOGUK. 


THE   ASHCROFT   MANUFACTURING   CO. 


Sole  Manufacturers  of 


THE  TPOB  STEflin  EPE  IPI6)IT0B. 

Approved  and  Adopted  l)y  the  U.  S.  (lovernment 
on  all  the  New  Cruisers. 

ALSO  STEAM  AND  VACUUIV!  GAUGES.  a^VENT  seamless 

Fitted  with 

HOUQHTALINQ   REDUCING  flOTION. 

The  most  Complete,  Compact,  and  Reliable  Indicator  Outfit,  for  indicnt- 
in(r  hijch  or  slow  speed  eufrines,  now  made.  This  Instrument  received  nt 
"The  World's  Columbian  Kxposition  "  the  HIGHEST  AWARD  for  Excel- 
lence of  Design,  Superior  C.nide  of  Workmanship  and  Tinish.  Reliability 
and  Efficiency. 

SEND  FOR  SPECIAL  PAMPHLET. 
Office  and 

Salesroom      I  I  I   LIBERTY   ST.,  NEW  YORK. 
REMOVEDTOI  10  LIBERTY  STREET. 


•^i-- 


!«•     THE     •>! 


•K- 


Badieider  iiii]u$ialiie  Spring  WMw, 

For  any  speed  or  pressure. 

The  ♦♦IDEAL"  Reducing  Wheel, 

A  simple,  accurate  and  convenient  reducing  motion. 


Griinm's  Patent 
Injector  Blower, 


and  Thompson's  Patent  Soot  Sucker  for 
cleaning  Boiler  Tubes.  Shaking,  Inter- 
locking and  Sectional  Grate  Bars,  Steam 
Specialties  and  Supplies.  Write  for  Cata- 
logue. 


Patented. 


THOMPSON  &  BUSHNELL  CO., 


110  Liberty  Street,  New  York. 


107 


w 


'^alf 


r^'^i^mjM 


^fer^^Miscellaneous 


■v*^*^"'^^^ 


SCHAFFER  »  BUDENBERC, 


M ANVi'ACTV It i: Its  or  Till-: 

THOMPSON  INDICATOR. 

Adiiptrd  for  nil   speeds,   iiiisiirpiissd    for    ftiiiiplitity, 

Kelinbility  iiiid  Kxcelleiice  iif  Woikinau- 

ship.     Sold  at  a  Modcratf  Price. 

TACIIOltlKTKItS,  I'mmurr  lliiiiiifn  for  all  Viir- 
pintvH,  I'.'mfliiK  I'oinitern  aixt  llrfflnterii,  Marine 
i'lovh-H,  llifriuoiiiiti-ni. 

THE  PEERLESS  AND  MANHATTAN  AUTOMATIC  INJECTORS. 

REDUCING  AND  REGULATING  VALVES,  ETC. 


WKirii   FOR   CAT.M.OOUl:. 


WORKS:   BROOKLYN,    N.  Y. 

SAUSROOMSt  22  W.  LAKE  ST.,  CHICAGO.        68  JOHN  ST.,  N.  Y. 


99 


Crank-Pin  Oilers,     Wiping-Devlce.' 

St^u*   K^^^  r%:i  r^,,w^^  You  can  run  your  eiiHino  continuously,  Witt 

Ight    reed   on   cups,     tins  arrangement  applied. 

Wm.  H.  Wilkinson,  352  Atlantic  Ave.,  Boston. 


M6l3lin6(l  LOOS6  rllllfiy  bllSb6S  at^Uie  slan  or  occasioiial'ly  afterward* 
and  will  run  perfectly  dry  for  years.     Send  for  I.oose  Pulley  Circular  No.  5. 

NORTH  AMERICAN  METALINE  CO., 

41   to  40  THIRD  STREET, 

LOMG  I8LAIVD  CITY,  N.  Y. 


I'    s 


Mokal-Seated  Valvt. 


The  Consolidated  Safety  Valve  Co., 

SOI.B  MANUFACTURERS  OP  THE 

Only  A  Solid  «  Nickel-Seated  ^  Safety  ^  Valve, 

FOR  MARINE  AlfD  STATIONARY  BOII.ERS. 

Approved  by  U.S.  Board  Supervising  Inspectors.  Adopted  by  U.S. 

Navy  and  Furnished  to  all  the  New  Cruisers  and  Gunboats. 
MADE  SPECIALLY  TO  COMPLY  WITH  RECENT  REQUIREMENTS  OF 

U.  S.  STEAMBOAT  INSPECTORS. 
Angle  of  seat  45°,  and  allowed  sojj  higher  ratings  than  Govern- 
ment lever  valve. 
THE  ONLY  SAFKTY  VAT.VB  MADE  WITH  BICHABDSON'S 
PATE!<T  ADJUSTABLE  SCBEW  BIM6. 

SEND  FOR  ILLUSTRATED  CATALOGUE. 

We  are  Prepared  to  Furnish  the  BEST  SAFETY  VALVE  MADE,  and  it 
Very  Low  Prices,  when  QUALITY  and  CAPACITY  are  Considered. 

Salesroom,  111  LIBERTY  ST.,     -      -     NEW  YORK. 

WORKS.  BRIDGEPORT,  CONN. 

108 


YaehtVahw. 


|>s||fe  JJg^Miscel  laneous 


ii^S^Qi^ 


THE   FISHER    GOVERNOR 

F"«  5TEAM    PUMP5 

Was  the  only  one  iiwnrded  a  MEDAL  AND  DIPLOMA  AT  THH  WORLD'S  PAIR. 

More  of  them  in  service  than  of  ail  other  maiies  combined, 

MADK  R)k   PRKssuki-s   LP  TO    8,ooo    LBS.     PER    SQUARE    INCH. 

We  Make  a  Special  Goueinor  for  STEAM  FIRE  PUMP  SERVICE. 

Send  f(ir  Circulars  and  Testimonials,  and  note  wlmt  the  best    Isnifinttrs  in  the  Conntry 

say  of  these  Governors. 

FISHER  GOVERNOR  CO.,  Marshalltown,  Iowa. 


LOCKE     REGUUATOIR.     CO.. 


iLocKE  ^ 

DAMPER  < 

regulator) 


W     J        CHECK    ^       TRfi^P 


REGULATORS '^uVWe";'   FACTORY.  ."SAL 


M.MAS  S.  >5EIIDF0liCATAlOCl)ET/c"l,'u'aTT 


THE 

AUSTIN 

SEPARATOR 

(I'ateiited) 
Eliminates  Moisture  (rom  LIVE  STEAM. 
Extracts  Oil  and  Condensation  from 
EXHAUST  STEAM. 

Satisfaction  Guaranteed.        Sold  on  Merit. 


'  VERTICAL." 


,|  Detail  and  Prit-eH  on  appliealion. 

/      INFINITELY  SUPERIOR  TO  All  OTHERS. 

AUSTIN  SEPARATOR  CO., 

69  WOODBRIDGE  ST.  WEST.  DETROIT.  MICH. 


HORIZONTAL." 


THE  ^^t^^^^m      "They    have 

RELIANCE  'Ki^-A&  *  taught  our  fire- 
GApp"pY  ^^^  ^o   carry  the   water   steady 

WATER         '•^"" 

^^  ^^  ■  I  ■  |tj|  ^1  g%  That  feature  makes  them  worth  many  times  what 
^^  ^J  La  ^J  Iwl  IV  CP    they  cost  to  any  steam  user.      Boilers  last   longer. 

Fuel  goes  further.    Repairs  are  less,  and  life  is  safer 

wherever  they  are  used.    Sent  on  trial  subject  to  satisfaction.     Write  for  prices  and 

particulars. 

The  Reliance  Gauge  Company,  92  to  102  east  prospect  st.,  Cleveland,  c, 


109 


f 


ins.  CURTIS  BALANCED  STEAM  TRAP. 

Combines  More  Superior  Features  than  Any 
Other  Trap  on  the  Harket. 


INLET 


t 


The  Valve  is  tubular  bal- 
anced and  of  larKf  area. 

The  Renewable  Seat   is 

in  til'.'  caji,  and  both  scat 
and  valve  can  be  removed 
in  one  minute  without  start- 
inf^a  joint,  bolt  or  jjasket. 

The  Float  is  large,  hard, 
round,  and  warranted 
aj^ainst  150  lbs.  jiressure. 

The  Trap  Outlet  is  always 
sealed  by  two  or  three 
inches  of  water. 

THBRB  ARE  NO  OTHER  TRAPS  HAPE  WHICH 
POSSESS  ALL  THESE  FEATURES. 

Manufactured  by  the 

D'E5TE  &  SEELEY  CO., 

29  to  33  Haverhill  St.,  Boston,  Hass. 
NEW  YORK  :  109  Liberty  St.  CHICAGO :  218  Lake  St. 


I.'    J 


Gould's  Steam  and  Water  Packing. 

Pnteiilcd  .lime  1,  IKHO    TlieOriKliml  Kiii»  Pncklii^. 

For  Piston  Rods,  Valve  Stem  of  Steam  En- 
gines. Steam  Pumps,  and  especially  adapted 
for  PAPER  AND  PULP  MILLS  and  Elect  ic 
Light  Plants. 

fsp"!]!  ordering',  give   exnot   diameter  of  Stuffiiip  latoii 

Rod  or  Value   Steam. 

Self-Lubricating,  Steam  and  Wate         iM. 

Less    friction    than    any   other   known  I'ack  Never 

jjrows  hard  if  directions  are  followed.  Does  not  corrode 
the  rod.     Every    Package    Fully   Warranted. 

N.  B  — Thia  Packing  will  be  sent  to  any  address,  and  if  not  satislac- 

tory,  after  h   -rial  of  811  days,  can  be  returned  at  our  expense.    None 

TBADB  MARK.  genuine  without  tliislrade-markand  date  of  patent  stamped  on  wrapper. 

All  similar  Packings  are  Imitations,  and  calculated  to  deceive. 

THE  GOULD  PACKING  CO.,  EAST  CAMBRIDGE,    MASS. 

ALBION    CHIPMAN,   Treasurer, 
no 


''    ii 


-r' — "  /• 


Asphalt  PavBTRBnts, 

The  Standard  Pavement  of  Amc.  ca. 


17.000,000 

SQUARE  YARDS   OF 

TRINIDAD  ASPHALT 

PAVEMENT 

LAID  IN  THE 

UNITED  STATES. 


8,600,000 
SQUARE  YARDS, 

OR  MORE 
THAN  ONE-HALF 

LAID  BY 
THIS   COMPANY. 


No  Asphalt  Pavenieiit  laid  by  The   Barber  Asphalt  Paving  Com- 
pany in   the   United  States   has  ever  been    replaced  by 
another  form  of  pavement. 

This  Company  received  the  HIGHEST  AWARDS  at  the 

WORLD'S     COLUMBIAN    EXPOSITION,     CHICAGO,     1893. 

I  St.-'' ASPHALT  AND  ASPHALTIC  CEMENTS." 
2d. -"TRINIDAD  ASPHALT  PAVEMENTS." 
Sd.-"  MACHINERY  AND  PROCESSES." 


I",  v.  GREKNP:,  President. 
CIIAS.  K.  ROBINvSON,  Treas.        J.  C.   ROCK,  vSec'y.  l".  J.  URISTOL,  .Asst.  Sec'y. 


FOR    PLANS    AND    ESTIMATES    APPLY    TO 

THE  BARBER  ASPHALT  PAVING  COMPANY, 


Washington  Building, 


No.  I  Broadway,  New  York. 


Ill 


Iron  Buildings 


BERLIN  IRON  BRIDGE  CO. 


Cbas.  M.  Jarvis,  Bdrr  K.  Field, 

Prea't  and  Chief  E'lgitieer.  Vice-President. 


Geo.  H.  Sage, 

Secretary. 


F.  L.  Wilcox, 

Treasurer 


ENQINEERS,  ARCHITECTS  AND  BUILDERS  OF  IRON 
BRIDQES,  IRON  BUILDINQS,  IRON  ROOFS,  ETC.,  ETC. 


„1    ■ 


»•  i: 


The  above  illustration,  taken  direct  from  a  photograph,  shows  the  interior  of  an  Iron  Foundiy 
designed  and  built  by  us  for  The  Farrel  Foundry  and  Machine  Co.,  at  Ausouia,  Conn.  The  building  is  i2y 
(eet  in  width  by  302  feet  respectively,  and  the  central  portion  is  56  feet  in  width.  The  central  portion  of  the 
building  is  controlled  by  a  hydraulic  Crane  with  a  travel  the  full  length  of  the  bn-Idi"-;.  f.nd  is  also  arranged 
with  lib  cranes  for  delivering  material  from  the  traveliiifj  crane  to  the  cranes  ir  t'.c  ..  mg  trusses. 


The  above  illustration  is  taken  direct  from  a  photograph  and  shows  the  interior  of  a  Car  Shed  designed 
and  built  by  u.i  for  The  New  Orleans  and  Carrollton  R.  R.  Co.,  at  New  Orleans,  La.  The  building  is  coustructed 
entirely  of  steel  and  covered  with  corrugated  steel.  It  is  130  feet  wide  and  300  feet  long  The  sides  are  left 
open  for  a  distance  of  10  feet,  from  the  surface  of  the  ground  and  the  ends  are  lefl  onen  entirely  from  the  tie 
beam  to  the  ground. 


Send  for  llluitrated  Catalogue. 


OHIca  and  Workt,  BAST  BERLIN,  CONN. 


112 


ECONOMY 


IN    STKAM 


IS    SECUUKI) 


1$V    FEEDING 


YOUK    BOILEK 


WITH    AN 


INTERNATIONAL 

HIGH    GRADE 

AUTOMATIC  INJECTOR. 

USES    LKSS    STEA3I, 
DKLIVEKS    HOTTEU    AVATEK    THAN    ANY    OTIIEK    INJECTOR. 

CATAI.OCi    TELLS    "WHY. 


v\vvvv\vvv\« 


WORLD    SPECIALTY    CO., 

1  14  Seventh  St.,   DETROIT,  MICH. 


173^X2 


AUTOMATIC  INJECTOR. 


THE  OLD  RELIABLE.  85,000  L\  USE.  ALL  OIVINO  SATISFACTION 

Branch  Factory,    PENBERTHY  INJECTOR  CO 

Windsor,  Ont.  DETROIT,  MICH. 


1 1 1 


Miscellaneous 


WROUGHT  IRON 
BRIDGE  CO. 


Mississippi    River   Bridge,   Centre    Spans    eacli 
456  feet. 


CANTON,  OHIO. 


•*' 


R    !  i] 


NEW  ERA  ENGINES 

FOR  CAS  AND  GASOLINE.     <^^^- 


M 


UCII   is  claiiiied    for   thetii.      Write   for   our   book,    General 
Ajruiicies  for  Remote  Territory.  — -^^i 

NEW  ERA  IRON  WORKS,   Dayton,  O.    ^'•t 


THE  FLEMING  WOVEN  WIRE  DYNAMO  BRUSH. 


Increased  Discounts  off  Standard  List. 
Excellence  and  Lasting  Quality  maintained. 


Senl  for 
fiesctiptWe  Circular. 


WILFRID   H.  FLEMING,  ^r^^ar" sue't.  new  york. 


The  Best  Typewriter, 

LIKE  The  Best  Steam  Engine, 

is  so  constructed  niechniiically  that  it  will  give  the  very  best 
results  at  tlie  least  pussibk'  friction  and  yet  inaiutaiu  a 
iiiaxiiuuni  ot  ctricicncy. 

Its  constnictiou  is  i)asc(l  upon  the  host  mechanical  prin- 
ciples, anil  upon  the  rules  of  common  sense. 

Such  is  the  ^Vllliams  Typewriter. 

SEND    FOR    CATALOOL'E. 


"I  am  now  convinced  that  the  Williams'  uniy  be 
compared  to  a  Walthaiu  Watch  in  points  of  fineness,  finish 
and  accuracy  ;  and  to  a  Corliss  ]-;u(jine  in  toughness." — 
G.  W.  KlDDKI.l.,  .St.  P.iul,  Minn. 

THE    WILLIAMS    TYPEWRITER   CO., 

319  BROADWAY,  NEW  YORK. 


/v\ANUFACTURERS    OF^ 
INCANDESCEN-r, 


'c  POWER 

.    'Electro-Plating 
:,/  MACHINES. 

(OLBURN  [LEtTRIC  /^FgYo. 
FiTCHBU  RG.A\ASS. 


Cassier's  Magazine  meets  a  loiii;-  felt 
want  lor  a  periodical  devoted  to 
Enj^iiieeriiii."-  Industries. 

"BOSTON  DAILY  TRAVELLER." 


114 


::^^5).^;?* 


T 


BAYTO 


a- 


If  I 


©SULY   1S96  PICTCLE  BROUQHT  OUT  IN   1835. 


FINEST    QUALITY    THROUGHOUT.      PRICE,    $100. 


Best  Grade  Seamless  Steel  Tubing,  that  in  the  main  frame,  incUuliiig  head,  being 
ONE  AND  ONE-FOURTH  INCHES  in  diameter,  giving  the  lightest 'and  strongest 
frame  ever  produced. 


For  Complete  Catalogue,  address, 


DAVIS  SEWING  MACHINE  GO. 


DAYTON,  OHIO, 
CHICAGO, ILLS. 


CO., 

no-  felt 
ted  to 

LER." 


Bound 
Volume 


W' 


U  V  ill  exchantre  bound  volumes  in  cloth,  for  unboun<l  copies  of  Cashier's 
Magazine,  if  in  good  condition,  for  7-')  cents  each.  Hound  in  half  morocco, 
jfl.li')  each.  Packages  containing  magazines  should  be  plainly  marked 
with  address  of  sender. 


VOLUMES  END  WITH  APRIL  AM)  OCTOBER   IS5UES. 


Price  of  Bound  Volumes. 

lilne  Clolli. 


Vc.I.      V,  X.1V.,  ".la-April,  ''.M. 

•■      TV,  May,    ".i:i-()cr.,     ".i:i. 

"     ]IT,  XoV.,  ".i2-.\i)fil,  ".i:i. 

]r,  Mav,    ".cj-ocr.,     'ii'J. 

"  I,  Xiiv.,  ".il-.\in'll,  ".12. 


'2.011 
2.00 
:t.(tO 

None. 


II.Tlf  Morocci 

2.T."> 

.'i.7.") 
10,01) 
Very  BC.Trcc. 


lalfSIieep. 

^■2.7  ■■< 
2.T.") 
2.7.5 

:f.7.-) 

Xnllf. 


THE 


nACK    XlINinERS    WANTED. 

We  will  pay  51. 0(!  each  for  cojnis  of  Nov.,  ".)! ,  Die,  '!U  and  Jan.,  ",i-_'. 
C.A.SSIEIi    3Vr.A.GA.ZI3SrE    CO.,        "World  Bia-g-, 


osr.-sr. 


115 


t  i 


IC    -I'f'"' 


I'  1L 


J '«il 


:0€!#Mg^     Railroads    f4^..MKGgL^E 


^ 

^ 

% 

^ 

% 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 
^ 
% 


Comfort  in  Travel 

Is  a  phrase  that  among  experienced 
travelers  has  come  to  be  almost 
synonymous  with  "Michigan  Cen- 
tral." —  Rochester  Dcmoa\it  an  i 
Chronicle. 

"The  Favorite  Summer 
Tourist  Route  of  the 
Country." 


The  Only  Line  running  directly  by 
and  in  full  view  of  Niagara  Falls. 

As  for  the  premise  of   ''Comfort  in  Travel"  ,  '      ■■ 

by  this  road,  as  well  as  the  speed  and  safety  "'^i 

realized,  the  many  tlioiisantls  who  pass  over  it 

will  surely  testify  that  it  is  kept  to  the  letter. —       .''  \\\^     •■"!        .'■ 

The  SlanJard,  Chicago. 


Chicago  -  New  York  -  Boston 


VIA 


N 


lAGARA    TALLS 


-  B 


UFFALO. 


"The  main  line  is  as  near  perfection  in  the  way  of 
construction,  appointments,  service  and  able  man- 
agement as  can  be  conceived  in  modern  railroading. 
No  skill  or  expenditure  has  bten  spared  to  make  it 
the  model  railroail  of  the  country  " — Ojfficiiil Report 
of  Inspection  hy  Railroad  Connnissioner  of  Michigan. 


ROBERT  MILLER, 

r.enoral  Superintemknt, 

DKTROrr, 


O.  W.  RUOGLES, 
Cen'l  Pass'r  .ind  Ticket  Agent, 

CHICAGO. 


Il6 


v^^'^ 


^^y^ 


Railroads 


f4:PM..MUAZ:iNg 


LONDON,  CHATHAM  &  DOVER  RAILWAY 

I 


LONDON  and  PARIS  in  8  hours 

THREE  SERVICES  DAILY. 

SWITZERLAND, 


Victoria, 
■  I      St.  Paul's  &  Holborn 
Stations. 


VIA    I, AON    AND    VIA    I'AKIS. 

First'Class  Through  Carriages  by  both  Routes. 

BRUSSELS     IN     5     HOURS. 


ROYAL  MAIL  ROUTE 

and  Shortest  Sea  Passage  to 
FRANCE. 


J 


J 


Passengers  by  tliis  Comiiiiny's  Route  Iuivl-  the  privilege  of  brcakiiiK'  the  joiirnev  at  KOCHKSTER  nud 
CANTKKBfKY,  aliording  an  excelleul  upportiuiity  ot'visiliii^  the  many  Imildiii^js  of  fiisloricnl  interest  in  the 
iniinediate  vicinity  of  those  cities. 


BERLIN     IN 


The  QUEENBOROUOH 
and  FLUSHING  ROUTE 

Victoria, 

St.  Paul's  &  Holborn 

Stations. 


TME  QUICKEST 
TO  AND  FROM 


22     HOURS. 

HOLLAND, 
!  NORTH  GERMANY, 

-^     NORWAY  and  SWEDEN. 

HT^TVTBURC     IN     20     HOURS. 


The  Company's  American  Representative,  Jlr.  A.  Thome  {Joi  iiicily  at  If.  />'.  C'.ajlin  c'-'  Co.'s,  Ne~u  York), 
will  be  Rlad  to  atford  every  facility  to  intendintj  passengers. 

.Address  in  London,"  at  the  Chief  Offices  of  the  Company:    CONTINENTAL   MANAGER'S  DEPART- 
MENT, Victoria  .Station,  London,  where  all  arrangements  can  be  made  and  every  inlormation  obtained 
•n:i.i:<',R M'Mic  audkiiss;     "  cai.dovkk,  i.onmio.v    ' 


BlE  FOUl  QOOTE. 

Cleveland,  Cincinnati,      hicago  and 
St.  Louis  Railway 


Western  and  Southern  Points 

Through  Sleeping  Cars  from 

New    Yot'Jc  to   Cincinnati,  Indian- 
apolis and  St,  Louis 

VIA 

New  York  Central  to  Buffalo^  L.  S. 

«C'  31.  S.  Jif/.  to  Cleveland,  Big 

Four  Route  to  Destination. 

Elegant  Connections 

With  all  Trunk   ],iiies  in   New  York  Stati-. 
Ask  for  Tickets  via  BIG  FOUR  ROUTE. 

E.  0.  Mccormick,  d.  b.  martin, 

Passenger  TrafSc  Uasagsr.  Q:n'l  Pass,  ft  Tkt.  Agt. 

BIG  FOUR  ROUTE,  CINCINNATI,  0. 


3k  Days 


FROM  CHICAGO. 


Variable 
Route 
Tourist 
Tickets, 

allowin.o' •special 
pii  vilej4cs 
without  extra 
iiist,  can  lie 
'il)taiiu'(l  with      i 

lull  inlonnation  are   run  through  to 

upon  aptilica-       ^        r- 

tiou  to  any  ^an  Francisco 

lirkct  at,a'nt      r 
to  the  (IciKi 

I'.isseni^cr  A.ut.,  leaving  Chicago 

Chicaf^o. 

^daily  via  the 

North-Western  Line. 

CHICAGO   &  NORTH-WESTERN   RY. 


Ail  meals  served 
in  Dining  Cars. 

Palace  Drawing- 
Room  Sleeping  Cars 
and  Tourist  Sleepers 


without  change, 


w 


■i  .■ 


=!,,» 


Mi 

it 


!■'  Hi; 


ilfr 


111;   '    ! 


i      'I, 


:.4--a   i 


Mi'    ' 


I 


^ISHfe. Railroads ^-^^W^c^mli 


VIEWS  OF. 


.-'^.^^,^t•I5ll?p'?;.:^?':ap^■     *5»;v  7  ««"!>"nii^!!r ,  • 


f||Ml«; 


,..  ;•-*;. 


I 


■^:y^^>^±£r"^-'v^ 


NIAGARA    FALLS 


►♦"^ 


AT     THIi 

Western  Terminal  of  the 
West  Shore  R.  R. 

ii8 


Mm 


/^s5  ER'sA  j\5lQy  v;  ^     Rai  I  roads    .- 


■,;-^7r^:^ ..  ^.x?^ 


■*,1  ,  ,■ 


i'^|!^:;:■/v..  magazine;! 


SPEND  YOUR  SUMMER  VACATION 


Among  the  Lakes  of  Northern  New  York, 
In  the  Mountains  of  Pennsylvania, 
Or  at  the  Seashore. 


THE  MOST  DIRECT  LINE  IS 


;.-"^^^ 

/-H^-     . 


The  pici^ures€|iie 


|K 


i-—l/n: 


ANTHRACITE  COAL  USED  EXCLUSIVELY,   ENSURING   CLEANLINESS  AND  COMFORT. 
NO    OUST,     NO    SMOKE.    NO     CINDERS. 


he 


Send  for  printed  matter  and  full  particulars,  to 


CHAS.  S.  LEE,  General  Passenger  Agent, 


PHILADELPHIA.  PA. 


119 


hii 


m 


w  -■* 


« 

! 


li  .  . 


m 


11-1} 


s 

t.  - 

! 

I 

; 

fi 

1 

ii'. 

The  Cataract  House  ^fei^gN| 


i^^^J^'t^^L^^iS^l     ^ , 


■  (uv  >,.m^»  w^'*'^  T^^l.^ 


OPEN     UNTIL    NOVEMBER. 


J.    E.    DEVEREUX,    Manager. 

At  the  abovt'  lioltl,  wliicli  is  the  h's/  lialrl  at  I^'iagara.  will  he  foiiiul  a  maj)  room,  coiitniniiif;  all  the 
mans  ever  issued  of  this  locality,  and  also  designs  showins  the  utilization  of  the  imiueiisc  water  power 
uiKlertakeu  by  the  "Cataract  Construction  Co  " 

A  new  and  iiuiqiie  leature  which  has  been  placed  in  the  hotel  is  a  perfect  model  of  the  tuiiueraiifl 
works  ol  this  company,  showinpr  at  a  Rlance  their  method  of  developiui;  tliis  enormous  power.  Tins  model, 
which  has  just  been  finished  at  a  large  expen.se.  is  tw^'  .e  feet  long  ana  four  feet  wide,  and  exhibits  not  only 
the  American  Falls  and  the  tunnel  in  operation,  bin  also  a  working  model  of  the  power  house,  peiist<icks, 
inlet,  turbines,  etc. 

1 20 


\y    —    -  \^ 


^^^^^^^^:k§0^"     R^"  roads     vi:^gl;li^^M^Gmti^ 


The  New  York  Central 


IS    THE 


Direct  Line  to  Niagara  Falls. 


EMPIRE  STATE  EXPRESS  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  CENTRAL,  FASTEST  TRAIN  IN  THE  WORLD. 


B}'  taking  the  New  York  Central's  famous  Empire  vState 
Express,  3'ou  ean  ])reakfast  in  New  York  and  take  supi)er  at 
Buffalo  or  Niagara  Falls. 

Twelve  other  fast  trains  run  through  daily  in  l)oth  direc- 
tions— practically  a  train  every  hour — equipped  with  elegant 
W^agner  Palace  Cars. 

A  copy  of  the  hamlsoiiie  little  Booklet  entitled  :   "  Two  Days  at  Xiaj^ara  I'alls."  will  he  sent 
free,  postpaid,  to  any  address  in  the  world,  on  receipt  of  two  2-cent  stamps,  liy 

(jEOR(JE   H.  DANIELS,  General  Passenger  Agent, 

Grand  Central  Station,  New  York. 

121 


'«■       I 


i:i 


.i>-]l 


'  'fa 


J 

J 


-  M  iscel  laneous  rtM^-ir^^^ 


KING   OF   BICYCLES. 

LIGHT,    STRONG,    SPEEDY,     HAND50ME. 


FOUR  MODELS,  $85   and  $100.  Elegant  40-Page  Catalogue  for  Postage 

MONARCH   CYCLE  MFG.  CO., 

LAKE   AND   HALSTED   STREETS,   CHICAGO,   ILL. 

Eastern  Distributing  and  Sales  Agents: 
THE  C.  F.  GUYON  CO.,  Ltd.,  79  Reade  Street  and  97  Chambers  Street,  NEW  YORK. 
BRANCHES:    SAN  FRANCISCO,  PORTLAND,  SALT  LAKE  CITY,  DENVER 
MEMPHIS,  DETROIT,  TORONTO 


122 


Professional  Cards. 


C.  M.  CONRADSON, 

M.lv.,    Coiisiiltin^r    EiiKiiiPPr,    Mrinu- 
factiiriiifj  Miicliiiu-  Slioji  Iviuipineiit, 
S])crial  niul  Standard  I, allies,  Millin;^ 
Machines,  HoriiiK  Machines,  etc. 
Electrically  Driven  Machine  Tools. 

Mmiison,  \Vm. 

FRANCIS  H.  RICHARDS, 

Consulting,  Desi>,'ninj^  and  Construct- 
ing Mechanical  Kuf^ineer.  Specialties : 
Inventions,  Patents,  Manufactures. 
Researches  and  Experiments  Con- 
ducted.   Expert  ill  Patent  Cases. 

IlARTroKi),  Conn. 

WILLIAM  O.  WEBBER, 

A.S.M.IC,  Conwultins  Engineer,  .Shop 
ISIethods  and  Production,  Steam  V.\- 
l)ert,  Power  Tests,  Hydraulic  Engi- 
neering and  Patent  Causes. 

88  Mason  nrii.niNC, 

RosToN,   Mass. 


STEPHEN  E.  BABCOCK, 

Consulting  Engineer.  Water-Works 
and  Sewerage. 

Little  Palis,  N.  y. 

EDWARD  P.THOMPSON, M.E. 
PROF.  WM.  A.  ANTHONY, 

United  .States  and  Foreign  Patents. 
Engineering  Specifications.  Consult- 
ing P^ngineers. 

3  AND  5  Rkkkmax  Strkkt, 

Ni;\v  York. 

HORACE  SEE, 

Engineer  and  Naval  Architect.  Plans 
and  Specifications  Prepared  of  Hulls 
and  Machinery.  Also  Work  Superin- 
tended. Expert  in  Engineering. 
Admiralty  Patent  Cases. 

No.  I  Broadway,  New  York. 

HENRY    C.    TOWNSEND, 

Attorney  and  Counsellor  at  Law. 
Patents,  Designs,  Trade-INLirks. 

5  Beekman  Street, 

Temple  Court, 

New  York. 

THE  ROBERT  W.  HUNT  CO., 

Bureau  of  Inspection,  Tests  and  Con- 
sultation. General  OITice:  "The 
Rookery,"  Chicago.  Branch  OflTices: 
Hamilton  Huilding,  Pittsburgh. 
Union  Trust  Co.  Bi.g.,  N.  Y.  City. 
328  Chestnut  St.,  Philadelphia. 


JULIAN  KENNEDY, 

Consulting  and  Contracting  Engineer, 
Blast  I'urnaces,  Bessemer  and  Ojien 
Hearth  Steel  Works,  Rolling  Mills, 
Steam  and  Hydraulic  iSLichinerv,  etc. 
Vandegrift  IUmlding, 

Pittsiiurgii,  Pa. 

D.  ASHWORTH, 

Mechanical  and  Consulting  Engineei 
anil  Steam  ICxpert. 

108  I'ouRTH  Avenue, 

PiTTsnuRGH,  Pa. 

WYNKOOP  KIERSTED, 

Civil  Engineer,  I\L  Am.  Soc.  C.  E. 
Advice  with  respect  to  Water-Works, 
Water  Supplies,  Sewerage  and  Sewage 
Disposal. 

jS  Water- Works  Building, 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 

JOHN  W.  HILL, 

Consulting  and  Constructing  En- 
gineer, M.  Am.  Soc.  C.  E.  Water- 
Works,  Sewerage,  etc. 

35  and  36  Glenn  Building, 

Cincinnati,  O. 

CHARLES  E.  EMERY, 

Consulting  Engineer. 

Bennett  Building, 

Fulton  and  Nassau  Sts., 
New  York. 


OLIN   H.  LANDRETH, 

Consulting  lingineer,  I\L  Am.  Soc.  C. 
¥..,  M.  Am.  vSoc.  1\L  P).,  Engineering 
Department,  Union  College,  Expert 
Tests,  Re])orts,  Designs,  Specifications 
and  Estimates. 

Schenectady,  N.  Y. 

JOSEPH    SACHS, 

Electrical  Engineer.  Devising  and 
Perfecting  New  and  Special  Electrical 
Apparatus  and  A]iiilications.  Con- 
sulting and  Construction. 

;^2  Nassau  StrI'.et,  New  York. 


WILLIAM   KENT, 

M.  E.,  Consulting  Pjigineer.      .Steam 

P^ngineering,   Iron   and   Steel   INIetal- 

lurgy,  etc. 

PA.S.SAIC,    N.    J. 


12" 


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Pl\ 


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[I'll 

ill 

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llj:'^' 


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Professional  Cards.     Si^^^fe^^ 


CHA8.  J.  COOCH, 

raltiil  Atioriioy.  r.ilciUs  |)r()(ur(.'(l 
with  n(K)(l  cl:iiiiis  ill  all  coiiiitrii-s. 
Ciiaiil  insurid.  'I'otal  losl  ri'fim(le<l  if 
tiiisuccL'ssliil.  .v>  years'  experii'iicc. 
l"ailliful  service.  WasiiincTon,  I).  C. 
Cable  Aildress, "C.odili,  WasliiiiHtoii." 
(1'.  (),  llox  ,(6.  ) 

CEO.  HILL, 

Consulting  Kngiiieer, 
nuil(lin^;s, 

•14  Uroadwav, 

N'i:\v  ^■()l<K  City. 


H.  K.  McCAY, 

Electrical   Kngiiieer  mid   Contractor 

Electric  Ivightiiig,  Electric  Railways. 

to6  iv.  CijRMAN  St., 

IUltimork,  Md. 

ALBERT  R.  LEEDS, 

I'll.  D.,  Water  Analyst.  Sanitary  and 
Technical  Analyses  of  Spring,  Well, 
River,  City  and  Mineral  Waters. 

Stkvexs  Institutk  ok  Technology, 

HonoKRN,  N.  T- 


CEO.  B.  BURBANK, 

Consulling   Engineer, 

I'.KllC    Col'NTY    I'.A.NK    lU'lI.DINC, 
Ilril'AI.O,    N.  V. 

J.  C.  STEEN, 

M.  E.  Metal  Working  Machinery  ■ 
Specially.     Mai'liiiiery  designed. 

66  I'ICKKKINC.  lUlI.DINO, 

Cincinnati,  O. 
BOOTH,  CARRETT  &  BLAIR^ 

Mechanical      Testing ;       Inspection. 

Chemical  Analvses.  Established  1836 

T.  H.  Garrett.  A.  A.  Blair. 

I'.  II.  Lewis. 

406  Loci'ST  vSTRKKT, 

1'hii,ai)Ki,i'Hia,  Pa. 

FRANK  B.  RAE, 

IClectrieal  ICiij^'ineer.  Electric  Rail- 
ways. Traiisniissioti  of  Power.  Elec- 
trical Machinery  designed  for  special 
ai>])lications,  plans,  specifications  and 
supervision.     II(jmK  I5ANK  lii.nc.., 

DivTROlT,  MlCII. 


PERFORATED  METALS 


FOR    USE   IN 


Mining,  Milling  and  Agricultural  Machinery. 

PERFORATED  BRASS  FOR  SUGAR  MACHINERY. 

FILTEK  PRESS  PLATES. 

A  Full  Assortment  of  Sizes.         Correspondence  Solicited. 

The  Robert  Aitchison  Perforated  Metal  Co., 

2Gg  DEARBOR^J  STREET,  CHICAGO,  ILL. 


124 


Niles  Tools  Works 


-^ — ^ 


fe'v  MAGAZINE; 


«<>.SEE  ONE  OF  CUR  MACHINES  ILLUSTRATED  ON  PAGE  279.  ••» 
DliSIONERS    AND    BUIIDKRS. 

I  Labor  3^ving  iVI^achlnery  | 

HIUH  UKADE  ONLY. 
COMPLETE    EQUIPMENTS    FURNISHED. 


■t>^ 


The  machine  shown  in  the  cnt  is  one  of  our  HORIZONTAL,  liORINQ,  DRILLING 
and  MILLING  MACHINES  in  actual  o]uration  on  heavy  housings. 

Works  :     HAHILTON,  OHIO. 


Boston. 


New  York. 


BRANCHES  : 

Chicago.  Philadelphia.  Pittsburg. 


CORRESPONDENCE    SOLICITED. 


125 


n 


f  1 

' ' ;    Wt ' ' 

1    '  1 

r;CASStER*S-.'/) 


Machine  Tools. 


y> /^ ^ 


j^vKlAG'^'ziNE; 


ESTKBLISHeO     IN     1BT5 

BRIOaEPORX,    CONN- 
SUCCESSORS  TO 

The  Springfield  Emery  Wheel  Co. 
The  Springfield  Emery  Wheel  Mfg.  Co. 

AND 

The  Springfield  Glue  and  Emery  Wheel  Go. 


MANUFACTURERS    OF    THE 

Largest  Line  of  Grinding  Machinery  in  the  United  States. 

Three  different  Processes  of  Emery  Wheels  for 
Wet  Tool  Grinding,  Saw  Gumnner  and 

General  Grinding. 

126 


,-SI; 


Machine  Tools. 


Boring  and   Turning  Mills. 
Lathes.  Turret  Machines. 

In    Great    Varietj . 


The    Bullard    Machine    Tool    Co., 

E.  P.  Bullard,  Prest.  Bridgeport,   Conn. 

New  York  Office,   145  Broadway  and  86  Libertj'  Street. 

J97 


kIIPI^  Machine  Tools  feSpltiNSil 


MORSE  TWIST  DRILL  &  MACHINE  CO. 

MANUFACTURERS    OF 


DRILLS,     REAMERS,     CUTTERS,    CHUCKS,    TAPS,    DIES, 

DRILL  GRINDING   MACHINES  AND  SPECIAL  TOOLS. 

Sozxcl      foir      OO'ta.losxi.o. 


STANDARD  TOOL  CO., 


ox3:xo. 


Manufacture  TWIST   DRILLS,   REAMERS,  TAPS  and    DRILL   CHUCKS. 


Spring  Cotters. 


Flat  Spring  Keys. 


SWEET'S 

Measuring  Machine. 

Tlic  only  luicronieter 
that  wiU'iiut  lose  its 
acciir;iov  by  werir. 

Satlsfactioa  Quarauteed. 

SYRACUSE 
TWIST  DRILL  CO.' 

Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


li 


Our  Drills  are  Hot  Forged.    The  best  part  of  the  steel  IS  NOT  GUT  OUT  and  thrown  away. 


They   are  ToUgher,   Stronger,    Better  tluin    is  imssible  to  attain  by  luilHiig.     CalaloijMes  sent 

ou  application  NEW  PROCESS  TWIST  DRILL  COMPANY.  Taunton,  Mass. 

Our  Catalogue  entitled  J^^pj  J     L^t^o    WorR 

"^  BY 

NEW  METHOD 

(HARTNESS  SYSTEM) 

mUSTRATES  AXl>  DESCItlHES  TUB 

FLAT  TURRET   LATHE. 

JONES  &  LAMMACHINE  CO, 


a  X  84   FLAT  TUnnCT   LATHI. 


SPRINGFIELD,   VERMONT, 

U.    S.    A. 


1 28 


1># 


away. 


HE. 

CO. 


Machine  Tools. 


feMAG'AZINE;! 


Tim  Poiiii  niaGimc  Tool  go., 

Formerly  of  Worcester,  Mass., 

MANUFACTURERS  OK 

.IRON-WORKING  MACHINE  TOOLS, 

DRIVING  WHEEL  LATHES, 
BORING  MILLS, 

RADIAL  DRILLS, 

PLANERS,  LATHES, 

Heavy  uiid  I'i>werful,  from  N<;W  Patterns  of  the 

LiatKHt  and  IteHf  Df-HiKnx. 

SALESliOOM  AMI  OFFICE, 

113  Liberty  St.,  New  York  City. 

New  Shops,  PLAINFIELD.  N.  J- 


HENRY  S.  MANNING. 


EUGENE  L.  MAXWELL. 


CHAS.  A.  MOORE. 


MANNING,  MAXWELL  &  MOORE, 

Itallway  aDl  piacWsts'  Tools  M  Supplies 


III  and  113  LIBERTY 

NEW    YORK. 


Foot  Power  Lathes 

For  Electrical  and   Experimental  Work. 
For  Gunsmiths  and  Tool  Makers. 
For  (jeneral  Machine  Shop 
Work. 


High  grade  Tools  ;  correct  in  principle, 
elegant  in  design,  superior  in  construe^ 
tion.  THE  BEST  FOOT  =  POWER 
LATHES  MADE.  Send  for  catalogue 
and  prices. 

W.  F.  &  JOHN  BARNES  CO., 
229  Ruby  St.,  ROCKFORD,  ILl  ' 


LATEST;    BEST;    CHEAPEST! 

COLD   IVIETAL  SAWING   MACHINES 

.,^^ For  All  Classes  of  Work. 

EVERY  MACHINE  WARRANTED. 
SEND  FOR  LATEST  CATALOOtlE. 

CHICAGO,    ILL.,    703-7   Western    Union    BIdg. 

NEW  YORK,  29  Broadway. 

129 


'  i 


'      ■~— ■  ■  — "         ■   .--I'   '    ■         -'i  ■       fc«i     pha    ■    ■■■!         ^     I      ^— ■■■      I  ■     ■  i  I  i» 


THE  LONB  &  ALLSTATTER  CO 


Manufacturers  of 


and 


MULTIPLE*  PUNCH. 


Power 
Punching 
Shearing 
Machinery 

€>¥=■    EiZERY     DESCRIRTIOIS 


HAMILTON,    OHIO,    U.  S.  A. 

JJYDRAUUC  JACKS. 


ALL  SIZES. 


ALL  STYLES.  ALL  GUARANTEED. 

XjA.xrse    "\7"a-rloty    lix    Stools. 


HYDRAULIC 
PUNCHES, 

SHEARS, 

BENDERS, 

RIVETTERS, 

Etc.,  Etc. 


ir 


HYDRAULIC 
PUMPS, 

ACCUMULATORS, 

VALVES, 
GAUGES  and 
FITTINGS. 
Send  for  Catalogue  XI. 


WATSON  &  STILLMAN,   204-210   E.  43d  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 

HYDRAULIC  PRESSES. 


130 


.^■\Ji^- 


^'^^'I^.II^^Miscellaneous 


^-\\ 


W^ 


and 


IPTION 


JESSOF'S  STEEL 


MANLIACTUUKIl    l;V 

WM.  JESSOP  &.  SONS,  L'0.,SHEFFIELC,'£KaLAKI3. 


of  BEST  QUALITY, 
in  BABS,  SHEETS 
and  PLATES, 

l.^iif-  n->.'rliii,iil  ..f;i/j'.  in  >l<i.k  :ll 
III  Jolin  St.,  Xvw  Vork, 

Aii.l  ..lli.r  Ai;i'ii.ii-5. 

Ili^-li.'.l  Aw.inUu.l  Mt'.lal 
Wurl.l'!.  I'iiir,  ivi:!. 


AMERICAN    BALL    PULVERIZER. 


(S. 

NTEED. 


The  Simplest,  Cheapest  and  Best  Machine  in  the  Marl<et.    Pulverizes  wet  or  dry  to 

any  degree  of  fineness.    Makes  little  or  no  slimes  in  wet  nor  dust  in  dry 

work.    Four  sizes,  capacity  from  2  to  60  tons  per  day. 

SEND  FOR  CATALOGUE.    Cable  Address,  American. 
FIRST   PRIZE   AND   GOLD   MEDAL  AWARDED   AT   WORLD'S  FAIR,    1893. 

Office  of  The  Ci.evki.and  Iron  Ore  Paint  Co.  and 
TnK  Garry  Ikon  Roofing  Co., 

Clkvei.anii,  O.,  Jan.  25,  iSy4. 
I  he  American  Minitij;  and  Milliiif;  Stachinery  Co.,  Cleveland,  O,; 
C.KNTr.EMKN  :  We  purcliasL-rt  a  No.  2  Ainerican  Kock  Dreaker 
and  a  No.  2  American  Hall  I'ulvcrizer  from  your  coiiipaiiy  about 
one  year  ago.  The  latter  part  of  April,  1893,  we  started  \i\y  for 
regular  work,  since  wliicli  time  we  have  rnn  both  of  said  machines 
lo  the  full  extent  of  onr  demands  and  to  onr  entire  satisfaction. 
The  first  700  tons  of  hard  iron  ore  that  we  pulverized  for  paint 
purposes  was  ground  without  t;ikiiifr  the  Pulverizer  apart,  and 
without  e.xpendiuK  one  dollar  for  repairs  for  either  one  of  these 
machines.  Of  the  701  tons  .spoken  of  about  200  tons  was  Lake 
Sui)erior  Specular  Iron  Ore,  containing  some  71)  per  cent,  iron  ; 
a  very  difficult  ore  to  pidverize.  The  remainder  was  a  red  fossil- 
iferous  iron  ore.  carrying  cpnte  a  nercent.  of  silex.  which  cuts  out 
bnlir  stones  rapidly.  We  find  tliat  the  steel  bidls,  which  were 
when  new  s  in  in  diameter,  now  caliper4js  in., and  .ire  perfectly 
round  and  smooth.  The  grindinp  track  shows  very  little  wear, 
and  the  driving  track  shows  lens;  in  fact  the  wear  is  almost  im- 
perceptible. These  two  machines  crush  and  pulverize  more  than 
one  ton  per  hour  with  Ii-hh  than  12  H.P.  We  do  not  know  ofany 
Crusher  or  Pulverizer  that  can  compare  with  the  output  of  these 
twomachinesinquanlity,  quality,  small  amount  of  wear  and  te,. 
and  like  power.  In  our  opinion  you  cannot  reconiinend  tliei.. 
loo  hiphlv.    Vervtnilv  yours.   Cleveland  Ikon  Ore  Paint  Co. 

THK    AMERICAN     BA'.L    FULVERIZKn  -     ' 


:W  YORK. 


;ES. 


The    American    Steel    Rock    Breaker 

Is  the    BEST   ami    CHEAPEST    Railroad    Ikillast  Machine   in   ihv  World.     Ila.s  j;rcaler 
capacity  for  its  wciglit  than  any  other.     Itnpossihle  for  slab  pieces  to  pass  through. 

I'OR     CATAI.OIUI-:     AM)     PRICKS     ADDRKSS  : 

THE    AMERICAN     MINING    AND    MILLING    MACH'Y    CO., 

121    Euclid    Avenue,    Room    1034,    Cleveland,    O. 

'31 


1 

1" 

1 

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^^%"%%^%^%^%%.'%/%^U^%/%%'%^%^%/V%^%%%^%^'%/%^%^'%/W%/V%/V^'^ 


Gassier  Magazine  Co., 

World  Building,  New  Yorl<. 

Please   enter    my  name   on  your  Subscription  List   for  Six 
Months,  for  which  I  enclose  One  Dollar  and  Fifty  Cents. 

Name, 

Address,  


t 


Gassier  Magazine  Go., 

World  Building,  New  York. 

Please  enter   my    name  on   your  Subscription    List  for 
Twelve  Months,  for  which  I  enclose  Three  Dollars. 

Name,  _ _ _ 

Address, 


t 


^'%^%^%%^V%'%^%/%/%^%/%^%%'%%'-%'%^%%^%%^'%^%%%^%^'%%%%^%^ 


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pS^A§,Ma;: Machine  Tools -sP^P»?«lnS 


THE  GARVIN  MACHINE  CO. 


MANVrACTUKKKS   OF    AND    DKAI.KKS    IN 


METAL=WORKINQ    MACHINERY 

OF    EVERY    KIND. 

PLAIN  AND  UNIVERSAL 

MILLING   MACHINES. 
SCREW  MACHINES. 

Cutter  Grinders, 
Tapping   Machines, 
Profiling    Machines, 
Hand   Lathes, 
Drill  Presses, 
Spring  Colters, 
Die  S letters.   Etc. 

SPECIAL 

BICYCLE   MACHINERf. 

WRITE  FOR  New  Catalogues  A  and  b,  and  List  of  Tools  for  Immediate  Delivery 

LAIQHT  AND  CANAL  STS.,  NEW  YORK,  N.  Y.,  U.S.A. 

51    NORTH    7th    ST..    PHILADELPHIA,   PA. 


SKINNER    PATENT    CHUCKS. 

Lathe  Chucks, 
Drill  Chucks, 
Planer  Chucks, 
Face-Plate  Jaws. 

Cat.  friie  on  application. 


THE  SKINNER  CHUCK  CO. 

No.  94  Reade  St.,  New  York. 
New  Britain,  Conu.,  U.  S.  A. 


THE  BLISS  SCHOOL  OF  ELECTRICITY, 

HliHN  Biiilclliiic,  Uiixhiiiiitoii,  n.  C.  The  only 
Institution  in  the  coi.nt  •}'  wIrt';  Practical  Elec- 
trical EnKineeiing  is  tliirouglily  anil  exclusively 
taught.  Books  open  unt  1  September  jj.  Course 
open*  October  i.    Catalog  upon  application. 


WORCESTER    POLYTECHNIC     IN5TI- 

TUTK.  Woreesler,  >lniiit.  Four  jvais'  coutxrs 
in  Civil,  Mechanical,  Klectricil  Engineering  anil 
Chemistry.  New  and  e.xtensi'  e  laboratories  and 
workshops,  thoroughly  equipped.  Expenses  low. 
For  cat.iIogue  and  information  addres.s 

T.  C    Mendenhai.i,,  Presideut. 


Hoistinj^,  Mining,  Bridge  Erecting, 

Dock  Building,  Pile  Driving, 
Coal   Hoisting  and  Quarry  Engines 

of  any  power.  Sugar  Cane  Transferring  Engines, 
^lachines  fur  Uepositing  Cane  from  Carrier,  with  my 
imj)roved  Patent  Priction  Drums,  with  or  without 
Boilers.  Any  amount  of  reference  given.  Estal)- 
lislied  1870.     Send  for  Catalogue. 

J.  5.  MUNDY,  Newark,  N.  J. 

1744  Market  St.,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 
22  Light  St..  Baltimore,  Md. 
117  Water  St.,  Pittsburg,  Pa. 
249  South  JefTerson  St  ,  Chicago,  111. 
715  North  Second  St.,  St.  I,ouis,  Mo. 
39  Magazine  St.,  New  Orleans,  I,a. 
j4  Fremont  St.,  San  Francisco,  Cal. 
85  I'ront  St.,  Portland.  Ore. 

Fourth  and  Wakouta  Sts.,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 
21.'*  Congress  St..  Boston.  Mass. 

-^^  INDICATORS 

The  ROBERTSON 
THOMPSON 

GUARANTEED  EQUAL  TO 
THEBES  I. 

—Send  for  Catalog — 

Steam    Sicp.vkatoks, 
Oil  E.XTKACTORS  Etc. 

W     'ssdW^ik^  HiNE  &  Robertson  Co. 

Co.npieto.  ^Slr^    iii'VonuwdtSt.,N.Y 


Slil^- '^'^^"^"^""S'  ^i^ISi^ 


THE  LARGEST  AND  MOST  COMPLETE 


1 


FILE  WORKS  IN  THE 
WORLD. 


■»»»»» 


p\» 


t\ts 


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^.  S.  ^'  3,000 

VARIETIES  FILES 
INCREMENT  CUT  FILES 


MaV-eri  of  Klcholson  Iccreme&t  Cut  FUcg 
American  Brani  Files  and  S.  P.  Swiss  Pattern  Files. 


»▼▼-•▼»▼▼»»* 


J 


CRESCENT  STEEL  CO., 

CHICAGO,  ILL.  PITTSBURG,  PA.  new  YORK,  n.y. 

MANUFACTURERS  OF 

CRUCIBLE  CAST  STEEL 

of  the  finest  quality. 

FOR  TOOLS  AND  DIES  OF  ALL  KINDS  ROCK  DRILL  STEEL.  SHEET  STEEL  FOR  SAWS, 
KNIVES,  Etc.  POLISHED  DRILL  RODS  AND  NEEDLE  WIRE,  SPRING  AND  MACHINERY 
STEEL,  Etc.    COILED  SPRINGS,  STEEL  FORCINGS,  Etc. 


isfo'T^.^Mj^uJA^u^rs  PHOSPHOR-BRONZE 

RtCjVADEMARKS  I  N  G  0  TS,  C  AS  Tl  N  G  S ,  WiR  E,   S  H  E  E  T     &C. 

TheRhosphor  Bronze  SmeltincCo. Limited 
2  200WashingtonAve.,Philadei.phia.,Pa. 

ORIGINAL  manufacturers  OF  Phosphor- 
-■■-"- .  Sole 


i  II 


THE  HARRIS=CORLISS  ENGINE. 

The  BEST  Four-Value  Automatic  Engine  in  the  Marliet.         ^'noc   Afl  tn  Qlflfl  HnRCC  PhU/PD 
Non-Condensing,  Condensing  or  Compound  Condensing.       OltCO;  '»U  '"  ^OUU  nunOC  rUWCn 

BUILT  ONLY  BY  WM.  A.  HARRIS  STEAM  ENGINE  CO.,  providence,  r.  i. 


Of  the  general  get  up  of  Cassikr's 
^L\GAZINE  we  cannot  speak  too 
highly. — Mechanical  Progress. 


134 


TI5IE=XjE22:    E>-U-2v£X='S 


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FOR  ELECTRIC  AND  OTHER  POWER. 


FOUR  TYF>ES  and 

EIGHT  SIZES  of 

TRIPLEX   PUMPS 

made  with  both 

SINGLE  and 
DOUBLE-ACTING 

CYLINDERS. 
UNEQJJALED  In 

DESIGN  and 
CONSTRUCTION. 


This  4>IIV|-HVillt?  r«  pr<-.  iil>-iir  Iripl'A  1-1- .■- 
trir  I'll  in  (I,  l'ii;..'i;'Kmln|tti  'I  lur  L'lii  |tou[i"Ui)ri.i--iin-) 
—  lin'rllv  ci'un-.l  tn  plciMrlc  nioi  ir.  Tin-  I'mnii  Id 
funibhri'lwith  I.h.i.;  f.ir^iriy  lypr  of  Motor.  Th.-Viihr 
r(i(iiiitnr-i  im-l    M.i'nr  It  i---  mh-  iiii'T'-li;nii;iiil>K'. 


Adapted  for 

Water  Works, 

Hydraulic  Elevators. 

Boiler  Feeding, 

Apartment  Houses, 

Mine  Pumping, 

Irrigation, 

Paper  Mills, 

Refineries, 

Breweries,  Etc. 


.  MANUFACTURED    BY  . 


THE  DEMINQ  COMPANY, 


SALEM,  OHIO,  U.  S.  A. 


NEW  YORK  I  Wallace  Building. 

5Al.l£5  OPriCE  :  I  s6  &  58  Pine  Street. 


GENERAL  f  HEMON  &  HUBBEI.L, 

WESTERN  AGENTS  :  1  6i.6q  N.  Jefferson  St.,  ChicaKO. 


WESTON  EMQINES. 


High  Pressure  Boilers. 

Complete  Power  Plants. 

Estimates   and   Drawings   Submitted. 

WESTON   ENGINE  CO  , 

PAINTED   POST,   N.  Y. 

RIPRESENTATIVES: 
.lUI.IAN  SCHOM.  &  CO.,  i.o  Liberty  St.    N.  Y.  Cil v. 

HOl-HMAN.RUSSELL  CO.,  -  S2  I.akc  St.,  CliiraK<>,  111. 
SCKANTON  SUPPLY  &  MACH'Y  CO.,  -  Siiaiiton,  I'a. 
THOS.  K.  CAREY  &  BROS.  CO.,  26  I.inlil  St.,  li.illiiuiirc,  M<l. 
MITCHELL,  LEWIS  &  STAYER  CO.,  Scaltlc,  Wnsli 


THE  FILER  &STOWELL  GO. 

ENGINEERS  AND  MANUFACTURERS. 

MILWAUKEE,    WIS. 

wOriISS  Compound, 

f  ■  Triple 

tngineS       expansion. 


COnPLETE    PLANTS  OF    HIGHEST   EFFICIENCY. 

135 


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Sustained  in  the  United  States  Circuit  Courts, 

THE  VACUUM  SYSTEH  OF  STEAM  HEATINO  OWNED  BY  VS. 

Send    for  iitw   paiiiplilet  just   issued.     I';stat)lislied    l)y   years  of  uiuiualified  success,    mid 
>;eneral  reco).,'iiiUuu  for  excellence.     Hundreds  of  references. 

FIRST-CLASS  AGENTS  WANTED. 


WE  NEVER  SOLD  ONE 


0/  our  Vaemnn  Feed  Water  llpnten*  and 
J*>irip,*^rs  until  7vr  had  firs/  satisfifd  our  customer  that 
it  was  capable  of  saving  money  for  him.  Our  Catalogue 
^  ii'ill  make  this  saving  dear  to  you.  Shall  ree  mail  it  f  We 
also  build  the  Webster  Separator  and  Williames  Vacuum 
System  of  Steam  //eating. 

Warren  Webster  &  Co. 


OPPrCES  : 

NEW  YORK  :    39  Cortlandt  St. 
CHICAOO;     1503  Monadnock  BiilldinK 


Exhaust  Steam  Specialists, 


CAMDEN,  N.  J. 


P.P.P.  ROD  PACKING 

The  BEST  for  ALL  PURPOSES. 

THE    MOST    ELASTIC.  LESS    FRICTION    ON    ROD. 

Sliding  Wedge  Shaped  pieces,  to  compensate  for  wear. 


PAT.AUCS.  7IB94 


An  Absorbant  Oil  Cushion. 


No  Waste. 


WARRANTFn   ^°   ^'^   cheaper    and   more    satisfactory   than   any   other   fibrous 
flMnriMlllLU  packing  or  no  pay. 

Manupacturhd  only  by  C.  a.  DANIEL,  323  riarl^et  Street,  PHILA.,  PA 

TELEPHONES 


FOR  EXCHANQES,  PRIVATE  LINES  AND  FACTORIES. 

SILVER  CHIME  MAGNETO  BELLS. 

RECEIVER  CORDS  AND  ALL  PARTS  OF  TELEPHONES. 


MIANUS  ELECTRIC  CO. 

MIANUS,  CONN. 


137 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


|5o  "^"    m^ 
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2.0 


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Hiotographic 

Sdeaices 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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THE    INTERIOR   CONDUIT    SYSTEM 

THE    STANDARD    METHOD    OF    ELECTRIC    WIRING. 


Conductors  absolutely  protected,  insulated  and  rendurcd  always  accessible  for  inspection, 

renewal,  repairs  or  additions. 

INSURES  ABSOLUTE  IMMUNITY  FROM  FIRE  AND 
ACCESSIBILTYTO  CONCEALED  CONDUCTORS. 


BRASS  AND  IRON  ARHORED  INSULATING  CONDUIT. 


The  Underwriters'  "  Rules  and  Requirements"  permit  Uie  use  of  two  Standard  wires,  either 
separate  or  twin  conductor,  in  the  Iron  Armored  Conduit  of  the  Interior 
Conduit  and  Insulation  Company. 


WATER  PROOF    NAIL  PROOF 


SLOW 
SPEED. 


FIRE  PROOF 


HIGH 
EFFICIENCY. 


\ 


Lundell  Motors  and  Generators. 

INTERIOR    CONDUIT    AND    INSULATING    COMPANY, 

General  Offices  and  Works, 
527  WEST  THIRTY-FOURTH  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


EDWARD   H.  JOHNSON, 

President. 


E.  W.  LITTLE, 

Vice-President  and  General  Manager. 

138 


CHAS.   P.  GEDDES, 

Secretary  and  Treasurer. 


tCbe  (SlSiC  Company 


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Specialties 


Scrvis  ^ic  iplatcs  * 
(Tattle  6uar^0  *    * 
flDctal  Sawino  *    * 

fIDacbincs    *    * 
(lar  Doors    *    *    ♦ 
Car  Dcntilators    * 
Brahc  a^|u0tcr0     ♦ 


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princtpal  Ofticcd: 

703*70'  '"UUcstern  "anion  .IfluilJtinfl,  CbicaflO,  111. 

Acw  Uorh  ©fflcc:    2<>  .IBroaCtwaxj 

/Rontrral  Office:    i^?  Imperial  .lUullMnrt 


2$ 


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Send  for  our  Cntalo^iuce 


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